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- Engwall, Kristina, 1969-
(författare)
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"Asociala och imbecilla" : kvinnorna på Västra Mark 1931 - 1967
- 2000
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vilka konsekvenser medförde det att under perioden 1931-1967 kategoriseras som sinnesslö kvinna i Sverige? Undersökningens källmaterial är i huvudsak patientjournaler från Västra Marks sjukhus för s.k. asociala och imbecilla kvinnor, men även riksdagsmaterial. Utifrån detta material diskuteras samhällets uppfattning av och åtgärder mot det som upplevdes som sinnesslöproblemet. I avhandlingen behandlas sinnesslöa som en social kategori och kön diskuteras i termer av kvinnlighet på fyra olika nivåer.Avhandlingen visar hur kvinnorna på Västra Mark var en utsatt grupp människor som upplevt otrygghet samt fysiska och sexuella övergrepp. Men i samhällsdebatten i tidigt 1900-tal talades mer om det hot som sinnesslöa kvinnor ansågs utgöra p.g.a sin "sexuella" opålitlighet". De samhälleliga åtgärderna resulterade i internering, till exempel på Västra Mark, sterilisering och äktenskapsförbud.Men kvinnorna på Västra Mark befann sig i gränsområdet mellan avvikande och normalt. Därmed ansågs i vissa fall att familjebildning kunde vara bättre för kvinnornas återanpassning till samhället än förhindrandet av familjebildning som lagen förespråkade. För kvinnorna själva var fästman, äkta make och barn något som eftersträvades då detta ingick i den "normala" kvinnligheten. Av undersökningen framgår att sinnesslöa kvinnor omfattades av en annorlunda kvinnlighet än vad kvinnor i allmänhet gjorde.En studie om en marginaliserad grupp, som till exempel sinnesslöa kvinnor, medför att grundläggande frågor om människors värde och människosyn aktualiseras. Frågor om exempelvis individuell frihet och samhälleligt ingripande synliggös därmed på ett mer framträdande sätt än vad en studie av centrala grupper i ett samhälle skulle ha möjliggjort. Avhandlingen visar också på nödvändigheten av ett könsperspektiv i handikappforskningen samt vikten av att sinnesslöa inkluderas i handikapphistorien.
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| 2. |
- Frih, Anna-Karin, 1975-
(författare)
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Flickan i medicinen : ungdom, kön och sjuklighet 1870-1930
- 2007
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The main purpose of this thesis is to study and analyze how concepts of childhood and adolescence were constructed in scientific medicine during the period 1870 to 1930. The focus in the first part of the thesis is to study the sick girl as a stereotype in 1870–1900. In the late nineteenth-century, the poor health of girls was a popular topic in Swedish medical discourse. It was a well-established opinion that a substantial number of Swedish girls suffered from various diseases and ailments. Mass- and coeducation was under debate and physicians became interested in the impact of schools and schooling on children’s health. It is here shown that children, and in particularly adolescents, were de-fined as gendered creatures. The doctors emphasized the universal nature of adolescence and conceptualized pu-berty as a traumatic and risky stage of life and they also tended to focus on middle-class girls. Pubescent girls were seen as most vulnerable to external stress such as mental strain and physical demands. Physicians claimed that ill health inevitably followed when girls were educated in the same way as boys. However, boys and their health were discussed too. The most common ailments for both girls and boys were overstudy, anemia, headaches and disor-dered digestion. It was also shown in various studies, that poorer children were substantially inferior in weight as well as in height. Chlorosis was a common theme in late nineteenth-century medical discourse. Although it appeared mainly as a girls’ disease in medical books and in most sanitary journals, health studies for example, showed that chlorosis could also be a boys’ disease. However, sick boys were rarely spoken of. Medical opinions on overstudy, chlorosis and dress reform could be interpreted as a concern for unhealthy girls as future mothers of the nation. It is not my intention to advertise doctors as vicious oppressors, as opponents of female emancipation. In fact, the doctors often pointed out social factors and unequal circumstances of childhood and adolescence for girls and boys. In early twentieth-century, the scientific opinion of girls changed. Even though gendered notions of children and youths persisted all through the period studied, more and more some doctors, Karolina Widerström, for example, began to question them. The new girl was not weak and ill, but rather healthy and active. However, a dividing line between those who claimed the weakness of girls and those who emphasized the new, healthy girl became more evident after 1900. In this thesis, this disparity is discussed in terms of popular medical discourse and scientific medi-cal discourse. In the latter, girls were still described as more sensitive and more frail than boys and as unfit for higher education and strenuous schoolwork. Thus, the new girl – vivid, healthy and equal to the boy – was above all a con-struction in popular medicine. The uniform medical discourse on girls from the late nineteenth-century thus dissolved. A number of changes in the medical discourse on sickness and health of girls and boys during in this period occurred. First, concepts of sickness and health were modified over time and fewer schoolchildren were considered sick. Fi-nally, in the beginning of the period studied, girls were sicker than boys were, but in the end, in the 1930s, there was no obvious gender difference. Both sexes seemed equally sick (or healthy).
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| 3. |
- Hartman Söderberg, Ingrid
(författare)
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"Vidunder till qvinnor" : Sju systrar som pionjärer i yrkesliv och offentlighet 1860-1935
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The second half of the 19th century saw the Swedish agrarian society transforming into an industrial society, a development which brought with it major social change including an incipient emancipation of woman. The unmarried woman obtained a number of new rights legally, politically and financially. New educational opportunities came within reach and she was given access to an independent professional life.This group biography depicts the life stories of seven sisters. They grew up in a society in which woman's given role was that of the mistress of the house. Their father, Jonas Andersson of Häckenäs Estate, was a liberal member of Parliament and a representative of the Swedish peasant estate and he fought for woman's right to authority, education and access to new vocational spheres. The strategies he advocated provided a way out for the woman into the public sphere, a path which all the seven sisters were to turn into. Also their mother supported and encouraged them in their life choices. The sisters chose different careers and educational paths, whereby they stepped out into the public sphere in many cases as pioneers - as elementary school teachers, telegraph operator, photographer and physiotherapist. Some of them enjoyed permanent appointments whereas others were self-employed. The seven sisters remained autonomous professional women. None of them married.Using an extended politics and public sphere concept, which includes women's activities within popular movements and societies, it is argued that some of the sisters also appeared in other public arenas by participating in social debate and contributing to social change. Particularly two of the sisters have been studied in this respect. As an active politician after women had been given their full political rights, the younger of the two had the opportunity to put into practice her visions of a better society. She was the one who most clearly made visible their ideological heritage from home.As the "daughters of liberalism", the seven sisters managed to convert the social and cultural capital that they brought with them from childhood. They stepped out into the various arenas of the public sphere and chose a way of life so different from that of previous generations of women. They viewed themselves as "marvellous women" as they did not fulfil what long had been regarded as woman's "true destiny". Instead, they helped to create a new female pattern of life.
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| 4. |
- Ilshammar, Lars
(författare)
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Offentlighetens nya rum : teknik och politik i Sverige 1969-1999
- 2002
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This study in contemporary history describes the transformation of the public sphere in Sweden during the period 1969-1999, and analyses the role of information technology and politics in the process. The overall aim of the study is to explain how, and why, the public sphere in Jürgen Habermas sense has deteriorated during a period of rapid technological and political change, when increasing attention has been given to information technology as a new tool for improving democracy and empowering citizens. Theoretical inspiration is drawn from two perspectives within the modern history of technology and sociology of technology; the LTS (Large Technical Systems) and STS (Science, Technology and Society) approaches, as well as from the regime theory concept within political science. This multidisciplinary framework provides the theoretical basis for the study, including terms as socio-technical systems, system builder, technification, interpretative flexibility, stabilization, closing and regime change. In addition, the analysis draws upon previous research in economic history, where focus often has been on the important role of institutions. The term path dependence is central in this tradition. The starting point for the study is the process of a mutual legitimization between citizens and political actors that traditionally has taken place within the public sphere. In return for citizens support and trust, political actors have granted format rights to the public space. Two aspects of this interdependence are addressed: Freedom of speech and citizen’s access to public information, and their access to arenas where an exchange of political ideas and opinions is taking place. In the study, the former is a question of the legal system and the limits to freedom of speech in new medias such as the Internet, while the latter concerns citizen’s technical means and possibilities to connect to electronic networks. Research interest is concentrated on the formal political system, focusing both actors and structural factors such as technological development, media convergence, ideological change and international integration in the transformation process. Four case studies of institutional changes during formative moments, within what is defined as the legal and the technical infrastructures, are conducted and represent the empirical base of the thesis. The case studies are centered on Swedish governmental commissions, on the government itself and on proceedings in the parliament, and concerns formation and transformation of computer law, as well as the deregulation and privatization of the technical infrastructure. In the latter process Televerket (Swedish Telecom) has been an influential promoter of competition and institutional separation between tele- and data communications, representing a major regime change in favour of market relations in the technical infrastructure. In the area of computer law, the Swedish regime dominated by SCB (Statistics Sweden) was incorporated into a joint European data protection regime, resulting in limitations of freedom of speech on the Internet. These regime changes have also transformed the role of the state, constituting a “net watchers state”. Another important finding is that promotion of democracy and improvement of access to the public sphere, never was on the agenda in the political transformation processes studied, although a parallel discourse on democracy and information technology existed throughout the period studied.
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| 6. |
- Larsson, Katarina, 1964-
(författare)
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Andrahandskontrakt i folkhemmet : närmiljö och kvinnors förändringsstrategier
- 2004
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The thesis consists of three studies of problem areas from the 1940s and 1950s, in which women’s organisations in Örebro - a middle-sized Swedish town – demanded that municipal planning of the local environment should ensure that reproductive work, i.e. housework and care work, was organised in a way deemed satisfactory by women. The thesis also examines how these demands were received and handled by the Municipality of Örebro. It is a well-known fact that women were very under-represented in the political bodies of that time. The question of influence is taken up using regime theory, which assumes that in order to exercise political influence, groups can join forces and work in networks and coalitions. A central figure in women’s politics in Örebro was the journalist and author Margit Palmaer, who had a strong commitment to the local community and was at the same time well oriented in current political questions. Together with the women’s organisations, she took up her women’s political questions on political decision-making levels. The studies are about how the laundry work was to be organised, and the building of modern laundries equipped with washing machines, how the women made demands for collective service flats, which would enable the women to take gainful employment outside the home, and finally about the demands for communal child care that would satisfy the needs of gainfully employed women. These were also questions on the national political agenda. At this time the state had considerable welfare ambitions that the municipalities were given the task of realising. The municipalities could get advantageous loans for the modern laundries if they were integrated in new housing projects. This led to the municipalities, whose main goal was to act in an economically rational way, organising the laundry work in a way that did not satisfy the needs of the women, the people who actually did the washing. In this period, childcare was mainly seen as an emergency measure for the children of single mothers. The women’s demands, that the municipality should have a more general responsibility for childcare, were not considered valid. Those in favour of collective service flats supported the idea expressly to release women for gainful employment, and that was the reason why the idea aroused such strong opposition, and why it was never realised in Örebro. Inherent in the concept of collective service flats were the possible effects on gender relations, since a woman’s main occupation would no longer be to look after her home, husband and children without payment, and those who actually did this would be paid for doing so. The study shows that there were obvious clashes of opinion between the women and the mainly male municipal politicians and planners about who should have the power to define what needs there were, how they were to be fulfilled and when they were to be regarded as having been fulfilled. And when planning is based on the assumption that women do not have to support their families, when their gainful employment is regarded as secondary, and when they are expected to facilitate men being gainfully employed by doing housework and care work, then they are tied to reproductive work tasks. Another result of the study is the conclusion that the regime theory assumption about possibilities for networks and coalitions to exercise influence, regardless of their original power resources, needs modification. In order for women to have such possibilities, there had to be a bridge between national and local politics. Margit Palmaer was such a bridgebuilder. There was, however, a limit to women’s political opportunities which lay at the point where the essence of femininity and thus also of masculinity was openly challenged.
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| 10. |
- Ohlander, Ann-Sofie, 1941-
(författare)
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Det bortträngda barnet : uppsatser om psykoanalys och historia
- 1993
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Barnet i historien är det gemensamma ämnet för de fyra uppsatsernai denna volym. Gemensam är också användningen av psykoanalytiskabegrepp och tolkningar. Samhälleliga bortträngningar är huvudtemat i Historien ochdet samhälleligt omedvetna. Att svåra företeelser som självmordoch sexualbrott hör till det historiskt och samhälleligt bortträngdaär kanske inte förvånande. Men dit hör också kvinnorna och alldelessärskilt barnen och deras historia. Kunde barnen, den kommandegenerationen, upplevas som ett hot i historien? Och vad fick det för följder för barnen? Skuldbeläggning av offret och den stora toleransen för våldmot barn i det förflutna behandlas i En latent struktur av våld. Kriminalisering av offret exemplifierad ur svensk rättshistoria. Barnens existens och rättigheter doldes i historien genom attden samhälleliga konflikten mellan produktion och reproduktionförlades till kvinnornas-mödrarnas liv. Denna konflikt och hurden så småningom blev synlig behandlas i Det dubbla budskapet. Svenska moderskapspolitik 1900-1931. Barnen och deras livsvillkor är ett samhälles viktigaste planeringav sin framtid. För att ett barn skall utvecklas och nå vuxenidentitet krävs vissa grundläggande förutsättningar. Förelågsådana förutsättningar i sekelskiftet Sverige? Den frågan prövas iTid, rum och barns identitetsutveckling. En samhällelig tillämpningav objektrelationsteori.
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