| 1. |
- Ostberg, Linus J., et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of mammalian alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (ADH5): Characterisation of rat ADH5 with comparisons to the corresponding human variant
- 2013
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Ingår i: Chemico-Biological Interactions. - : Elsevier. - 0009-2797 .- 1872-7786. ; 202:1-3, s. 97-103
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alcohol dehydrogenase 5 (ADH5) is a member of the mammalian alcohol dehydrogenase family of yet undefined functions. ADH5 was first identified at the DNA level in human and deer mouse. A rat alcohol dehydrogenase structure of similar type has been isolated at the cDNA level using human ADH5 as a screening probe, where the rat cDNA structure displayed several atypical properties. mRNA for rat ADH5 was found in multiple tissues, especially in the kidney. In vitro translation experiments indicated that rat ADH5 is expressed as efficiently as ADH1 and furthermore, rat ADH5 was readily expressed in COS cells fused to Green Fluorescent Protein. However, no soluble ADH5 protein could be heterologously expressed in Escherichia coil cells with expression systems successfully used for other mammalian ADHs, including fused to glutathione-S-transferase. Molecular modelling of the enzyme indicated that the protein does not fold in a productive way, which can be the explanation why no stable and active ADH5 has been isolated. These results indicate that ADH5, while readily expressed at the mRNA level, does not behave similarly to other mammalian ADHs investigated. The results, in vitro and in silico, suggest an unstable ADH5 structure, which can explain for why no active and stable protein can be isolated. Further possibilities are conceivable: the ADH5 protein may have to interact with a stabiliser, or the gene is actually a pseudogene.
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| 2. |
- Barbaro, Michela, et al.
(författare)
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In vitro functional studies of rare CYP21A2 mutations and establishment of an activity gradient for nonclassic mutations improve phenotype predictions in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- 2015
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Ingår i: Clinical Endocrinology. - : Wiley. - 0300-0664 .- 1365-2265. ; 82:1, s. 37-44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundA detailed genotype-phenotype evaluation is presented by studying the enzyme activities of five rare amino acid substitutions (Arg233Gly, Ala265Ser, Arg341Trp, Arg366Cys and Met473Ile) identified in the CYP21A2 gene in patients investigated for Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). ObjectiveTo investigate whether the mutations identified in the CYP21A2 gene are disease causing and to establish a gradient for the degree of enzyme impairment to improve prediction of patient phenotype. Design and patientsThe CYP21A2 genes of seven patients investigated for CAH were sequenced and five mutations were identified. The mutant proteins were expressed in vitro in COS-1 cells, and the enzyme activities towards the two natural substrates were determined to verify the disease-causing state of the mutations. The in vitro activities of these rare mutations were also compared with the activities of four mutations known to cause nonclassic CAH (Pro30Leu, Val281Leu, Pro453Ser and Pro482Ser) in addition to an in silico structural evaluation of the novel mutants. Main outcome measureTo verify the disease-causing state of novel mutations. ResultsFive CYP21A2 mutations were identified (Arg233Gly, Ala265Ser, Arg341Trp, Arg366Cys and Met473Ile). All mutant proteins exhibited enzyme activities above 5%, and four mutations were classified as nonclassic and one as a normal variant. By comparing the investigated protein changes with four common mutations causing nonclassic CAH, a gradient for the degree of enzyme impairment could be established. Studying rare mutations in CAH increases our knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms that render a mutation pathogenic. It also improves phenotype predictions and genetic counselling for future generations.
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| 3. |
- Hellgren, Mikko, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
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Enrichment of ligands with molecular dockings and subsequent characterization for human alcohol dehydrogenase 3
- 2010
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Ingår i: CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES. - : Springer Science Business Media. - 1420-682X .- 1420-9071. ; 67:17, s. 3005-3015
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Alcohol dehydrogenase 3 (ADH3) has been assigned a role in nitric oxide homeostasis due to its function as an S-nitrosoglutathione reductase. As altered S-nitrosoglutathione levels are often associated with disease, compounds that modulate ADH3 activity might be of therapeutic interest. We performed a virtual screening with molecular dockings of more than 40,000 compounds into the active site of human ADH3. A novel knowledge-based scoring method was used to rank compounds, and several compounds that were not known to interact with ADH3 were tested in vitro. Two of these showed substrate activity (9-decen-1-ol and dodecyltetraglycol), where calculated binding scoring energies correlated well with the logarithm of the k (cat)/K (m) values for the substrates. Two compounds showed inhibition capacity (deoxycholic acid and doxorubicin), and with these data three different lines for specific inhibitors for ADH3 are suggested: fatty acids, glutathione analogs, and cholic acids.
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| 4. |
- Karlsson, Leif, et al.
(författare)
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Novel non-classic CYP21A2 variants, including combined alleles, identified in patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
- 2019
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Ingår i: Clinical Biochemistry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0009-9120 .- 1873-2933. ; 73, s. 50-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an inborn error of metabolism and a common disorder of sex development where >90% of all cases are due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Novel and rare pathogenic variants account for 5% of all clinical cases. Here, we sought to investigate the functional and structural effects of four novel (p.Val358Ile, p.Arg369Gln, p.Asp377Tyr, and p.Leu461Pro) and three combinations of CYP21A2 variants (i.e. one allele containing two variants p.[Ile172Asn;Val358Ile], p.[Val281Leu;Arg369Gln], or p.[Asp377Tyr;Leu461Pro]) identified in patients with CAH.Methods: All variants were reconstructed by in vitro site-directed mutagenesis, the proteins were transiently expressed in COS-1 cells and enzyme activities directed toward the two natural substrates (17-hydroxyprogesterone and progesterone) were determined. In parallel, in silico prediction of the pathogenicity of the variants based on the human CYP21 X-ray structure was performed.Results: The novel variants, p.Val358Ile, p.Arg369Gln, p.Asp377Tyr, and p.Leu461Pro exhibited residual enzymatic activities within the range of non-classic (NC) CAH variants (40–82%). An additive effect on the reduction of enzymatic activity (1–17%) was observed when two variants were expressed together, as identified in several patients, resulting in either NC or more severe phenotypes. In silico predictions were in line with the in vitro data except for p.Leu461Pro.Conclusions: Altogether, the combination of clinical data, in silico prediction, and data from in vitro studies are important for establishing a correct genotype and phenotype correlation in patients with CAH.
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| 5. |
- Ostberg, Linus J., et al.
(författare)
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The mammalian alcohol dehydrogenase genome shows several gene duplications and gene losses resulting in a large set of different enzymes including pseudoenzymes
- 2015
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Ingår i: Chemico-Biological Interactions. - : Elsevier BV. - 0009-2797 .- 1872-7786. ; 234, s. 80-84
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mammalian alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is a protein family divided into six classes and the number of known family members is increasing rapidly. Several primate genomes are completely analyzed for the ADH region, where higher primates (human and hominoids) have seven genes of classes ADH1-ADH5. Within the group of non-hominoids apes there have been further duplications and species with more than the typical three isozymic forms for ADH1 are present. In contrast there are few completely analyzed ADH genomes in the non-primate group of mammals, where an additional class has been identified, ADH6, that has been lost during the evolution of primates. In this study 85 mammalian genomes with at least one ADH gene have been compiled. In total more than 500 ADH amino acid sequences were analyzed for patterns that distinguish the different classes. For ADH1-ADH4 intensive investigations have been performed both at the functional and at structural levels. However, a corresponding functional protein to the ADH5 gene, which is found in most ADH genomes, has never been detected. The same is true for ADH6, which is only present in non-primates. The entire mammalian ADH family shows a broad spectrum of gene duplications and gene losses where the numbers differ from six genes (most non-primate mammals) up to ten genes (vole). Included in these sets are examples of pseudogenes and pseudoenzymes.
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