| 2. |
- Dornelas, M., et al.
(författare)
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BioTIME: A database of biodiversity time series for the Anthropocene
- 2018
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Ingår i: Global Ecology and Biogeography. - : Wiley. - 1466-822X .- 1466-8238. ; 27:7, s. 760-786
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Motivation: The BioTIME database contains raw data on species identities and abundances in ecological assemblages through time. These data enable users to calculate temporal trends in biodiversity within and amongst assemblages using a broad range of metrics. BioTIME is being developed as a community-led open-source database of biodiversity time series. Our goal is to accelerate and facilitate quantitative analysis of temporal patterns of biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Main types of variables included: The database contains 8,777,413 species abundance records, from assemblages consistently sampled for a minimum of 2 years, which need not necessarily be consecutive. In addition, the database contains metadata relating to sampling methodology and contextual information about each record. Spatial location and grain: BioTIME is a global database of 547,161 unique sampling locations spanning the marine, freshwater and terrestrial realms. Grain size varies across datasets from 0.0000000158 km(2) (158 cm(2)) to 100 km(2) (1,000,000,000,000 cm(2)). Time period and grainBio: TIME records span from 1874 to 2016. The minimal temporal grain across all datasets in BioTIME is a year. Major taxa and level of measurement: BioTIME includes data from 44,440 species across the plant and animal kingdoms, ranging from plants, plankton and terrestrial invertebrates to small and large vertebrates.
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| 3. |
- Lodge, Andrew W., et al.
(författare)
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Critical appraisal on the role of catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in lithium-oxygen batteries
- 2014
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Ingår i: Electrochimica Acta. - : Elsevier BV. - 0013-4686 .- 1873-3859. ; 140, s. 168-173
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This work reports a detailed characterization of the reduction of oxygen in pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids for application to lithium-oxygen batteries. It is found that, in the absence of Li+, all electron transfer kinetics are fast, and therefore, the reactions are limited by the mass transport rate. Reversible reduction of O-2 to O-2(center dot-) and O-2(center dot-) to O-2(2-) take place at E-0 = 2.1 V and 0.8 V vs. Li+/Li, respectively. In the presence of Li+, O-2 is reduced to LiO2 first and then to Li2O2. The solubility product constant of Li2O2 is found to be around 10(-51), corroborating the hypothesis that electrode passivation by Li2O2 deposition is an important issue that limits the capacity delivered by lithium-oxygen batteries. Enhancing the rate of Li2O2 formation by using different electrode materials would probably lead to faster electrode passivation and hence smaller charge due to oxygen reduction (smaller capacity of the battery). On the contrary, soluble redox catalysts can not only increase the reaction rate of Li2O2 formation but also avoid electrode passivation since the fast diffusion of the soluble redox catalyst would displace the formation of Li2O2 at a sufficient distance from the electrode surface.
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