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- Amsallem, Myriam, et al.
(författare)
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Quantifying the Influence of Wedge Pressure, Age, and Heart Rate on the Systolic Thresholds for Detection of Pulmonary Hypertension
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Heart Association. - : WILEY. - 2047-9980. ; 9:11
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: The strong linear relation between mean (MPAP) and systolic (SPAP) pulmonary arterial pressure (eg, SPAP=1.62xMPAP) has been mainly reported in precapillary pulmonary hypertension. This study sought to quantify the influence of pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP), heart rate, and age on the MPAP-SPAP relation. METHODS AND RESULTS: An allometric equation relating invasive MPAP and SPAP was developed in 1135 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, advanced lung disease, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, or left heart failure. The equation was validated in 60 885 patients from the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database referred for heart and/or lung transplant. The MPAP/SPAP longitudinal stability was assessed in pulmonary arterial hypertension with repeated right heart catheterization. The equation obtained was SPAP=1.39xMPAPxPAWP(-0.07)x(60/heart rate)(0.12)xage(0.08) (P<0.001). It was validated in the UNOS cohort (R-2=0.93, P<0.001), regardless of the type of organ(s) patients were listed for (mean bias [-1.96 SD; 1.96 SD] was 0.94 [-8.00; 9.88] for heart, 1.34 [-7.81; 10.49] for lung and 0.25 [-16.74; 17.24] mm Hg for heart-lung recipients). Thresholds of SPAP for MPAP=25 and 20 mm Hg were lower in patients with higher PAWP (37.2 and 29.8 mm Hg) than in those with pulmonary arterial hypertension (40.1 and 32.0 mm Hg). In 186 patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension, the predicted MPAP/SPAP was stable over time (0.63 +/- 0.03 at baseline and follow-up catheterization, P=0.43). CONCLUSIONS: This study quantifies the impact of PAWP, and to a lesser extent heart rate and age, on the MPAP-SPAP relation, supporting lower SPAP thresholds for pulmonary hypertension diagnosis in patients with higher PAWP for echocardiography-based epidemiological studies.
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| 3. |
- Schott, Ryan K., et al.
(författare)
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Diversity and Evolution of Frog Visual Opsins : Spectral Tuning and Adaptation to Distinct Light Environments
- 2024
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Ingår i: Molecular biology and evolution. - 0737-4038. ; 41:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Visual systems adapt to different light environments through several avenues including optical changes to the eye and neurological changes in how light signals are processed and interpreted. Spectral sensitivity can evolve via changes to visual pigments housed in the retinal photoreceptors through gene duplication and loss, differential and coexpression, and sequence evolution. Frogs provide an excellent, yet understudied, system for visual evolution research due to their diversity of ecologies (including biphasic aquatic-terrestrial life cycles) that we hypothesize imposed different selective pressures leading to adaptive evolution of the visual system, notably the opsins that encode the protein component of the visual pigments responsible for the first step in visual perception. Here, we analyze the diversity and evolution of visual opsin genes from 93 new eye transcriptomes plus published data for a combined dataset spanning 122 frog species and 34 families. We find that most species express the four visual opsins previously identified in frogs but show evidence for gene loss in two lineages. Further, we present evidence of positive selection in three opsins and shifts in selective pressures associated with differences in habitat and life history, but not activity pattern. We identify substantial novel variation in the visual opsins and, using microspectrophotometry, find highly variable spectral sensitivities, expanding known ranges for all frog visual pigments. Mutations at spectral-tuning sites only partially account for this variation, suggesting that frogs have used tuning pathways that are unique among vertebrates. These results support the hypothesis of adaptive evolution in photoreceptor physiology across the frog tree of life in response to varying environmental and ecological factors and further our growing understanding of vertebrate visual evolution.
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