| 1. |
- Andersson-Sköld, Yvonne, 1957-, et al.
(författare)
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Coal tar-containing asphalt : Resource or hazardous waste?
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Industrial Ecology. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1088-1980 .- 1530-9290. ; 11:4, s. 99-116
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Coal tar was used in Sweden for the production of asphalt and for the drenching of stabilization gravel until 1973. The tar has high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), some of which may be strongly carcinogenic. Approximately 20 million tonnes of tar-containing asphalt is present in the public roads in Sweden. Used asphalt from rebuilding can be classified as hazardous waste according to the Swedish Waste Act. The cost of treating the material removed as hazardous waste can be very high due to the large amount that has to be treated, and the total environmental benefit is unclear. The transport of used asphalt to landfill or combustion will affect other environmental targets. The present project, based on three case studies of road projects in Sweden, evaluates the consequences of four scenarios for handling the material: reuse, landfill, biological treatment, and incineration. The results show that reuse of the coal tar-containing materials in new road construction is the most favorable alternative in terms of cost, material use, land use, energy consumption, and air emissions.
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| 2. |
- Andersson-Sköld, Yvonne, et al.
(författare)
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Landslide risk and climate change : economic assessment of consequenses in the Göta river valley
- 2011
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- According to climate change scenarios, Swedish summers will be drier, but in large parts of Sweden there will also be increased annual precipitation, more intensive precipitation and periods with increased water flows. In many areas the risk for landslides is expected to increase. In response to this the SGI, on commission of the Environmental ministry, has started a risk analysis for the Göta river valley. The results of the analysis will be used in the surveillance of the safety along the Göta river valley. The valley is one of the most frequent landslide valleys in Sweden.The area has a long history of anthropogenic activities such as settlements, shipping, industry, contaminated soil and infrastructure including large roads and railroads. A number of landslides occur every year. The landslide risk analysis of Göta river valley is performed by traditional technical risk analysis, i.e. a function of hazard probability and consequences of the hazard. Elements at risk in the valley include for example, human life, transport and other infrastructure, properties and industrial activities, contaminated land, agriculture and forestry, and intangibles such as biodiversity. Exposure, vulnerability and the monetary value related to the landslide are used to describe the consequence of the landslide.This paper shows the process and structure of this consequence analysis for natural hazards. The consequence analysis methodology can be applied generic both nationally and internationally and for several types of natural hazards such as landslides and flooding.
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| 3. |
- Andersson-Sköld, Yvonne, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable decisions on the agenda – a decision support tool development and its application to climate change adaptation
- 2016
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Ingår i: Local Environment : the International Journal of Justice and Sustainability. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1354-9839 .- 1469-6711. ; 21:1, s. 85-104
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A decision support tool aiming to facilitate discussion and transparency in land-use planning processes has been developed. It includes process steps initiating with an analysis of the current situation, identification of relevant actions and sustainability analysis steps. The sustainability was subdivided into human health and environment, resources, and social and economic impacts. The main difference between this risk analysis tool and others is the allowance of comparisons of present risks and consequences of measures early in the process. It also includes assessments from short- and long-term perspectives, such as taking into account climate change. It combines classic risk analysis with life-cycle assessment procedure. It has been developed and tested in co-operation with municipalities. The tests show that the tool is applicable and can be relevant in the planning process. It offers an iterative discussion framework that is systematic, condensed and yet a simplistic way of describing consequences. The criticism is that it is regarded as time demanding, but this can be managed by preparatory work
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| 4. |
- Arm, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Förutsägelse av långtidsegenskaper hos restprodukter : teknik och miljö i vägar
- 2009
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In Sweden, use of industrial by-products is still hindered by concern for their long-term properties. This report describes a three-year research project aiming to identify the key processes of ageing related to the usefulness of by-products in roads; investigate the consequences of these processes for technical and environmental properties of the by-products, and propose a method for accelerated ageing to predict long-term properties. The project has compared naturally aged samples of two by-products used as sub-bases in existing asphalt paved roads with samples of fresh by-products from producers' piles. Steel slag of electric arc furnace type and municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) bottom ash were chosen. The samples were thoroughly characterized in order to identify which ageing processes had been crucial. The working hypothesis was that ageing processes lead to changes in pH, effective particle size and mineralogy, which in turn determine leaching, stiffness and stability of the material. One of the conclusions from the project is that the test results confirmed that the pavement edge material is ageing faster than the road centre material is.
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| 5. |
- Arm, Maria, et al.
(författare)
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Technical environmental long-term properties of industrial residues : summary of field and laboratory investigations
- 2011
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Ingår i: Waste Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0956-053X .- 1879-2456. ; 31:1, s. 101-107
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Sweden, use of industrial residues is still hindered by concern for their long-term properties. A three-year research project was therefore initiated aiming to (1) identify the crucial processes of ageing related to the usefulness of residues in roads; (2) investigate the consequences of these processes for technical and environmental properties of the residues, and (3) propose a method for accelerated ageing to predict the long-term properties. This paper gives an overview of the project methodology, a summary of the test results and references to papers where further details are given. The project, running through 2006-2008, compared naturally aged samples of two residues used as sub-bases in existing asphalt paved roads with samples of fresh residues from producers' piles. Steel slag of electric arc furnace (EAF) type and municipal solid waste incinerator (MSWI) bottom ash were chosen. The samples were thoroughly characterised in order to identify which ageing processes had been crucial. The results showed that: - Bottom ash from the pavement edge was more aged than bottom ash from the road centre. However, no difference in pH was found, instead the differences were caused by differences in water exposure. - Steel slag from the pavement edge showed traces of carbonation and leaching processes, whereas slag from the road centre was identical to fresh slag. - Water exposure to the subbase materials after ten years in an asphalt paved road was calculated to less than 0.1–0.5 litres per kg. - Ageing reactions in steel slag and MSWI bottom ash, ready for use, were too small to be verified by laboratory measurement of deformation properties under loaded conditions. An accelerated ageing test for steel slag was set up to achieve the carbonation (decrease in pH) and leaching that was observed in the pavement edge material. An accelerated ageing test for bottom ash was set up to achieve the pozzolan reactions that were observed in SEM analyses of in situ specimens. It is recommended to use uncrushed particles when properties of aged material are studied, in order to preserve the original particle surfaces.
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| 6. |
- Dahlin, Torleif, et al.
(författare)
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Mapping of quick clay using geoelectrical imaging and CPTU-resistivity
- 2013
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Ingår i: Near Surface Geophysics. - : Wiley. - 1873-0604 .- 1569-4445. ; 11:6, s. 659-670
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Quick clay has a major impact on landslide risk and it is therefore of considerable interest to map its presence and extent. In Sweden, quick clay has been involved in most landslides in soft clay with serious consequences. The predominant method for detection of quick clay in Sweden has been to take undisturbed samples and to perform fall-cone tests on the clay in its undisturbed and remoulded state. Originally deposited in saltwater in a marine environment, the salt maintains the stability of the clay. When the salt is leached out, the clay can become quick. When salt is leached from clay of marine origin the resistivity increases. In this study the intention was to calibrate electrical imaging with cone penetration tests with resistivity measurements (CPTU-R) and measurement of the total penetration resistance, i.e. the total rod friction, together with both geotechnical and chemical analyses on specimens in the laboratory. The results show that electrical imaging can be used for separation of leached soil volumes in marine clays that may form quick clay, from those where the salt content remains too high for this. In the dry crust and thin weathered zone at the top, the resistivity is high but the clay is non-quick. Also soils with less clay content will have higher resistivity without being quick. The technique may thus be used as a screening tool in order to delimit areas where further investigations are needed from areas that do not require more attention. This has a potential of saving significant resources if used in a relatively early stage of the survey process. It can also increase the overall quality and reliability of the survey results. The induced polarization (IP) results are consistent and seem to be geologically realistic, and appear to contain additional information to the resistivity that is related to material or electrochemical properties, although it is not clear how due to lack of sufficiently detailed reference data. The electrical imaging gives a general picture of the variation in resistivity along soil sections. The CPTU-R gives variations at depth with very high vertical resolution in one specific location. There is generally good agreement between the models based on electrical imaging and the CPTU-R. The CPTU-R results may be used to calibrate the electrical imaging results with quick clay estimations based on rod friction.
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| 7. |
- Elert, Mark, et al.
(författare)
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Laktester för riskbedömning av förorenade områden : Huvudrapport och underlagsrapport 1a
- 2006
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Två centrala moment i riskbedömningar av förorenade områden är dels att bedöma hälsorisker vid vistelse på området dels att uppskatta risken för utlakning och spridning av föroreningar. I många fall baseras bedömningarna på mätningar av totalinnehållet av föroreningar i marken, vanligen i kombination med analyser av grundvatten och ytvatten. Det är dock väl känt att det för både oorganiska och organiska ämnen endast är en del av det totala innehållet som är tillgängligt för snabb utlakning eller för upptag i kroppen. Under de senaste 15 åren har laktester utvecklats och standardiserats för oorganiska ämnen med syfte att bedöma riskerna för lakning till grund- och ytvatten. Dessa laktester har etablerats som en metod för att bedöma olika typer av avfallsmaterial. Det har även utvecklats laktester för att bedöma föroreningarnas farlighet för människor vid intag av jord (biotillgänglighetstester). Användning av laktester vid riskbedömning av förorenad mark har blivit allt vanligare på senare år, dock finns det ingen standard för vilka tester som bör användas eller hur resultaten skall användas i riskbedömningen. Denna rapport redovisar ett förslag till metodik för val och utförande av tester samt tolkning av lak- och biotillgänglighetstester som verktyg i miljö- och hälsoriskbedömningar för förorenade områden. I rapporten beskrivs olika typer av laktester och rekommendationer ges på hur tolkning av testerna kan göras i riskbedömningssammanhang. Vidare diskuteras hur resultaten kan utnyttjas som indata till riktvärdes- och spridningsmodeller samt osäkerheter och känsliga antaganden. Dataunderlaget är störst för oorganiska ämnen, men även laktester för organiska ämnen diskuteras. Metodiken baseras på en sammanställning, utvärdering samt modellering av resultat från laktester på förorenad jord från olika svenska och danska efterbehandlingsobjekt. Utvärderingen visar att det finns osäkerheter i hur resultat från dagens standardiserade laktester skall användas och tolkas i riskbedömningar av förorenad mark.För att kunna utveckla den metodik som föreslås i denna rapport till mer handgripliga råd i en mer detaljerad vägledning krävs fler utredningar kring laktester på förorenad jord och hur dessa kan tolkas och utvärderas vid riskbedömning av förorenade områden. Hur biotillgänglighetstester kan inkluderas i riskbedömningen bör också utredas vidare. Kompletterande utredningar föreslås i rapporten.
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