| 1. |
- Erdmann, Tim, et al.
(author)
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Naphthalenediimide Polymers with Finely Tuned In-Chain pi-Conjugation: Electronic Structure, Film Microstructure, and Charge Transport Properties
- 2016
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In: ADVANCED MATERIALS. - : WILEY-V C H VERLAG GMBH. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 28:41, s. 9169-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Naphthalenediimide-based random copolymers (PNDI-TVTx) with different p-conjugated dithienylvinylene (TVT) versus p-nonconjugated dithienylethane (TET) unit ratios (x = 100 -amp;gt; 0%) are investigated. The PNDI-TVTx-transistor electron/hole mobilities are affected differently, a result rationalized by molecular orbital topologies and energies, with hole mobility vanishing but electron mobility decreasing only by approximate to 2.5 times when going from x = 100% to 40%.
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| 2. |
- Gao, Feng, et al.
(author)
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The Effect of Processing Additives on Energetic Disorder in Highly Efficient Organic Photovoltaics : A Case Study on PBDTTT-C-T:PC71BM
- 2015
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In: Advanced Materials. - : Wiley-VCH Verlag. - 0935-9648 .- 1521-4095. ; 27:26, s. 3868-3873
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Energetic disorder, an important parameter affecting the performance of organic photovoltaics, is significantly decreased upon the addition of processing additives in a highly efficient benzodithiophene-based copolymer blend (PBDTTT-C-T:PC71BM). Wide-angle and small-angle X-ray scattering measurements suggest that the origin of this reduced energetic disorder is due to increased aggregation and a larger average fullerene domain size together with purer phases.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Hosseini, Seyed M., et al.
(author)
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Stabilization of a swept-wing boundary layer by distributed roughness elements
- 2013
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In: Journal of Fluid Mechanics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0022-1120 .- 1469-7645. ; 718, s. R1-
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The stabilization of a swept-wing boundary layer by distributed surface roughness elements is studied by performing direct numerical simulations. The configuration resembles experiments studied by Saric and coworkers at Arizona State University, who employed this control method in order to delay transition. An array of cylindrical roughness elements are placed near the leading edge to excite subcritical cross-flow modes. Subcritical refers to the modes that are not critical with respect to transition. Their amplification to nonlinear amplitudes modifies the base flow such that the most unstable cross-flow mode and secondary instabilities are damped, resulting in downstream shift of the transition location. The experiments by Saric and coworkers were performed at low levels of free stream turbulence, and the boundary layer was therefore dominated by stationary cross-flow disturbances. Here, we consider a more complex disturbance field, which comprises both steady and unsteady instabilities of similar amplitudes. It is demonstrated that the control is robust with respect to complex disturbance fields as transition is shifted from 45 to 65% chord.
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| 5. |
- Schrader, Lars-Uve, et al.
(author)
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Excitation of cross-ow vortices by surface roughness on a sweptwing
- 2011
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We have carried out direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the flow over a wing with 45° sweep and -4° angle-of-attack. On the upper wing side, a substantial cross flow creates ideal conditions for the study of cross-flow instability. Our simulation models a wind-tunnel experiment carried out at the Arizona State University (ASU), where 6μm high roughness cylinders were used to excite steady cross-flow vortices. We have successfully reproduced the linear growth rate of these vortices, whereas the receptivity amplitude obtained from our DNS is 40% of that measured in the experiment. Possible reasons for this discrepancy have been investigated by refining the roughness model of the DNS on the one hand, and, on the other hand, by carefully comparing the results from the DNS and the experiment with solutions to the parabolized stability equations (PSE). Good agreement between all approaches could be obtained when assuming a roughness height of 15μm. This suggests that the roughness cylinders in the experiment might have been slightly higher than 6μm, or that natural roughness might have contributed to the receptivity. Moreover, small differences in the pressure distribution or the presence of weak free-stream fluctuations in the wind tunnel may explain the larger modal amplitude measured in the ASU experiment.
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| 6. |
- Schrader, Lars-Uve, et al.
(author)
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Numerical study of boundary-layer receptivity on a swept wing
- 2010
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the flow over a wing with 45◦ sweep and −4◦ angle-of-attack are presented. This flow configuration was investigated in a series of wind-tunnel experiments at the Arizona State University (ASU). On the upper wing side, the flow develops a substantial crossflow and is therefore ideally suited for a study of the receptivity mechanisms of crossflow vortices. Here, we examine the boundary-layer receptivity to surface roughness and to single vortical free-stream modes. The roughness is modeled by a shallow circular disk and is identical with one single element of the spanwise roughness array considered in the ASU experiments. The boundary layer develops a steady crossflow mode downstream of the roughness. The spatial evolution of the modal amplitude obtained by the DNS is in excellent agreement with a solution to the nonlinear parabolized stability equations (NPSE) while being lower than that measured in the experiments. The reasons for this discrepancy are yet to be determined. Possible explanations are the idealization of the roughness array by spanwise periodic boundary conditions in our simulations, or the presence of traveling crossflow waves due to background free-stream turbulence in the experiments. We demonstrate that the boundary-layer receptivity to roughness can be successfully predicted by a nonlocal, adjoint-based receptivity model. Stationary crossflow vortices can also be triggered by zero-frequency free-stream vortical modes. We consider two types of mode, carrying stream wise and chordwise vorticity. Both modes give rise to nonmodal disturbances near the leading edge, which soon evolve into a steady crossflow mode. The boundary layer is found to be somewhat more receptive to the streamwisevorticity mode than to the chordwise vorticity.
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| 7. |
- Streatfield, P Kim, et al.
(author)
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Mortality from external causes in Africa and Asia : evidence from INDEPTH Health and Demographic Surveillance System Sites
- 2014
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In: Global Health Action. - : CoAction Publishing. - 1654-9716 .- 1654-9880. ; 7
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Mortality from external causes, of all kinds, is an important component of overall mortality on a global basis. However, these deaths, like others in Africa and Asia, are often not counted or documented on an individual basis. Overviews of the state of external cause mortality in Africa and Asia are therefore based on uncertain information. The INDEPTH Network maintains longitudinal surveillance, including cause of death, at population sites across Africa and Asia, which offers important opportunities to document external cause mortality at the population level across a range of settings.OBJECTIVE: To describe patterns of mortality from external causes at INDEPTH Network sites across Africa and Asia, according to the WHO 2012 verbal autopsy (VA) cause categories.DESIGN: All deaths at INDEPTH sites are routinely registered and followed up with VA interviews. For this study, VA archives were transformed into the WHO 2012 VA standard format and processed using the InterVA-4 model to assign cause of death. Routine surveillance data also provide person-time denominators for mortality rates.RESULTS: A total of 5,884 deaths due to external causes were documented over 11,828,253 person-years. Approximately one-quarter of those deaths were to children younger than 15 years. Causes of death were dominated by childhood drowning in Bangladesh, and by transport-related deaths and intentional injuries elsewhere. Detailed mortality rates are presented by cause of death, age group, and sex.CONCLUSIONS: The patterns of external cause mortality found here generally corresponded with expectations and other sources of information, but they fill some important gaps in population-based mortality data. They provide an important source of information to inform potentially preventive intervention designs.
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| 8. |
- Tempelmann, David, et al.
(author)
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Modelling roughness and receptivity in three-dimensional boundary layers
- 2011
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In: 7th International Symposium on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena, TSFP 2011. - : International Symposium on Turbulence and Shear Flow Phenomena, TSFP. ; , s. 1-6
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The receptivity of a swept-wing boundary layer to localised surface roughness is studied by means of direct numerical simulations (DNS). The flow case considered is meant to model wind tunnel experiments performed at the Arizona State University by Saric & coworkers. The receptivity amplitude of the crossflow disturbances predicted by the DNS is 40% of that measured in the experiments. The DNS results are then used to evaluate the performance of different receptivity models based on either the parabolised stability equations or the finite Reynolds number theory (FRNT). In general it is found that receptivity amplitudes are well predicted for micron sized roughness elements if non-parallel effects are accounted for.
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| 9. |
- Tempelmann, David, et al.
(author)
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Numerical study of boundary-layer receptivity on a swept wing
- 2011
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In: 6th AIAA Theoretical Fluid Mechanics Conference. - Reston, Virigina : American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics (AIAA).
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Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of the flow over a wing with 45° sweep and -4° angle-of-attack are presented. This flow configuration was investigated in a series of wind-tunnel experiments at the Arizona State University (ASU). Here, we examine the boundary-layer receptivity to surface roughness and to single vortical free-stream modes. The roughness is modeled by a shallow circular disk and is identical with one single element of the spanwise roughness array considered in the ASU experiments. The boundary layer develops a steady crossflow mode downstream of the roughness. The spatial evolution of the modal amplitude obtained by the DNS is in excellent agreement with a solution to the nonlinear parabolized stability equations (NPSE) while being lower than that measured in the experiments. The reasons for this discrepancy are yet to be determined. Possible explanations are the presence of traveling crossflow waves due to background free-stream turbulence in the experiments or the slight difference between the numerical and experimental pressure gradients at the roughness site. Stationary crossflow vortices can also be triggered by zero-frequency free-stream vortical modes. We consider two types of mode, carrying streamwise and vertical vorticity. Both modes give rise to nonmodal disturbances near the leading edge, which soon evolve into a steady crossflow mode. The boundary layer is found to be somewhat more receptive to the streamwise-vorticity mode than to the chordwise vorticity. Copyright
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| 10. |
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