| 1. |
- Mandell, Svante, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Why truck distance taxes are contagious and drive fuel taxes to the bottom
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Urban Economics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0094-1190 .- 1095-9068. ; 93, s. 1-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper analyzes the way in which countries with international and local truck traffic decide to switch from a simple fuel tax system to a dual system of fuel and distance charge taxes. We show what drives a country to switch and how this affects the level of fuel taxes as well as incentives for other countries to also adopt the dual system. The model is partially able to explain the gradual extension of kilometer charging for trucks in Europe. The model also shows that, in the absence of diesel cars, the gradual introduction of kilometer charges will make fuel taxation for trucks virtually disappear and will lead to a system where truck use is (1) taxed mainly based on distance, (2) is taxed too heavily, and (3) where highest distance taxes are expected in transit countries with a strong market position. When the fuel tax must in addition serve as an externality tax for diesel cars, the introduction of distance charges for trucks will give rise to diesel taxes that are lower than the external cost of diesel cars. For trucks, this leads to a sum of diesel taxes and distance charges that are higher than the external cost of trucks.
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| 2. |
- Proost, Stef, et al.
(författare)
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Race to the top in traffic calming
- 2017
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Ingår i: Papers in regional science (Print). - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1056-8190 .- 1435-5957. ; 96:2, s. 401-422
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the competition of two suburbs facing transit traffic flows. The suburbs are substitutes for transit traffic. In the absence of toll measures, the symmetric Nash equilibrium with two local governments leads to a race to the top in traffic calming measures that increases the cost of travel. The Nash equilibrium is compared to two types of centralized decisions: the symmetric solution and the asymmetric solution. The asymmetric solution that concentrates all transit traffic in one suburb is better but can only be realized if the authority over the local roads is transferred to the central authority.
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| 3. |
- Börjesson, Maria, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Do buses hinder cyclists or is it the other way around? : Optimal bus fares, bus stops and cycling tolls
- 2018
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A. - : PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 111, s. 326-346
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper optimises the number of bus stops, and prices for car, bus and cycling in the busiest inner city corridor in Stockholm. We adopt the representative consumer approach and calibrate the current equilibrium using the quasi-linear utility function. We find that the number of bus stops is already close to optimal. Welfare would increase if the peak frequency was increased, if the bus fares were lowered and differentiated between long trips and short trips and, and that the toll for longer car trips was increased. The optimal toll for cyclists, and the welfare benefit from it, is small and does not compensate the transaction costs. The distributional effects of bus fare changes and higher car tolls are small because on one hand, high income groups place more value on travel time gains, but on the other hand, low income groups travel less frequently by car. Surprisingly, we find that in the welfare optimum, the bus service only requires a small subsidy due to congestion in the bus lane, crowding in the buses, and extra boarding and alighting time per passenger. The Mohring effect is limited because the demand, and thereby the baseline frequency, is already high.
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| 4. |
- Börjesson, Maria, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Do Small Cities Need More Public Transport Subsidies Than Big Cities?
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. - Avon : University of Bath. - 0022-5258 .- 1754-5951. ; 53, s. 275-298
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We compare the optimal public transport subsidies for a representative bus corridor in a small city and in a big city in Sweden, derived by assuming optimal pricing, frequency, bus stop spacing, and bus lane policies. The optimal cost-recovery of the buses depends on the relative size of two costs: waiting time and crowding/congestion. In the big city the high crowding cost is dominating, approaching full cost-recovery in the first-best optimum. In the small city the waiting time dominates, implying larger optimal subsidies. The subsidy is also more effective as a redistribution policy in the small city.
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| 5. |
- Börjesson, Maria, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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How rural is too rural for transit? : Optimal transit subsidies and supply in rural areas
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Transport Geography. - : ELSEVIER SCI LTD. - 0966-6923 .- 1873-1236. ; 88
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The optimal supply of rail and bus in low density areas is studied by calibrating a demand and supply model with three modes (car, bus and rail) to an existing low density corridor. Varying the length of the network, the frequencies and the size of the populations, allows to study the trade-off between the consumer surplus losses of the public transport users and the transit operation and maintenance costs savings. We find that for an existing rail network, the optimization of frequency is the prime source of welfare gains. The rail network is marginally beneficial in the sense that keeping the network is welfare improving as long as there is no major repair or replacement investment needed. When population in the smaller towns decreases strongly, it becomes welfare improving to close the existing rail network but a bus service remains beneficial for at least part of the network.
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| 6. |
- Börjesson, Maria, 1974-, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal prices and frequencies for buses in Stockholm
- 2017
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Ingår i: Economics of Transportation. - : Elsevier. - 2212-0122 .- 2212-0130. ; 9, s. 20-36
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many public transport services are heavily subsidized. One of the main justifications is the expected beneficial effect on road congestion. Stockholm introduced congestion pricing in 2006 and the effects on car and public transport demand were carefully monitored. The change in prices provides unique estimates on price-and cross-price elasticities. This paper uses these data to model how the optimal pricing, frequency, bus size and number of bus lanes for a corridor depends on the presence of congestion pricing for cars. Results show that the presence of road pricing makes the current subsidies for peak bus trips too high. However, the major welfare benefits of re-optimizing the current bus supply stem from a decrease in frequencies during the off-peak period and the use of larger buses.
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| 7. |
- Johnsson, Richard, 1969-
(författare)
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Transport Tax Policy Simulations and Satellite Accounting within a CGE Framework
- 2003
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Dissertation in Economics to be publicly examined in Hörsal 2, Uppsala University, on Thursday, March 6, 2003 at 10:15 am for the degree of doctor of philosophy. The examination will be conducted in English. The thesis consists of four self-contained essays:Essay 1, Transportation Satellite Accounts – Measuring the Size of the Transport Industry in Sweden in 1995, develops Transportation Satellite Accounts, where an estimate of the expenditure on different in-house transportation activities is singled out from the Swedish 1995 input-output matrices of the National Accounts. The results show that for example in-house transportation amounts to 1.7% of GDP as compared to the for-hire figure of 1.9%.Essay 2, Transportation Industry Representation in CGE Modeling – Does it Matter?, addresses the question of whether the transportation industry representation has an impact on the results of tax policy simulations in CGE models. This is done by analyzing an equal yield CO2 tax policy reform in two separate models, where only the transportation industry differs. The choice of transport industry representation might be significant, as the results were lessened, magnified, or even pointed in the other direction depending on the model used.Essay 3, Road Wear and the Kilometer Charge – A Computable General Equilibrium Analysis, investigates the effects of a re-introduction of a distance-related charge in a CGE model of Sweden. The results imply that the charge leads to reduced road wear but also that it appears that most of the reduction stems from reduced trucking activity and not from substitution towards less damaging trucks. The overall effects were modest.Essay 4, The Cost of Relying on the Wrong Power – Road Wear and the Importance of the Fourth Power Rule, investigates the effect on road wear and deformation of alternatives to the Fourth Power Law (i.e. the first through fifth powers) in a CGE model of Sweden. It also investigates the cost of designing a charge according to the wrong power. The results for example imply that the cost of choosing the wrong power is relatively small. And as designing the charge according to the first power amounts to a weight-distance charge rather than an axle-weight-distance, the results reveal that there are implicit costs of implementing the former.
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| 8. |
- Mandell, Svante, et al.
(författare)
-
Why truck distance taxes are contagious and drive fuel taxes to the bottom
- 2015
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This paper analyzes how countries with international and local truck traffic decide to switch from a simple fuel tax system to a dual system of fuel and kilometer taxes. We show what drives a country to switch and how this affects the level of fuel taxes and the incentives for the other countries to also adopt the dual system. The model is partially able to explain the gradual extension of kilometer charging for trucks in Europe. The model also shows that, in the absence of diesel cars, the gradual introduction of kilometer charges will make fuel taxation for trucks virtually disappear and will lead to a system where truck use is (1) taxed mainly based on distance, but (2) is taxed too heavily. When the fuel tax must in addition serve as an externality tax for diesel cars, the introduction of distance charges for trucks will give rise to diesel taxes that are lower than the external cost of diesel cars. For trucks, this leads to a sum of diesel taxes and distance charges that are higher than the external cost of trucks.
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| 9. |
- Proost, Stef, et al.
(författare)
-
Race to the Top in Traffic Calming
- 2014
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- We study the competition of two suburbs that are facing transit traffic flows. We show that in the absence of toll measures, the Nash equilibrium leads to a race to the top in traffic calming, except for the measures that do not affect the generalized cost of traffic. The Nash equilibrium is compared to two types of centralized decisions: the symmetric solution and the asymmetric solution. It is shown how the asymmetric solution that concentrates all transit traffic in one suburb is better but can only be realized if the authority over the local roads is transferred to the central authority.
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| 10. |
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