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- Fortuin-de Smidt, Melony C., et al.
(författare)
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Physical activity attenuates but does not eliminate coronary heart disease risk amongst adults with risk factors : EPIC-CVD case-cohort study
- 2022
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Ingår i: European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 2047-4873 .- 2047-4881. ; 29:12, s. 1618-1629
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- AIMS: This study aimed to evaluate the association between physical activity and the incidence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in individuals with and without CHD risk factors.METHODS AND RESULTS: EPIC-CVD is a case-cohort study of 29 333 participants that included 13 582 incident CHD cases and a randomly selected sub-cohort nested within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Self-reported physical activity was summarized using the Cambridge physical activity index (inactive, moderately inactive, moderately active, and active). Participants were categorized into sub-groups based on the presence or the absence of the following risk factors: obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg/m2), hypercholesterolaemia (total cholesterol ≥6.2 mmol/L), history of diabetes, hypertension (self-reported or ≥140/90 mmHg), and current smoking. Prentice-weighted Cox regression was used to assess the association between physical activity and incident CHD events (non-fatal and fatal).Compared to inactive participants without the respective CHD risk factor (referent), excess CHD risk was highest in physically inactive and lowest in moderately active participants with CHD risk factors. Corresponding excess CHD risk estimates amongst those with obesity were 47% [95% confidence interval (CI) 32-64%] and 21% (95%CI 2-44%), with hypercholesterolaemia were 80% (95%CI 55-108%) and 48% (95%CI 22-81%), with hypertension were 80% (95%CI 65-96%) and 49% (95%CI 28-74%), with diabetes were 142% (95%CI 63-260%), and 100% (95%CI 32-204%), and amongst smokers were 152% (95%CI 122-186%) and 109% (95%CI 74-150%).CONCLUSIONS: In people with CHD risk factors, moderate physical activity, equivalent to 40 mins of walking per day, attenuates but does not completely offset CHD risk.
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| 2. |
- Ekelund, Maria, 1977-
(författare)
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Long-term performance of poly(vinyl chloride) cables : mechanical and electrical performances and the effect of plasticizer migration
- 2007
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Cables insulated with plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) were aged at temperatures between 80 and 180 °C in air and their conditions were assessed by indenter modulus measurements, tensile testing, infrared (IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and liquid chromatography (HPLC). Electrical testing of oven-aged cable samples was performed in order to relate the electrical functionality during a high-energy line break accident to the mechanical properties and to establish a lifetime criterion. The mechanical data taken at room temperature after ageing could be superimposed with regard to ageing time and temperature. The ageing-temperature shift factor showed Arrhenius temperature dependence. The jacketing material showed an immediate increase in stiffness (indenter and Young’s modulus) and a decrease in the strain at break on ageing; these changes were dominated by loss of plasticizer by migration also confirmed by IR spectroscopy, DSC and HPLC. The core insulation showed smaller and also delayed changes in these mechanical parameters; the loss of plasticizer by migration was retarded by the closed environment and the changes in the mechanical parameters were due to chemical degradation (dehydrochlorination). Comparison with data obtained from this study and from other studies indicates that extrapolation of data for the jacketing insulation can be performed according to the Arrhenius equation even down to service temperatures (20-40 °C). Extraction of plasticizer of samples from cables that have been exposed to service for 25 years showed a minor decrease (within the margin of error) in plasticizer content with reference to that of unexposed cable samples. The low temperature deterioration of the jacketing is according to this scheme dominated by loss of plasticizer by migration. Numerical analysis were performed on desorption data obtained by liquid chromatography. The fitting of the data to Fick’s law showed a transition between 100 and 120 ºC. This was interpreted as a change from evaporation-control of migration at low temperatures to a diffusion-control of migration at the higher temperatures.
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| 3. |
- Ekelund, Maria, 1977-
(författare)
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Long-term Performance of PVC and CSPE Cables used in Nuclear Power Plants : the Effect of Degradation and Plasticizer migration
- 2009
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Enormous amounts of low voltage cables installed in a Swedish nuclear power plant are reaching their expected lifetimes. Since the cables are crucial to operational safety, it is of great importance that the actual condition of the installed cables is determined. In this study, cables based on poly(vinyl chloride) plasticized with di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) were examined with respect to the degradation mechanisms responsible for the ageing of the insulation. This was achieved by studying samples that underwent accelerated ageing by different analytical methods, such as indenter modulus measurements, tensile testing, infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and liquid chromatography, to assess the condition of the cables. The results were unambiguous; the main deterioration mechanism differed for the jacket and the core insulation. The immediate increase in stiffness of the jacket insulation suggests that loss of plasticizer was the dominant cause for degradation. The core insulation on the other hand showed much smaller changes in the mechanical properties due to thermal ageing with an activation energy of the change in the indenter modulus matching that of the dehydrochlorination process. The electrical functionality during high-energy line break accident was correlated to the mechanical properties of the cable and this correlation was used to establish a lifetime criterion. The mechanical data showed Arrhenius temperature dependence with activation energies of 80 kJmol-1 and 100 kJmol-1 for the jacketing and 130 kJmol-1 for the core insulation. These activation energies were used to extrapolate the lifetimes to service temperatures (20 °C to 50 °C). Plasticizer migration was determined as the lifetime controlling mechanism at the service temperatures. Experimental data, obtained by extraction of DEHP followed by liquid chromatography, were analysed by numerical methods to gain a better understanding of the migration. The analysis showed that the transport of DEHP to the surrounding environment was diffusion controlled at temperatures between 120 °C and 150 °C, with an activation energy of 89 kJmol-1. At lower temperatures, HTML clipboard ≤100 °C, the loss of plasticizer was controlled by evaporation, with an activation energy of 99 kJmol-1. Under the latter conditions, the rate of plasticizer loss from the PVC cable was very similar to that from the pure plasticizer, suggesting that a film of plasticizer was formed on the PVC surface. The evaporation of DEHP showed a clear dependence on the rate of ventilation of the gas phase surrounding the cable. The ability to monitor the condition of the installed cables is dependent on good techniques for the remaining lifetime assessment. The condition monitoring technique, Line Resonance Analysis, was applied to chlorosulfonated polyethylene cables. A clear correlation between LIRA and indenter modulus data obtained and LIRA and tensile testing results was found. This is of interest since existing lifetime criteria used in the nuclear plants are based on these two testing techniques.
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