| 1. |
- Leo, Christoph, et al.
(author)
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Holistic pedestrian safety assessment for average males and females
- 2023
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In: Frontiers in Public Health. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2296-2565. ; 11
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: An integrated assessment framework that enables holistic safety evaluations addressing vulnerable road users (VRU) is introduced and applied in the current study. The developed method enables consideration of both active and passive safety measures and distributions of real-world crash scenario parameters. Methods: The likelihood of a specific virtual testing scenario occurring in real life has been derived from accident databases scaled to European level. Based on pre-crash simulations, it is determined how likely it is that scenarios could be avoided by a specific Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) system. For the unavoidable cases, probabilities for specific collision scenarios are determined, and the injury risk for these is determined, subsequently, from in-crash simulations with the VIVA+ Human Body Models combined with the created metamodel for an average male and female model. The integrated assessment framework was applied for the holistic assessment of car-related pedestrian protection using a generic car model to assess the safety benefits of a generic AEB system combined with current passive safety structures. Results: In total, 61,914 virtual testing scenarios have been derived from the different car-pedestrian cases based on real-world crash scenario parameters. Considering the occurrence probability of the virtual testing scenarios, by implementing an AEB, a total crash risk reduction of 81.70% was achieved based on pre-crash simulations. It was shown that 50 in-crash simulations per load case are sufficient to create a metamodel for injury prediction. For the in-crash simulations with the generic vehicle, it was also shown that the injury risk can be reduced by implementing an AEB, as compared to the baseline scenarios. Moreover, as seen in the unavoidable cases, the injury risk for the average male and female is the same for brain injuries and femoral shaft fractures. The average male has a higher risk of skull fractures and fractures of more than three ribs compared to the average female. The average female has a higher risk of proximal femoral fractures than the average male. Conclusions: A novel methodology was developed which allows for movement away from the exclusive use of standard-load case assessments, thus helping to bridge the gap between active and passive safety evaluations.
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| 2. |
- Albinsson, Anton, 1989, et al.
(author)
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Design of tyre force excitation for tyre–road friction estimation
- 2017
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In: Vehicle System Dynamics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1744-5159 .- 0042-3114. ; 55:2, s. 208-230
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Knowledge of the current tyre–road friction coefficient is essential for future autonomous vehicles. The environmental conditions, and the tyre–road friction in particular, determine both the braking distance and the maximum cornering velocity and thus set the boundaries for the vehicle. Tyre–road friction is difficult to estimate during normal driving due to low levels of tyre force excitation. This problem can be solved by using active tyre force excitation. A torque is added to one or several wheels in the purpose of estimating the tyre–road friction coefficient. Active tyre force excitation provides the opportunity to design the tyre force excitation freely. This study investigates how the tyre force should be applied to minimise the error of the tyre–road friction estimate. The performance of different excitation strategies was found to be dependent on both tyre model choice and noise level. Furthermore, the advantage with using tyre models with more parameters decreased when noise was added to the force and slip ratio.
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| 3. |
- Andersson-Engels, Stefan, et al.
(author)
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In vivo luminescence imaging and tomography using upconverting nanoparticles as contrast agents
- 2012
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In: 2012 Asia Communications and Photonics Conference. - 2162-108X. ; , s. 2-3
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Upconverting nanoparticles have recently drawn increasingly attention as contrast agents for optical bioimaging. They enable autofluorescence-free imaging within the tissue optical window, and improved spatial resolution as compared to conventional fluorescence-based contrast agents. (C) 2012 Optical Society of America
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| 4. |
- Askerdal, Mikael, 1975, et al.
(author)
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Motion resistance modelling and validation in winter conditions with varying air drag
- 2024
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In: Vehicle System Dynamics. - 1744-5159 .- 0042-3114. ; In Press
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Range prediction is vital for battery electric vehicles, and the main source of errors in range prediction is often the uncertainty in motion resistance. Rig and wind tunnel measurements can be used to find the motion resistance of a specific vehicle combination under specified weather conditions. However, real-life variation of the operating conditions of heavy-duty vehicles makes testing impractical. This paper proposes and validates a model of motion resistance with parameters adapted to actual road weather conditions. The model is validated in winter conditions with varying wind, using a vehicle equipped with a wind sensor. The results show that the proposed model captures the motion resistance with high accuracy. Results also indicate that it is crucial to take weather effects into account when modelling motion resistance, particularly in winter conditions.
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| 8. |
- Blaschke, D., et al.
(author)
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The Phase diagram of three-flavor quark matter under compact star constraints
- 2005
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In: Physical Review D. - 1550-7998 .- 1550-2368. ; 72:6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The phase diagram of three-flavor quark matter under compact star constraints is investigated within a Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model. Global color and electric charge neutrality is imposed for beta-equilibrated superconducting quark matter. The constituent quark masses and the diquark condensates are determined self-consistently in the plane of temperature and quark chemical potential. Both strong and intermediate diquark coupling strengths are considered. We show that in both cases, gapless superconducting phases do not occur at temperatures relevant for compact star evolution, i.e., below T~50 MeV. The stability and structure of isothermal quark star configurations are evaluated. For intermediate coupling, quark stars are composed of a mixed phase of normal (NQ) and two-flavor superconducting (2SC) quark matter up to a maximum mass of 1.21 M[sun]. At higher central densities, a phase transition to the three-flavor color flavor locked (CFL) phase occurs and the configurations become unstable. For the strong diquark coupling we find stable stars in the 2SC phase, with masses up to 1.33 M[sun]. A second family of more compact configurations (twins) with a CFL quark matter core and a 2SC shell is also found to be stable. The twins have masses in the range 1.30...1.33 M[sun]. We consider also hot isothermal configurations at temperature T=40 MeV. When the hot maximum mass configuration cools down, due to emission of photons and neutrinos, a mass defect of 0.1 M[sun] occurs and two final state configurations are possible
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| 9. |
- Bolk, Jenny, et al.
(author)
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National population-based cohort study found that visual-motor integration was commonly affected in extremely preterm born children at six-and-a-half years
- 2018
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In: Acta Paediatrica. - : WILEY. - 0803-5253 .- 1651-2227. ; 107:5, s. 831-837
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Aim: This study aimed to explain the relationship between visual-motor integration (VMI) abilities and extremely preterm (EPT) birth, by exploring the influence of perinatal variables, cognition, manual dexterity and ophthalmological outcomes. Methods: This was part of the population-based national Extremely Preterm Infant Study in Sweden (EXPRESS) study. We studied 355 children, born at a gestational age of <27 weeks from April 2004 to March 2007, and 364 term-born controls. At six-and-a-half years of age, we assessed VMI, cognitive function, motor skills and vision. VMI impairment was classified as <-1 standard deviation (SD). Results: The mean (SD) VMI score was 87 (+/- 12) in preterm children compared to 98 (+/- 11) in controls (p < 0.001). VMI impairment was present in 55% of preterm infants and in 78% of children born at 22-23 weeks. Male sex and postnatal steroids showed a weak association with poorer visual-motor performance, whereas low manual dexterity and cognitive function showed a stronger association. Conclusion: Poor VMI performance was common in this EXPRESS cohort of children born EPT. Its strong association to cognition and manual dexterity confirms that all of these factors need to be taken into account when evaluating risks in preterm born children.
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