| 1. |
- Lihavainen, Heikki, et al.
(author)
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Observational signature of the direct radiative effect by natural boreal forest aerosols and its relation to the corresponding first indirect effect
- 2009
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In: Journal of Geophysical Research. - : American Geophysical Union. - 0148-0227 .- 2156-2202. ; 114
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Journal article (other academic/artistic)abstract
- By using a screened set of long-term aerosol measurement data, the contribution of natural boreal forest aerosols to the direct radiative effect (DRE) was observed at a remote continental site in northern Finland. Averaged over the summer season, the magnitude of this effect at the top of the atmosphere was estimated to be in the range -(0.37-0.74) W m(-2) in our study region and possibly somewhat higher over the whole boreal forest region. Globally, the DRE owing to boreal forest aerosols is much smaller than that owing to natural sea salt or dust aerosols, as well as direct radiative forcing by anthropogenic aerosols. We also updated the earlier estimates of the first indirect radiative effect (IRE) by natural boreal forest aerosols. We found that this IRE is likely to be substantially higher, perhaps more than an order of magnitude, than the corresponding DRE
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| 2. |
- Tsuruta, Aki, et al.
(author)
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Methane budget estimates in Finland from the CarbonTracker Europe-CH4 data assimilation system
- 2019
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In: Tellus. Series B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology. - : Stockholm University Press. - 1600-0889 .- 0280-6509. ; 71:1
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- We estimated the CH4 budget in Finland for 2004–2014 using the CTE-CH4 data assimilation system with an extended atmospheric CH4 observation network of seven sites from Finland to surrounding regions (Hyytiälä, Kjølnes, Kumpula, Pallas, Puijo, Sodankylä, and Utö). The estimated average annual total emission for Finland is 0.6 ± 0.5 Tg CH4 yr−1. Sensitivity experiments show that the posterior biospheric emission estimates for Finland are between 0.3 and 0.9 Tg CH4 yr−1, which lies between the LPX-Bern-DYPTOP (0.2 Tg CH4 yr−1) and LPJG-WHyMe (2.2 Tg CH4 yr−1) process-based model estimates. For anthropogenic emissions, we found that the EDGAR v4.2 FT2010 inventory (0.4 Tg CH4 yr−1) is likely to overestimate emissions in southernmost Finland, but the extent of overestimation and possible relocation of emissions are difficult to derive from the current observation network. The posterior emission estimates were especially reliant on prior information in central Finland. However, based on analysis of posterior atmospheric CH4, we found that the anthropogenic emission distribution based on a national inventory is more reliable than the one based on EDGAR v4.2 FT2010. The contribution of total emissions in Finland to global total emissions is only about 0.13%, and the derived total emissions in Finland showed no trend during 2004–2014. The model using optimized emissions was able to reproduce observed atmospheric CH4 at the sites in Finland and surrounding regions fairly well (correlation > 0.75, bias < ± ppb), supporting adequacy of the observations to be used in atmospheric inversion studies. In addition to global budget estimates, we found that CTE-CH4 is also applicable for regional budget estimates, where small scale (1x1 in this case) optimization is possible with a dense observation network.
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| 3. |
- Yver-kwok, Camille, et al.
(author)
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Evaluation and optimization of ICOS atmosphere station data as part of the labeling process
- 2021
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In: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1867-8548 .- 1867-1381. ; 14:1, s. 89-116
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) is a pan-European research infrastructure which provides harmonized and high-precision scientific data on the carbon cycle and the greenhouse gas budget. All stations have to undergo a rigorous assessment before being labeled, i.e., receiving approval to join the network. In this paper, we present the labeling process for the ICOS atmosphere network through the 23 stations that were labeled between November 2017 and November 2019. We describe the labeling steps, as well as the quality controls, used to verify that the ICOS data (CO2, CH4, CO and meteorological measurements) attain the expected quality level defined within ICOS. To ensure the quality of the greenhouse gas data, three to four calibration gases and two target gases are measured: one target two to three times a day, the other gases twice a month. The data are verified on a weekly basis, and tests on the station sampling lines are performed twice a year. From these high-quality data, we conclude that regular calibrations of the CO2, CH4 and CO analyzers used here (twice a month) are important in particular for carbon monoxide (CO) due to the analyzer's variability and that reducing the number of calibration injections (from four to three) in a calibration sequence is possible, saving gas and extending the calibration gas lifespan. We also show that currently, the on-site water vapor correction test does not deliver quantitative results possibly due to environmental factors. Thus the use of a drying system is strongly recommended. Finally, the mandatory regular intake line tests are shown to be useful in detecting artifacts and leaks, as shown here via three different examples at the stations.
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