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- Heß, Stefanie, et al.
(författare)
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Sewage from Airplanes Exhibits High Abundance and Diversity of Antibiotic Resistance Genes
- 2019
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Ingår i: Environmental Science & Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 53:23, s. 13898-13905
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Airplane sanitary facilities are shared by an international audience. We hypothesized the corresponding sewage to be an extraordinary source of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and resistance genes (ARG) in terms of diversity and quantity. Accordingly, we analyzed ARG and ARB in airplane-borne sewage using complementary approaches: Metagenomics, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and cultivation. For the purpose of comparison, we also quantified ARG and ARB in the inlets of municipal treatment plants with and without connection to airports. As expected, airplane sewage contained an extraordinarily rich set of mobile ARG, and the relative abundances of genes were mostly increased compared to typical raw sewage of municipal origin. Moreover, combined resistance against third-generation cephalosporins, fluorochinolones, and aminoglycosides was unusually common (28.9%) among Escherichia coli isolated from airplane sewage. This percentage exceeds the one reported for German clinical isolates by a factor of 8. Our findings suggest that airplane-borne sewage can effectively contribute to the fast and global spread of antibiotic resistance.
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- Hofäcker, Dirk, et al.
(författare)
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From Early Retirement to Active Ageing: Social Inequalities in the Transition from Work to Retirement
- 2017
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Ingår i: Sociological Problems. - 0324-1572. ; :49, s. 8-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- European pension policies have undergone a fundamental change throughout the last 20 years from promoting early retirement to extending working lives. Following recent labour market data, it seems as if the efforts are successful in delaying older workers’ labour force exit and increasing their employment rate. Although this development is found across Europe, its extent varies largely by the country context. In addition, it also differs between social groups, hinting at a persistence (or even re-emergence) of social inequalities in the transition to retirement. Comparative evidence from the European labour force survey for fours elected country case studies suggests that already privileged groups benefit most from the policy shift, while low-skilled workers are struggling to extend their working lives in often hard working conditions.
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- Hofäcker, Dirk, et al.
(författare)
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Globalization and the transition from work to retirement
- 2023
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Ingår i: Research Handbook on the Sociology of Globalization. - : Edward Elgar Publishing. - 9781839101564 ; , s. 319-327
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Retirement transitions are changing in many modern industrialised countries. The acceleration of globalisation changed the demands on labour markets and resulted in an expansion of early retirement policies. However, aging populations are increasingly posing a threat to the financial sustainability of pension systems, leading to efforts and reforms to restrict early retirement and encourage prolonged work. This chapter outlines the policy shift and changing trends from early retirement to extended working lives. It describes late careers and retirement patterns with a focus on social inequalities. The aim is to report the developments of retirement patterns in changing pension systems, reflect on the potential risks in terms of increasing social inequalities and shed light on most recent reaction to counteract these inequalities.
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- Hofäcker, Dirk, et al.
(författare)
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Wandel von Ruhestandsübergängen im politischen Paradigmenwechsel Europas: Späte Erwerbsphase und Rentenübergang in Deutschland, Österreich, Schweden und Estland : Change of retirement transition in the political paradigm shift in Europe: Late career and retirement transitions in Germany, Austria, Sweden and Estonia
- 2019
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Ingår i: Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0948-6704 .- 1435-1269. ; 52:Supplement 1, s. 40-51
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2018, Springer Medizin Verlag GmbH, ein Teil von Springer Nature. Background: In the last two decades labor market participation for older employees has undergone agradual political paradigm shift in many European countries from apolicy of early retirement to one of extending working lives and active aging. Objective: This study investigated if this political paradigm shift is causing new social inequalities in retirement transition due to restricted financial possibilities for early retirement. Material and methods: Data were derived from the European Union Labor Force Survey from the years 2006 and 2012 and selected European countries (Germany, Austria, Sweden and Estonia) were analyzed. Results: Associations between the specific implementation of the policy of active aging, the freedom of choice in retirement timing and retirement transition were found. It seems that voluntary retirement transitions are highest in those countries where the labor market and social policies are most coherent and aimed at supporting older workers’ employability. Conclusion: The reduction of early retirement incentives should be supported by active labor market policies and apolicy of extensive age-independent further training measures in order to minimize social inequalities.
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- Reid, Cameron J, et al.
(författare)
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A role for ColV plasmids in the evolution of pathogenic Escherichia coli ST58
- 2022
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Nature. - 2041-1723. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Escherichia coli ST58 has recently emerged as a globally disseminated uropathogen that often progresses to sepsis. Unlike most pandemic extra-intestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), which belong to pathogenic phylogroup B2, ST58 belongs to the environmental/commensal phylogroup B1. Here, we present a pan-genomic analysis of a global collection of 752 ST58 isolates from diverse sources. We identify a large ST58 sub-lineage characterized by near ubiquitous carriage of ColV plasmids, which carry genes encoding virulence factors, and by a distinct accessory genome including genes typical of the Yersiniabactin High Pathogenicity Island. This sub-lineage includes three-quarters of all ExPEC sequences in our study and has a broad host range, although poultry and porcine sources predominate. By contrast, strains isolated from cattle often lack ColV plasmids. Our data indicate that ColV plasmid acquisition contributed to the divergence of the major ST58 sub-lineage, and different sub-lineages inhabit poultry, swine and cattle.
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- Sarneel, Judith M., et al.
(författare)
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Reading tea leaves worldwide : decoupled drivers of initial litter decomposition mass-loss rate and stabilization
- 2024
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Ingår i: Ecology Letters. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 1461-023X .- 1461-0248. ; 27:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The breakdown of plant material fuels soil functioning and biodiversity. Currently, process understanding of global decomposition patterns and the drivers of such patterns are hampered by the lack of coherent large-scale datasets. We buried 36,000 individual litterbags (tea bags) worldwide and found an overall negative correlation between initial mass-loss rates and stabilization factors of plant-derived carbon, using the Tea Bag Index (TBI). The stabilization factor quantifies the degree to which easy-to-degrade components accumulate during early-stage decomposition (e.g. by environmental limitations). However, agriculture and an interaction between moisture and temperature led to a decoupling between initial mass-loss rates and stabilization, notably in colder locations. Using TBI improved mass-loss estimates of natural litter compared to models that ignored stabilization. Ignoring the transformation of dead plant material to more recalcitrant substances during early-stage decomposition, and the environmental control of this transformation, could overestimate carbon losses during early decomposition in carbon cycle models.
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