| 1. |
- Christia, Christina, et al.
(author)
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Occurrence of legacy and alternative plasticizers in indoor dust from various EU countries and implications for human exposure via dust ingestion and dermal absorption
- 2019
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In: Environmental Research. - : Academic Press. - 0013-9351 .- 1096-0953. ; 171, s. 204-212
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Plasticizers are a category of chemicals extensively used in consumer products and, consequently, their presence is ubiquitous in the indoor environment. In the present study, an analytical method has been developed for the quantification of plasticizers (7 legacy phthalate esters (LPEs) and 14 alternative plasticizers (APs)) in indoor floor dust based on ultrasonic and vortex extraction, Florisil fractionation and GC-(EI)-MS analysis. Dust samples (n = 54) were collected from homes, offices, and daycare centers from different EU countries (Belgium, the Netherlands, Ireland and Sweden). Method LOQs ranged from 0.2 to 5 mu g/g. Tri-n-hexyl trimellitate (THTM) was not detected in any sample, whereas dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diphenyl phthalate and acetyl triethyl citrate (ATEC) were detected only in 6, 2 and 1 out of 54 samples, respectively. The highest concentrations of plasticizers were measured in Swedish offices, at a mean concentration of total plasticizers of 1800 mu g/g, followed by Swedish daycare centers at 1200 and 670 mu g/g for winter and spring sampling, respectively. Generally, the contribution of APs was slightly higher than for LPEs for all indoor environments (mean contribution 60% and 40%, respectively based on contributions per indoor environment). For the APs, main contributors were DINP in Belgian homes (28%), Swedish offices (60%), Swedish daycare centers (48%), and Dutch offices (31%) and DEHT in Belgian (28%), Irish (40%) and Dutch homes (37%) of total APs. The predominant LPE was bis-2-ethylhexyl-phthalate (DEHP) with a mean contribution varying from 60% to 85% of total LPEs. Human exposure was evaluated for dust ingestion and dermal absorption using hazard quotients (HQs) of plasticizers (ratio between average daily doses and the reference dose). None of the HQs of plasticizers exceeded 1, meaning that the risk for adverse human health effects from these plasticizers via dust ingestion and dermal absorption is unlikely.
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| 2. |
- Darnerud, Per Ola, et al.
(author)
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Phosphorous flame retardants in Swedish market basket food samples, and estimation of per capita intake
- 2016
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Analyser av åtta fosforinnehållande flamskyddsmedel (PFRs) har utförts i matkorgsprover från den senaste matkorgsundersökningen (Matkorgen 2015). De ämnen som analyseras är (i förkortning) TEHP, TNBP, TCEP, TBOEP, TPHP, EHDPHP, TDCIPP samt TCIPP. De undersökta matkorgsproverna kommer från studier där matkassar från vanliga livsmedelskedjor i Sverige tas in för analys, och där de insamlade livsmedlen analyseras gruppvis (ex kött, fisk, mejeriprodukter, spannmål) för en mängd näringsämnen men även toxiska ämnen. Med hjälp av försäljningsstatistik kan konsumtionen av olika livsmedelsgrupper beräknas, och tillsammans med haltdata kan per capita-intaget för dessa ämnen tas fram. Det är första gången som matkorgsprover analyseras för förekomst av PFRs.Mätbara halter av ett flertal av undersökta PFRs kunde analyseras i proverna från de tretton olika livsmedelsgrupperna, och högst halter återfanns generellt i prover från cerealier, bakverk, fetter/oljor , vegetabilier, samt socker och sötsaker. Högst halter i livsmedel, och även det beräknade högsta per capita-intaget (49 ng/kg kroppsvikt/dag), observerades för EHDPHP (etylhexyldifenylfosfat). För fyra PFRs (TCEP, TPHP, TDCIPP och TCIPP) låg per capita-intaget på 6-12 ng/kg kroppsvikt/dag, medan inga beräkningar gjordes för de tre återstående pga att flertalet haltdata
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| 3. |
- Dürig, Wiebke, et al.
(author)
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What is in the fish? Collaborative trial in suspect and non-target screening of organic micropollutants using LC- and GC-HRMS
- 2023
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In: Environment International. - : Elsevier. - 0160-4120 .- 1873-6750. ; 181
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A collaborative trial involving 16 participants from nine European countries was conducted within the NORMAN network in efforts to harmonise suspect and non-target screening of environmental contaminants in whole fish samples of bream (Abramis brama). Participants were provided with freeze-dried, homogenised fish samples from a contaminated and a reference site, extracts (spiked and non-spiked) and reference sample preparation protocols for liquid chromatography (LC) and gas chromatography (GC) coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Participants extracted fish samples using their in-house sample preparation method and/or the protocol provided. Participants correctly identified 9–69 % of spiked compounds using LC-HRMS and 20–60 % of spiked compounds using GC-HRMS. From the contaminated site, suspect screening with participants’ own suspect lists led to putative identification of on average ∼145 and ∼20 unique features per participant using LC-HRMS and GC-HRMS, respectively, while non-target screening identified on average ∼42 and ∼56 unique features per participant using LC-HRMS and GC-HRMS, respectively. Within the same sub-group of sample preparation method, only a few features were identified by at least two participants in suspect screening (16 features using LC-HRMS, 0 features using GC-HRMS) and non-target screening (0 features using LC-HRMS, 2 features using GC-HRMS). The compounds identified had log octanol/water partition coefficient (KOW) values from −9.9 to 16 and mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) of 68 to 761 (LC-HRMS and GC-HRMS). A significant linear trend was found between log KOW and m/z for the GC-HRMS data. Overall, these findings indicate that differences in screening results are mainly due to the data analysis workflows used by different participants. Further work is needed to harmonise the results obtained when applying suspect and non-target screening approaches to environmental biota samples.
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| 4. |
- Poma, Giulia, et al.
(author)
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Dietary intake of phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) using Swedish food market basket estimations
- 2017
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Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The occurrence of eight phosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) was investigated in 53 composite food samples from 12 food categories, collected in 2015 for a Swedish food market basket study. 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP), detected in most food categories, had the highest median concentrations (9 ng/g ww, pastries). It was followed by triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) (2.6 ng/g ww, fats/oils), tris(1,3- (TCIPP) (0.80 ng/g ww, pastries). Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP), and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) were not detected in the analyzed food samples. The major contributor to the total dietary intake was EHDPHP (57%), and the food categories which contributed the most to the total intake of PFRs were processed food, such as cereals (26%), pastries (10%), sugar/sweets (11%), and beverages (17%). The daily per capita intake of PFRs (TCEP, TPHP, EHDPHP, TDCIPP, TCIPP) from food ranged from 406 to 3266 ng/day (or 6e49 ng/kg bw/day), lower than the health-based reference doses. This is the first study reporting PFR intakes from other food categories than fish (here accounting for 3%). Our results suggest that the estimated human dietary exposure to PFRs may be equally important to the ingestion of dust.
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