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| 2. |
- Fjellström, Helena, 1977-, et al.
(author)
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A novel method for studying the photo-stabilising properties of coating layers
- 2006
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- A new model system was developed which made it possible to study the reflectance and transmittance of thin coating layers (<10 g/m2) in a reproducible way, and to link this to the inhibition of the light-induced yellowing (Figure 1). The UV/VIS-screening properties of coatings of different coat weights containing common pigments such as kaolin, calcium carbonate (ground or precipitated) and titanium dioxide will be reported. The ability of a coating layer to protect a birch CTMP from light-induced discoloration will be exemplified using the evolved model system. An estimation of the contribution of different wavelength regions of the illuminating light to the photo-yellowing of various types of materials will also be shown. The developed method is a valuable tool for future photo-yellowing studies as well as for optimisation of the pigment coating formulation for various paper grades.
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| 3. |
- Fjellström, Helena, et al.
(author)
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A novel method of studying the ability of coating layer to retard the photo-yellowing of the base paper
- 2007
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In: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 22:3, s. 343-349
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A method was developed which made it possible to study the reflectance/transmittance of thin coating layers and to link this to the inhibition of the light-induced yellowing. The ability of a coating layer to retard the photo-yellowing of a hydrogen-peroxide-bleached birch chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) is exemplified using this method. It is shown that the repeatability of the model system is excellent, even for coat weights below 10 g/m2. Furthermore, the transmittance in the UV-region is strongly correlated with the coating layers ability to protect the birch CTMP against photo-yellowing.
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| 4. |
- Fjellström, Helena, 1977-, et al.
(author)
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Aspects of fibre wall swelling in high-yield pulp.
- 2012
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In: PROCEEDING OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PULPING, PAPERMAKING AND BIOTECHNOLOGY (ICPPB '12), VOLS. I AND II. - 9787501990436 ; , s. 1183-1186
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- When producing mechanical pulps the fibre separation will take place in the weakest part of the wood matrix. A prerequisite to swelling in wood and mechanical pulps is that the wood matrix is softened. The position of where the weakest part of the wood matrix is situated can to a large extent be controlled by adjustment of the swelling and softening properties of each of the wood polymers (lignin, hemicelluloses and cellulose). Most probably the efficiency of the external and internal fibrillation of the fibre walls is also influenced by how the swelling and softening properties are controlled. The combination of position of fibre-fibre separation together with the efficiency of the external and internal fibrillation will to a large extent determine the energy demand to produce mechanical pulps. Refining of wood chips with different state of softening and swelling will give rise to fibres with different optical and physical properties. The most important parameters that influence the wood matrix and wood fibres’ ability to swell are temperature, pH, ionic form of and the amount of charged groups in the hemicelluloses and lignin of the cell walls. In order to improve the level of knowledge on how to influence the degree of wood matrix and fibre wall swelling of mechanical pulps we have undertaken to study the swelling properties of wood and fibres produced by means of different mechanical pulping processes.It was found that pulps not containing sulphonic acid groups need to be heated above the softening temperature of lignin in order to be able to swell to their full capacity. Introduction of sulphonic acid groups also opens up the rigid structure of lignin which lowers the softening temperature and increases the swelling potential even at lower temperatures. The effect of valence of the counter ion was also shown to be more pronounced after adding more carboxylic acid groups to a pulp. Depending on the number and type of anionic acid groups in the fibres, high-yield pulps will have different combinations of properties in different ionic conditions. The preliminary conclusions from this study are that the ability to control swelling properties of mechanical pulps is an important feature to take into account when producing pulp and paper.
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| 6. |
- Fjellström, Helena, et al.
(author)
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Influence of coating formulation on light-induced brightness stability of mechanical and chemimechanical pulp sheets
- 2005
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In: International Mechanical Pulping Conference: IMPC 2005, Oslo, Norway, 7-9 June 2005. ; , s. 339-343
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Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The light-induced brightness reversion of different types of high-yield pulps has been studied under accelerated and long-term ambient ageing conditions. It was found that accelerated ageing (xenon lamp used as light source) overestimates the yellowing tendencies of hardwood pulps, whereas it was possible to predict the yellowing characteristics of softwood pulps. The lignin content of the pulps was found to be correlated to the degree of photo-yellowing for long-term ambient ageing. A model system was developed which made it possible to study the reflectance/transmittance of thin coating layers and to link this to the inhibition of the light-induced yellowing. The yellowing characteristics of a coated birch CTMP is exemplified using the evolved model system.
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| 7. |
- Fjellström, Helena, et al.
(author)
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Inhibition of light-induced brightness reversion of high-yield pulps : the UV-screening properties of coating layers containing kaolin or calcium carbonate pigments
- 2007
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In: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 22:3, s. 350-355
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A newly developed method making it possible to study the reflectance/transmittance of thin coating layers and to link this to the inhibition of the light-induced yellowing, was used to describe the photo-stabilising properties of different types of commercial kaolin and calcium carbonate pigments. A base paper produced from a hydrogen-peroxide-bleached birch chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) was used throughout the study.The transmittance of the coating layers in the UV-region (300-385 nm) was found to be very low (below 1.0% at coat weights < 5g/m2) for all of the tested pigments, it strongly depends on the coat weight especially for coat weights below 10 g/m2. The kaolin pigments examined were found to be better in inhibiting the brightness reversion compared to the calcium carbonate pigments, even though the differences between the pigment types were only a few brightness units. The coating layer was, however, able to conceal some of the colour formed through the light-induce brightness reversion. For example, a coating layer consisting of kaolin pigments (coat weight of 15.6 g/m2) could conceal about 30% of the discoloration of the CTMP base paper.
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| 8. |
- Fjellström, Helena
(author)
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Inhibition of light-induced colour reversion of wood-containing papers by means of coating
- 2008
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The main purpose of this thesis was to find ways to maintain a low level of light‐induceddiscolouration at an increased addition of mechanical and chemimechanical pulps in coated highqualityfine paper and magazine paper grades. Current technology allows the production of highyieldpulps such as thermomechanical and chemimechanical pulps with properties suitable formanufacturing high‐quality paper or paperboard with a low basis weight. Coating of woodcontainingpaper will probably be necessary for photo‐stability reasons if lignin‐containing pulps areto be used as the main fibre furnish in long‐life and high‐value products.In order to find the most suitable pulp for this purpose, light‐induced discolouration of a variety ofpaper samples from unbleached and bleached softwood and hardwood pulps was studied under bothaccelerated and long‐term ambient light‐induced ageing conditions. Hardwood high‐yield pulps,especially aspen pulps, were proven to be more photo‐stable compared to softwood pulps. Hardwoodpulps should therefore be the first choice for applications where a high permanence is desirable.Evaluating ageing characteristics using the CIELAB colour system showed that accelerated ageingconditions tend to mainly increase the b* value and decrease the L* value (i.e. yellow the pulp),whereas long‐term ambient ageing also increases the a* value, which makes the pulp more reddish.A new method for studying the influence of the UV‐screening properties of coating layers on abase paper was developed, and used to investigate the effect of pigment, pigment size distribution,binder and UV‐absorbing additives. The coat weight and pigment type were found to be the mostimportant factors for reducing the transmittance of UV‐radiation. Coating colours containing kaolinpigments had a lower UV‐transmittance than calcium carbonate pigments. Of the calcium carbonates,precipitated calcium carbonates were better than ground calcium carbonates and the difference wasgreater at higher coat weights. The particle size distribution should preferable be narrow. When thebest pigment (bleached kaolin) and the best binder (styrene butadiene latex) were combined withtitanium dioxide, the UV‐transmittance could be reduced by about 90% at a coat weight of ~10 g/m2.At a coat weight close to 20 g/m2, the transmittance was close to zero. This shows that it is possible tomore or less fully protect a double coated base paper from harmful UV‐radiation, when the coatinglayer has an optimum composition for that purpose. A prerequisite to reach so far is that the coatinglayer has an even coat weight.
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| 9. |
- Fjellström, Helena, et al.
(author)
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Light-induced yellowing of mechanical and chemimechanical pulp sheets : influence of wood raw material, process and ageing method
- 2007
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In: Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal. - 0283-2631 .- 2000-0669. ; 22:1, s. 117-123
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The light-induced brightness reversion of different types of unbleached and bleached high-yield pulps was studied under both accelerated and long-term ambient light-induced ageing conditions. It was found that accelerated ageing conditions that mimic indoor daylight exposures overestimate the yellowing tendencies of hardwood high-yield pulps (especially aspen pulps) compared to long-term ambient aging with no indirect sunlight present. It was, however, possible to predict the yellowing characteristics of softwood high-yield pulps. The lignin content of the pulps was found to be strongly correlated with the degree of photo-yellowing in the case of long-term ambient light-induced ageing. The presence of small amounts of birch chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP) in a fine paper furnish resulted in extensive light-induced discoloration. The extent of photo-yellowing was found to be nearly linearly related to the amount of birch CTMP in the paper.
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| 10. |
- Fjellström, Helena, 1977-, et al.
(author)
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On the relationship between charged groups, chemical environment and delamination during refining.
- 2013
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Improved understanding regarding how to optimise the degree of swelling in the wood fibre wall may be a way to reduce the energy demand in the refining process. The forces necessary to achieve fibrillation (internal as well as external) are greatly influenced by the swelling properties of the fibre wall. The degree and position of swelling is also the main cause to where in the wood matrix the fibre separation will take place. Refining of wood chips in different state of swelling will result in mechanical pulp fibres with different optical and mechanical properties. The typical parameters that influence the wood fibres’ ability to swell are temperature, pH, ionic form, amount of charged groups and ionic strength. Water retention value is one way to measure the pulp´s capacity to retain water after centrifugation and is strongly correlated to the swelling ability of wood fibres. A blowline-sample of Norway spruce thermomechanical pulp (TMP) taken out directly after the chip-refining step was used as reference material for this study. The sample was treated with sodium sulphite under different conditions to introduce a range of very low to very high degrees of sulphonic acid groups in the cell walls. In a similar way alkaline hydrogen peroxide was used to introduce a range of very low to very high degrees of carboxylic acid groups. Each sample was then ion-exchanged into proton, sodium, calcium and aluminium form. The effect of the amount of sulphonic and carboxylic acid groups in combination with the effect of counter ion, on the swelling capacity of mechanical pulp fibres was investigated. In addition, all samples were measured in a temperature interval between 25°C and 95°C to monitor changes in the softening temperature due to lignin structure modifications.
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