| 1. |
- Khaled, Amina, et al.
(författare)
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Characterization and Photodegradation of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Car Seat Fabrics from End-of-Life Vehicles
- 2018
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 52:3, s. 1216-1224
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we examined the photodegradation of decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) on the surface of car seat covers from end-of-life vehicles (ELVs). Samples were collected at two car dismantling facilities in Sweden and cover car models from 1989 to 1998. The content of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in nine real samples (fabric and polyurethane foam) was first characterized. Fabric samples that did not contain BDE-209 were then spiked with BDE-209 and irradiated in the laboratory and under sunlight. Photoproducts were identified using high performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometer (HPLC-ESI-Orbitrap-MS), whereas volatile products were analyzed by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Similar photodegradation rates and oxidation products were observed in fabric samples irradiated in the laboratory and those collected from ELVs. Estimated half-life of BDE-209 on fabric inside vehicles ranged from 3 to 6 years. Thirteen major photoproducts were identified as lower brominated products, hydroxylated BDEs, brominated and hydroxylated dibenzofurans (PBDFs) and dioxins (PBDDs). Furthermore, several photoproducts were found to be transferable into water, particularly bromophenols and hydroxylated BDEs, and others into gas phase, such as bromomethanol and 1,2-dibromoethane. This should be taken into consideration for better estimating exposure to PBDEs and to develop strategies for ELV recycling.
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| 2. |
- Redin, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Occurrence of brominated diphenyl ethers, dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in foam materials in scrapped car seats from 1985 to 2012
- 2017
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 61, s. 300-306
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PBDDs) and dibenzofurans (PBDFs) in polyurethane foam (PUF) from car seats of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) and compare the concentrations of PBDEs with the stipulated regulations in the POP Directive. The method comprised screening by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and GG-MS analysis. Of 59 tested samples from ELVs, 17 samples showed lines above limit of detection (LOD) levels when screening by XRF. Those samples were selected as replicates and for further analysis by GC-MS. The majority of the studied samples showed low or non-detectable concentrations of PBDEs and PBDD/Fs, but two samples showed concentrations of Σ Te-HpBDEs close to the regulated level for Te-HpBDEs in waste (1000 mg kg−1); one was slightly higher (1390 mg kg−1) and the other slightly lower (570 mg kg−1). It was concluded that brominated pollutants such as Te-HpBDEs occur in low levels in automotive applications in scrapped cars produced in years when brominated flame retardants were used. However, two of the 59 samples tested showed levels close to those stipulated by regulations concerning POPs in waste.
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| 3. |
- Westberg, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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Rebuilding and a conscious and courageous leadership reduced energy consumption more than 80 percent
- 2014
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Ingår i: Sustainable Buildings. Results. - Madrid : GBCE. - 9788469718155
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Akademiska Hus AB has the ambition to halve the energy cost from the year 2000 to 2025. Between 2006 and 2010 the Natural Science Building was renovated completely, and a new presence- and pressure controlled air treatment system was installed. The results show that the investments reduced the heat energy consumption with about 80 percent and the building electricity consumption with about 85 percent. Akademiska Hus AB Region North, had in 2010 built the most energy efficient office building in the region, and still the building is one of the most energy efficient buildings in Umeå. The conclusion of the project is that it is possible with quite easy and also viable investments build more energy efficient than the building Code and the building industry in common requires. A strategic work, ambitious objectives and a conscious and courageous leadership seems to be just as important.
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