| 1. |
- Ahlström, Britt Hedman, 1954-, et al.
(författare)
-
Difficulties in everyday life : Young persons with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorders perspectives. A chat-log analysis.
- 2014
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1748-2623 .- 1748-2631. ; 9, s. 23376-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study focuses on the everyday life of young persons with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). There are follow-up studies describing ADHD, and ASD in adults, and residual impairments that affect life. Few qualitative studies have been conducted on the subject of their experiences of everyday life, and even fewer are from young persons' perspectives. This study's aim was to describe how young persons with ADHD and ASD function and how they manage their everyday life based on analyses of Internet-based chat logs. Twelve young persons (7 males and 5 females aged 15-26) diagnosed with ADHD and ASD were included consecutively and offered 8 weeks of Internet-based Support and Coaching (IBSC). Data were collected from 12 chat logs (445 pages of text) produced interactively by the participants and the coaches. Qualitative content analysis was applied. The text was coded and sorted into subthemes and further interpreted into themes. The findings revealed two themes: "fighting against an everyday life lived in vulnerability" with the following subthemes: "difficult things," "stress and rest," and "when feelings and thoughts are a concern"; and the theme "struggling to find a life of one's own" with the following subthemes: "decide and carry out," "making life choices," and "taking care of oneself." Dealing with the problematic situations that everyday encompasses requires personal strength and a desire to find adequate solutions, as well as to discover a role in society. This study, into the provision of support and coaching over the Internet, led to more in-depth knowledge about these young persons' everyday lives and revealed their ability to use IBSC to express the complexity of everyday life for young persons with ADHD and ASD. The implications of the findings are that using online coaching makes available new opportunities for healthcare professionals to acknowledge these young persons' problems.
|
|
| 2. |
- Anckarsäter, Henrik, 1966, et al.
(författare)
-
The impact of ADHD and autism spectrum disorders on temperament, character, and personality development.
- 2006
-
Ingår i: The American Journal of Psychiatry. - 0002-953X .- 1535-7228. ; 163:7, s. 1239-1244
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The authors describe personality development and disorders in relation to symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders. METHOD: Consecutive adults referred for neuropsychiatric investigation (N=240) were assessed for current and lifetime ADHD and autism spectrum disorders and completed the Temperament and Character Inventory. In a subgroup of subjects (N=174), presence of axis II personality disorders was also assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SCID-II). RESULTS: Patients with ADHD reported high novelty seeking and high harm avoidance. Patients with autism spectrum disorders reported low novelty seeking, low reward dependence, and high harm avoidance. Character scores (self-directedness and cooperativeness) were extremely low among subjects with neuropsychiatric disorders, indicating a high overall prevalence of personality disorders, which was confirmed with the SCID-II. Cluster B personality disorders were more common in subjects with ADHD, while cluster A and C disorders were more common in those with autism spectrum disorders. The overlap between DSM-IV personality disorder categories was high, and they seem less clinically useful in this context. CONCLUSIONS: ADHD and autism spectrum disorders are associated with specific temperament configurations and an increased risk of personality disorders and deficits in character maturation.
|
|
| 3. |
- Anckarsäter, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
-
The sociocommunicative deficit subgroup in anorexia nervosa: autism spectrum disorders and neurocognition in a community-based, longitudinal study
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Psychological Medicine. - 1469-8978 .- 0033-2917. ; 42:9, s. 1957-1967
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: A subgroup of persons with anorexia nervosa (AN) have been proposed to have sociocommunicative problems corresponding to autism spectrum disorders [ASDs, i.e. DSM-IV pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs): autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, PDD not otherwise specified (NOS)]. Here, clinical problems, personality traits, cognitive test results and outcome are compared across 16 subjects (32%) with teenage-onset AN who meet or have met ASD criteria (AN+ASD), 34 ASD-negative AN subjects and matched controls from a longitudinal Swedish study including four waves of independent assessments from the teens to the early thirties.MethodThe fourth wave included the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID)-I and the SCID-II (cluster C, i.e. 'anxious' PDs) interviews, the Asperger Syndrome Diagnostic Interview, self-assessments by the Autism Spectrum Quotient and the Temperament and Character Inventory, neurocognitive tests by subscales from the Wechsler scales, continuous performance tests, Tower of London, and Happé's cartoons. RESULTS: The ASD assessments had substantial inter-rater reliability over time (Cohen's κ between 0.70 and 0.80 with previous assessments), even if only six subjects had been assigned a diagnosis of an ASD in all four waves of the study, including retrospective assessments of pre-AN neurodevelopmental problems. The AN+ASD group had the highest prevalence of personality disorders and the lowest Morgan-Russell scores. The non-ASD AN group also differed significantly from controls on personality traits related to poor interpersonal functioning and on neurocognitive tests. CONCLUSIONS: A subgroup of subjects with AN meet criteria for ASDs. They may represent the extreme of neurocognitive and personality problems to be found more generally in AN.
|
|
| 4. |
- Berkowitz, Staci A., et al.
(författare)
-
Childhood body mass index in adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa
- 2016
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Eating Disorders. - : Wiley. - 1098-108X .- 0276-3478. ; 49:11, s. 1002-1009
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: Although weight history is relevant in predicting eating disorder symptom severity, little is known about its role in the etiology of anorexia nervosa (AN). This study aimed to determine whether BMI or BMI trajectory differed between individuals who later developed adolescent-onset AN and a comparison group of HCs between school grades 1 through 6.METHOD: This study was based on longitudinal data that identified 51 adolescents with AN and 51 matched HCs. Cases were identified through community screening in Sweden and included individuals born in 1969 through 1977. Measured weights and heights were retrieved and BMIs and weight trajectories of the AN and HC groups were compared using growth curve analysis. Main outcome measures included measured BMI and BMI trajectories from grades 1-6. Secondary outcomes examined included ponderal index at birth and maternal body weight.RESULTS: Individuals who later developed AN had higher BMIs than HCs between grades 1 and 6, by an average of 1.42 BMI-units. There was no difference in rate of weight gain between groups. Ponderal index at birth was higher for the AN as compared with HC group. Maternal weight did not differ significantly between groups.DISCUSSION: These findings, combined with those previously reported on the premorbid BMIs of those with bulimia nervosa, suggest that a predisposition toward elevated premorbid BMIs during childhood characterizes those who later develop anorexia or bulimia nervosa. These findings are consistent with a transdiagnostic perspective and suggest shared risk factors for AN and obesity. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.(Int J Eat Disord 2016).
|
|
| 5. |
- Björnsdotter Åberg, Malin, et al.
(författare)
-
Grey matter correlates of autistic traits in women with anorexia nervosa
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience. - : CMA-CANADIAN MEDICAL ASSOC. - 1180-4882 .- 1488-2434. ; 43:2, s. 79-86
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Patients with anorexia nervosa exhibit higher levels of behaviours typically associated with autism-spectrum disorder (ASD), but the neural basis is unclear. We sought to determine whether elevated autistic traits in women with anorexia nervosa may be reflected in cortical morphology. Methods: We used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to examine regional grey matter volumes in high-resolution MRI structural brain scans in women with anorexia nervosa and matched healthy controls. The Autism-spectrum Quotient (AQ) scale was used to assess autistic traits. Results: Women with anorexia nervosa (n = 25) had higher AQ scores and lower bilateral superior temporal sulcus (STS) grey matter volumes than the control group (n = 25). The AQ scores correlated negatively with average left STS grey matter volume in women with anorexia nervosa. Limitations: We did not control for cognitive ability and examined only women with ongoing anorexia nervosa. Conclusion: Elevated autistic traits in women with anorexia nervosa are associated with morphometric alterations of brain areas linked to social cognition. This finding provides neurobiological support for the behavioural link between anorexia nervosa and ASD and emphasizes the importance of recognizing autistic traits in preventing and treating-anorexia nervosa.
|
|
| 6. |
- Dahlin, Karin, 1987, et al.
(författare)
-
Neuropsychological profile and psychiatric morbidities in children at high risk of developing anorexia nervosa
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Ännu ej publicerad.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Anorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with psychiatric comorbidity and neuropsychological deviances regarding set-shifting and central coherence. The aim of the study was to examine these variables in children at high risk of developing AN. Methods: Daughters of women with a history of AN, age 6-12 (n=28), and daughters of women without AN (n=42) were examined. We assessed set-shifting (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; WCST; Trail Making Test; TMT), central coherence (Rey Complex Figure test; RCFT), intelligence (The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children; WISC-V), psychiatric morbidity (Development and Well-Being Assessment; DAWBA) and behaviour (Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire; SDQ). Results: There were no significant differences regarding TMT, WCST and RCFT scores between the groups. DAWBA showed a significant relation between psychiatric morbidity and group belonging (p=0.006 with Yates correction). Nine girls in the high-risk group had one or more psychiatric disorders including anxiety disorders (n=7) and autism (n=3). In the control group major depression (n=1) and anxiety disorder (n=1) were reported. SDQ showed significantly higher levels of emotional symptoms in the high-risk group. No other differences regarding other SDQ subscales or total difficulties score were found. Conclusions: We found no indications of impaired cognitive flexibility or central coherence among girls at familial high risk of developing AN. Higher levels of emotional difficulties were found among the high-risk group. The increased prevalence of psychiatric morbidity including anxiety disorders and autism in the high-risk group, may signal that certain psychiatric disorders could constitute potential risk factors for developing future AN. There is a need for larger studies to confirm the findings.
|
|
| 7. |
- Davidovic, Monika, et al.
(författare)
-
Abnormal brain processing of gentle touch in anorexia nervosa
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Psychiatry Research : Neuroimaging. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-4927 .- 1872-7506. ; 281, s. 53-60
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Body image disturbance is a core symptom in anorexia nervosa (AN). Recent research suggests that abnormalities in touch perception may contribute to the disease mechanisms in AN. Here, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to study possible abnormalities in cortical processing of affective touch in AN. Gentle skin strokes were applied to the right forearm during fMRI scanning in women diagnosed with AN (n=25) and in matched healthy controls (HC; n=25). Blocks of skin stroking were alternated with blocks of static skin indentation. Participants provided ratings of the pleasantness of skin stroking stimulation. AN participants perceived skin stroking as significantly less pleasant than HC. We observed no group differences for the contrast between skin stroking and skin indentation in primary tactile regions. We did find, however, significantly less activity in the AN group in areas including left caudate nucleus. Also, we found less activity in the AN group in bilateral lateral occipital cortex for the main effect of skin stroking. Our results suggest that abnormal functioning of the dorsal striatum could affect evaluation of pleasant tactile stimuli, and that abnormal functioning of the lateral occipital cortex might be related to disturbed body image perception.
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Dinkler, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
-
Visual scanning during emotion recognition in long-term recovered anorexia nervosa : An eye-tracking study
- 2019
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Eating Disorders. - : Wiley. - 0276-3478 .- 1098-108X. ; 52:6, s. 691-700
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To examine Facial Emotion Recognition (FER) and visual scanning behavior (eye-tracking) during FER in women long-term recovered from teenage-onset anorexia nervosa (recAN) with and without autism spectrum disorder (±ASD) and age-matched comparison women (COMP), using a sensitive design with facial emotion expressions at varying intensities in order to approximate real social contexts. Method: Fifty-seven 38–47-year-old women (26 recAN of whom six with ASD, 31 COMP) participated in the study. They completed a non-verbal FER task, consisting of matching basic emotions at different levels of expression intensity with full emotional expressions. Accuracy, response time and visual scanning behavior were measured. Results: There were no differences between recAN-ASD and COMP in FER accuracy and visual scanning behavior during FER, including eye viewing and hyperscanning. In an exploratory analysis, recAN+ASD were more accurate than recAN-ASD in identifying expressions at low intensity, but not at medium or high expression intensity. Accuracy was not associated with the extent of attention to the eye region. Discussion: Our data indicate that women long-term recovered from adolescent-onset AN do not have deficits in basic FER ability and visual scanning behavior during FER. However, the presence of comorbid ASD might affect face processing in recovered AN. Future studies investigating basic FER in acute and recovered AN and other conditions need to ensure that the stimuli used are sensitive enough to detect potential deficits.
|
|
