| 1. |
- Jönsson, Johanna, 1981, et al.
(author)
-
Comparison of options for debottlenecking the recovery boiler at kraft pulp mills – Economic performance and CO2 emissions.
- 2012
-
In: Proceedings of ECOS 2012 – The 25th International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems, June 26-29, 2012, Perugia, Italy. ; 6
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The trend in the European pulp and paper industry is toward fewer mills with larger capacity. As a result, a number of existing mills will increase their production capacity. For increased production capacity in kraft pulp mills, the recovery boiler is often a bottleneck. This paper compares three different options for debottlenecking the recovery boiler and utilizing a potential mill steam surplus at a typical Scandinavian kraft pulp mill, when increasing the production capacity by 25%: 1) Upgrading the recovery boiler, 2) Lignin extraction and 3) Black liquor gasification (as a booster). For black liquor gasification (BLG) two options for using the product gas are considered: production of electricity or DME motor fuel. Furthermore, both BLG and upgrading of the recovery boiler are assumed to be possible to combine with carbon capture and storage (CCS). The extracted lignin is assumed to either be valued as wood fuel or as oil. The different options are evaluated and compared with respect to annual net profit and global CO2 emissions for four different future energy market scenarios. The results show that, generally, BLG with motor fuels production and lignin extraction with lignin valued as oil achieve the best economic performance. Upgrading the recovery boiler and capture and store CO2 from the boiler flue gases gives the highest CO2 emissions reduction but is only an economically attractive option in scenarios with a high CO2 emissions charge.
|
|
| 2. |
- Jönsson, Johanna, 1981, et al.
(author)
-
Comparison of options for utilization of a potential steam surplus at kraft pulp mills - Economic performance and CO2 emissions
- 2013
-
In: International Journal of Energy Research. - : Hindawi Limited. - 1099-114X .- 0363-907X. ; 37:9, s. 1017-1035
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper compares different energy-related investment options that can be implemented in a kraft pulp mill with a potential steam surplus. The options investigated include lignin extraction, electricity production, capturing of CO2 and black liquor gasification with production of electricity or biofuels, here DME. The investment options are compared with respect to annual net profit and global CO2 emissions for different future energy market scenarios. A further analysis of how different parameters such as policy instruments and investment costs affect the different technologies also is included. The results show that, generally, for reasonable levels of biofuel support, the best economic performance among the studied technologies is achieved by extraction of lignin valued as oil. However, if the level of support for biofuels is high, black liquor gasification with DME production generally has the best economic performance among the studied options. All the investment options investigated decrease global CO2 emissions significantly. Capturing and storing CO2 from the recovery boiler flue gases result in the highest CO2 emissions reduction and also is an economically attractive option in scenarios with a high CO2 emissions charge.
|
|
| 3. |
- Jönsson, Johanna, 1981, et al.
(author)
-
From fossil to biogenic feedstock - Exploring Different Technology Pathways for a Swedish Chemical Cluster
- 2012
-
In: Proceedings of ECEEE industrial summer study.
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper presents a case study of the chemical cluster in Stenungsund, Sweden. The cluster is Sweden’s largest agglomeration of its kind and consists of five companies producing a variety of chemical products. For the cluster, different options for enhanced energy efficiency and converting to biogenic feedstock are investigated. Based on these options, nine different technology pathways are defined – representing different ways to fully or partly transform the cluster into an energy efficient biorefinery. For the pathways an impact analysis is made in which the pathways are analysed and discussed from different perspectives. The results show that up to 120 MW of heat can be saved if the plants were to implement extensive heat integration measures. This is equal to ~100% of the heat currently supplied by boilers based on purchased fuels. With moderate enhancement of the heat integration, roughly half of this potential can be reached. In the fossil feedstock is to be replaced with biogenic feedstock the feedstock demand is extensive, however, the exact amount and type of feedstock depends on the technology chosen, degree of heat integration and on whether full or partial substitution is to be achieved. Full substitution of the fossil ethylene demand by ethylene based on imported bioethanol would for example demand ~1 230 kt-bioethanol/yr. If the ethanol for the ethanol-to-ethylene process were to be produced on site (based on lignocellulosic biomass), 4 725 kt-dry biomass/yr of forest biomass would be required (more than the biomass demand for four large pulp and paper mills). The results also show that the scenarios for enhanced heat integration and introduction of biogenic feedstock, to different extents, are interdependent. Furthermore, one important finding from the impact analysis is that regardless of which pathway the cluster wants to travel in their journey towards sustainable chemistry, collaboration is a key issue.
|
|
| 4. |
- Svensson, Inger-Lise, 1979-, et al.
(author)
-
Socio-Techincal Aspects of Potential Future Use of Excess Heat from Kraft Pulp Mills
- 2009
-
In: 22nd International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems. ; :Paper 0612, s. 995-1004
-
Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The pulp and paper industry is one of the largest energy users in Sweden and in 2007 2.2 TWh of heat was delivered from pulp mills, mainly to district heating systems. In this study, two market kraft pulp mills and two energycompanies (ECOs) have been interviewed about their views on excess heat, energy efficiency and energy strategies.The interviews have been brought together with results from previous optimization studies concerning kraft pulp millexcess heat by the authors and results from other related work in a socio-technical synthesis that aims to provide amore comprehensive view on the factors that influence the utilization of kraft pulp mill excess heat than achieved inprevious studies. The results show that the kraft pulp mills are more positive towards sales of excess heat than theECOs, which can be related to the fact that the ECOs take a greater risk when entering a heat cooperation. Anotherbarrier to co-operations is the already existing utilities in the ECOs that compete with excess heat for the position asbase load in the district heating systems. Both internal and external use of excess heat can benefit from policymeasures. Other important factors are the view on energy-related investments in the mill, the level of communicationbetween the parties, and the goodwill qualities obtained through energy-efficient solutions.
|
|
| 5. |
- Algehed, Jessica, 1971, et al.
(author)
-
Modelling energy efficiency and carbon dioxide emissions in energy-intensive industry under stringent CO2 policies: Comparison of top-down and bottom-up approaches and evaluation of usefulness to policy makers
- 2009
-
In: Proceedings of eceee 2009 summer study. - 9789163344541 ; , s. 1181-1191
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The question of how different climate policies will influence carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the energy-intensive industry is complex. It is not obvious that increased costs for emitting CO2 will lead to investments in new, low-emission technologies, since the energy-intensive industry is very capital intensive, and reduced CO2 emissions beyond a certain point require large investments and possibly also radical process changes. Traditionally, either top-down or bottom-up models have been used to analyze the influence of specific policies on energy efficiency and CO2 emissions in industry. Bottom-up models describe technologies in detail, but are not realistic in their characterization of corporate decision-making, e.g., how businesses select technologies and make investments, and fail to depict macro-economic equilibrium feedbacks. Top-down models, in contrast, address these deficiencies by representing macro-economic feedbacks and by estimating parameters of technological change from observations of aggregate market responsiveness to cost changes. However, since top-down models lack technological detail, they are weak in assessing the use of new, low-emission technology. Because of these methodological differences, top-down and bottom-up models often make divergent cost predictions, and consequently suggest different policies, for meeting climate targets. This methodological divide has stimulated exploration of hybrid approaches that integrate the technological explicitness of bottom-up models with the micro-economic realism and macro-economic feedbacks of top-down models. To better understand the dynamics and policy responses of industry, such methods and models need to be further developed and applied. In this paper we analyse and compare top-down, bottom-up, and integrated (hybrid) approaches that have been used for evaluating potentials for CO2 emissions reductions and CO2 policy analysis in energy-intensive industry. We also evaluate the usefulness of these approaches and models to policy and decision makers.
|
|
| 6. |
- Berntsson, Thore, 1947, et al.
(author)
-
Towards a Sustainable European Energy System - The Role of the Pulp and Paper Industry
- 2012
-
In: Chemical Engineering Transactions. - 2283-9216. ; 29, s. 1621-1626
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper a methodology for analyzing the potential for and effect of implementation of different technology pathways within the pulp and paper industry, developed by the Heat and Power Technology research group at Chalmers University of Technology, is presented. The methodology assumes detailed research and is based on bottom-up thinking. To exemplify its usefulness two studies applying the methodology are summarized. All in all, it can be concluded that the presented methodology enables integration of the different research projects, connecting research on different system levels with each other, which in turn gives the research group the possibility to better answer questions regarding the development and future role of the pulp and paper industry on a higher system level whilst still considering important characteristics of individual technologies and/or mills.
|
|
| 7. |
- Berntsson, Thore, 1947, et al.
(author)
-
Towards a Sustainable European Energy system – The Role of the Pulp and Paper Industry
- 2010
-
In: Chemical Engineering Transactions. - 2283-9216. - 9788895608051 ; 21, s. 529-534
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper a methodology for analyzing the potential for and effect of implementation of different technology pathways within the pulp and paper industry, developed by the Heat and Power Technology research group at Chalmers University of Technology, is presented. The methodology assumes detailed research and is based on bottom-up thinking. To exemplify its usefulness two studies applying the methodology are summarized. All in all, it can be concluded that the presented methodology enables integration of the different research projects, connecting research on different system levels with each other, which in turn gives the research group the possibility to better answer questions regarding the development and future role of the pulp and paper industry on a higher system level whilst still considering important characteristics of individual technologies and/or mills.
|
|
| 8. |
- Jönsson, Johanna, 1981, et al.
(author)
-
A systematic approach for assessing potentials for energy efficiency at chemical pulp mills
- 2009
-
In: Proceedings of 22nd Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems. - 2175-5426. ; :Paper 0924, s. 1559-1568
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- When estimating aggregated potential for energy efficiency and the introduction of new, efficient, technology solutions within the pulp and paper industry it is important to consider the existing energy system of the individual mills, since the present energy situation at each mill has a significant effect on the potential for future changes. Recognising the need to assess the existing system, one main problem is that detailed steam data is not publicly available or easily accessible, neither on the mill level nor the national level. In the study presented in this paper, a model is proposed for assessing the steam balance of a kraft pulp mill, assuming only a limited amount of public and easily accessible data. The model was developed and validated using detailed data from both model mills and real mills. From the validation of the model it was concluded that the model provides a good estimate of the total steam production and consumption, with an accuracy of +/- 8%, and a fair estimate of the steam use at different pressure levels. The model was also applied in a benchmark study of the Swedish kraft pulp industry. In the benchmark study the potential for increased electricity production was analysed, assuming the steam balance for each mill given by the model. The results showed that all the kraft pulp mills in Sweden could increase their power production substantially by investing purely in new, larger, back-pressure turbines to avoid throttling any steam. If at the same time the mills invest in steam-saving measures, saving LP steam, and a condensing turbine, electricity production could increase even further, making all mills self-sufficient, and most mills even net exporters, of electric power. However, to analyse the potential for steam-saving measures further as well as the introduction of technology solutions other than increased electricity production, such as black liquor gasification, the model needs to be developed further.
|
|
| 9. |
- Jönsson, Johanna, 1981, et al.
(author)
-
A systematic approach for assessing steam balances for kraft pulp mills-model development and case study
- 2009
-
In: 22nd International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems, ECOS 2009; Foz du Iguacu, Parana; Brazil; 30 August 2009 through 3 September 2009. ; , s. 1559-1568
-
Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
- When estimating aggregated potential for energy efficiency and the introduction of new, efficient, technology solutions within the pulp and paper industry it is important to consider the existing energy system of the individual mills, since the present energy situation at each mill has a significant effect on the potential for future changes. Recognising the need to assess the existing system, one main problem is that detailed steam data is not publicly available or easily accessible, neither on the mill level nor the national level. In the study presented in this paper, a model is proposed for assessing the steam balance of a kraft pulp mill, assuming only a limited amount of public and easily accessible data. The model was developed and validated using detailed data from both model mills and real mills. From the validation of the model it was concluded that the model provides a good estimate of the total steam production and consumption, with an accuracy of +/-8%, and a fair estimate of the steam use at different pressure levels. The model was also applied in a benchmark study of the Swedish kraft pulp industry. In the benchmark study the potential for increased electricity production was analysed, assuming the steam balance for each mill given by the model. The results showed that all the kraft pulp mills in Sweden could increase their power production substantially by investing purely in new, larger, back-pressure turbines to avoid throttling any steam. If at the same time the mills invest in steam-saving measures, saving LP steam, and a condensing turbine, electricity production could increase even further, making all mills self-sufficient, and most mills even net exporters, of electric power. However, to analyse the potential for steam-saving measures further as well as the introduction of technology solutions other than increased electricity production, such as black liquor gasification, the model needs to be developed further.
|
|
| 10. |
- Jönsson, Johanna, 1981
(author)
-
Analysing different technology pathways for the pulp and paper industry in a European energy systems perspective
- 2011
-
Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- For the pulp and paper industry (PPI), earlier research has shown that there are many technology pathways, proven and new, available for improvement of energy efficiency and additional sales of (new) products. Some pathways can only be implemented in kraft mills, e.g. black liquor gasification (BLG), but some can be implemented industry-wide, e.g. carbon capture and storage (CCS). From a future perspective it is not clear which pathway is the most profitable one or which pathway gives the lowest emissions of CO2 due to uncertainties in both the future value of different products and the future development of energy infrastructure. This can lead to decision anxiety, both for the PPI regarding the choice of pathways and for decision-makers creating new policy schemes.The overall aim of this thesis is to analyse six technology pathways for the European PPI: increased electricity production, export of bark, extraction of lignin, CCS, BLG and export of heat for district heating purposes. To elucidate the potential for, and effects of, implementation of these pathways, three themes of research questions are addressed:1. General integration opportunities in different types of existing mills.2. Economic performance and global CO2 emissions assuming different future developments of the European energy market. 3. Factors influencing the potential for industry-wide implementation. The results show that for kraft pulp mills, proven pathways, such as increased electricity production and district heat production, are economically robust, i.e. they are profitable for varying energy market conditions. The new and emerging technology pathways studied, CCS, BLG and lignin extraction, hold a larger potential for reduction of global CO2 emissions, but their economic performance is more dependent on the development of the energy market. Further, the thesis shows how earlier, detailed research can be lifted to a higher system level in order to be put in context and to answer research questions on a more aggregated industry level. The thesis also shows that improving the availability (and accuracy) of public data and statistics is a key factor if good industry level analyses are to be performed.
|
|
