| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
|
|
| 3. |
|
|
| 4. |
|
|
| 5. |
- Helldin, L, et al.
(författare)
-
Costs for Schizopsychotic Patients in Sweden
- 2009
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- 199 patients in Western Sweden with chronic psychotic illness are studied. The aim is to provide up-to-date costs for a defined patient population with schizopsychotic disorders in Sweden. Patients have the diagnoses of schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or delusional disorders. We identify the actual clinical management of illness and explain cost variability. Costs are combined with information on outcomes and severity of the disorder.Total costs per patient-year amount to 62.320 Euro. Direct costs correspond to 41% and indirect costs to 59% of total costs. Inpatient and outpatient care corresponds to 7% each of total costs, while costs for special housing and assistance at home is estimated to 22% of total costs. Medication only corresponds to 3% of total costs.We conclude that costs differ between patients depending on illness severity. Also a reallocation has taken place during the last 15 years between different cost items, from direct costs to indirect costs and from in-patient care at hospitals to out-patient care and assistance at home. The main cost driver is indirect costs due to decreased working ability and premature death. Special housing and home-assistance is the second largest cost item. In-patient care corresponds to 7% of total costs, which 15 years ago amounted to 50% of total costs. This reflects the change in care of schizopsychotic patients. Instead of treating patients at institutions, patients are now to a large extent living in their own housing but often receiving some kind of assistance at home provided by the local municipality.
|
|
| 6. |
- Hjortsberg, C, et al.
(författare)
-
Direct and indirect costs for psychotic illness in Sweden
- 2010
-
Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study the direct and indirect costs for a defined patient population with psychotic illness in Sweden was estimated. The cost analyses are based on data from the Clinical Long-term Investigation of Psychosis in Sweden (CLIPS), which was an ongoing, single-centre, epidemiological study at the time of this study. A bottom-up costing approach was used to estimate the total costs for schizophrenia, schizoaffective and delusional disorders in Sweden for 2007. Resource use were captured for the patients during one year. 199 patients with a mean age of 51 (63% men) were followed for 12 months. They had a mean (median) of 6.4 (0) inpatient-days, 1.4 (1.2) physician visits, 18.6 (8.4) nurse visits, 1.2 (0) counsellor visits and 6.3 (1.2) visits to other staff including tests and diagnostic procedures per patient- year. The mean cost in our study amounted to 578,000 per patient year which translates to an estimated cost of illness of 16.8 billion SEK for Sweden. Schizophrenia and related disorders significantly interferes with professional activities and as a result, the total burden on society is great. A reallocation has taken place the last 15 years, between different cost items, from direct costs to indirect costs and from in-patient care at hospitals to out-patient care and assistance at home.
|
|
| 7. |
|
|
| 8. |
- Löfgren, C, et al.
(författare)
-
Mechanisms of cross-resistance between nucleoside analogues and vincristine or daunorubicin in leukemic cells
- 2004
-
Ingår i: Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications - BBRC. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-291X .- 1090-2104. ; 320:3, s. 825-832
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to clarify the biochemical and molecular mechanisms behind the cross-resistance to nucleoside analogues (Nas) in four erythroleukemic cell lines with acquired resistance to the anthracycline daunorubicin and to the vinca alkaloid vincristine, expressing high levels of p-glycoprotein (P-gp, MDR1). All resistant strains exhibited cross-resistance to NA (cladribine and cytosine arabinoside) -induced apoptosis, assessed by caspase-3-like activation and were less sensitive to NA cytotoxicity in MTT assay. Real-time PCR and enzyme activity analysis showed reduced amounts of deoxycytidine kinase (35-80%) and elevated levels of 5′- nucleotidases (50-100%). The ratio 5′-nucleotidase to deoxycytidine kinase increased between 2.5- and 7.5-folds in resistant cells. This is in agreement with the observation that 5′-nucleotidase/ deoxycytidine kinase ratio might be an important factor in predicting resistance to Nas. Implications of this finding for combining anthracyclines or vinca alkaloids with Nas toward leukemic cells are discussed.
|
|
| 9. |
- Panaretakis, T, et al.
(författare)
-
Interferon alpha induces nucleus-independent apoptosis by activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and mammalian target of rapamycin
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Molecular biology of the cell. - : American Society for Cell Biology (ASCB). - 1939-4586 .- 1059-1524. ; 19:1, s. 41-50
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Interferon (IFN)α induces apoptosis via Bak and Bax and the mitochondrial pathway. Here, we investigated the role of known IFNα-induced signaling cascades upstream of Bak activation. By pharmacological and genetic inhibition of the kinases protein kinase C (PKC)δ, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) in U266-1984 and RHEK-1 cells, we could demonstrate that all three enzymes are critical for the apoptosis-associated mitochondrial events and apoptotic cell death induced by IFNα, at a step downstream of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Furthermore, the activation of JNK was found to occur in a PKCδ/ERK-dependent manner. Inhibition of these kinases did not affect the canonical IFNα-stimulated Janus tyrosine kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription signaling or expression of IFN-responsive genes. Therefore, enucleated cells (cytoplasts) were examined for IFNα-induced apoptosis, to test directly whether this process depends on gene transcription. Cytoplasts were found to undergo apoptosis after IFNα treatment, as analyzed by several apoptosis markers by using flow cytometry, live cell imaging, and biochemical analysis of flow-sorted cytoplasts. Furthermore, inhibition of mTOR, ERK, and JNK blocked IFNα-induced apoptosis in cytoplasts. In conclusion, IFNα-induced apoptosis requires activation of ERK1/2, PKCδ, and JNK downstream of PI3K and mTOR, and it can occur in a nucleus-independent manner, thus demonstrating for the first time that IFNα induces apoptosis in the absence of de novo transcription.
|
|
| 10. |
- Panaretakis, T, et al.
(författare)
-
Second Cell Death Network symposium: the vital cell death
- 2009
-
Ingår i: Cell death and differentiation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-5403 .- 1350-9047. ; 16:9, s. 1300-1302
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
