| 1. |
- Adrian, Juliane, et al.
(författare)
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A Glossary for Research on Human Crowd Dynamics
- 2019
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Ingår i: Collective Dynamics. - 2366-8539. ; 4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article presents a glossary of terms that are frequently used in research onhuman crowds. This topic is inherently multidisciplinary as it includes work in and across computer science, engineering, mathematics, physics, psychology and social science, for example. We do not view the glossary presented here as a collection of finalised and formal definitions. Instead, we suggest it is a snapshot of current views and the starting point of an ongoing process that we hope will be useful in providing some guidance on the use of terminology to develop a mutual understanding across disciplines. The glossary was developed collaboratively during a multidisciplinary meeting. We deliberately allowseveral definitions of terms, to reflect the confluence of disciplines in the field. This also reflects the fact not all contributors necessarily agree with all definitions in this glossary.
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| 2. |
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Advances in Social Simulation : Looking in the Mirror
- 2020
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Proceedings (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- This book presents the state-of-the-art in social simulation as presented at the Social Simulation Conference 2018 in Stockholm, Sweden. It covers the developments in applications and methods of social simulation, addressing societal issues such as socio-ecological systems and policy making. Methodological issues discussed include large-scale empirical calibration, model sharing and interdisciplinary research, as well as decision making models, validation and the use of qualitative data in simulation modeling. Research areas covered include archaeology, cognitive science, economics, organization science, and social simulation education. This collection gives readers insight into the increasing use of social simulation in both its theoretical development and in practical applications such as policy making whereby modelling and the behavior of complex systems is key. The book will appeal to students, researchers and professionals in the various fields.
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| 3. |
- Andringa, Tjeerd C., et al.
(författare)
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Cognition from life : the two modes of cognition that underlie moral behavior
- 2015
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We argue that the capacity to live life to the benefit of self and others originates in the defining properties of life. These lead to two modes of cognition; the coping mode that is preoccupied with the satisfaction of pressing needs and the co-creation mode that aims at the realization of a world where pressing needs occur less frequently. We have used the Rule of Conservative Changes - stating that new functions can only scaffold on evolutionary older, yet highly stable functions - to predict that the interplay of these two modes define a number of core functions in psychology associated with moral behavior. We explore this prediction with five examples reflecting different theoretical approaches to human cognition and action selection. We conclude the paper with the observation that science is currently dominated by the coping mode and that the benefits of the co-creation mode may be necessary to generate realistic prospects for a modern synthesis in the sciences of the mind.
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| 4. |
- Antosz, Patrycja, et al.
(författare)
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What do you want theory for? - A pragmatic analysis of the roles of theory in agent-based modelling
- 2023
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Ingår i: Environmental Modelling & Software. - 1364-8152 .- 1873-6726. ; 168
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There has been some discussion about agent-based modelling (ABM) and theory, particularly how ABM might facilitate theory building. However, there is confusion about the different ways they could relate and some scepticism as to whether theory is needed if one has an ABM. This paper distinguishes some of the different ways that the term “theory” is used in ABM papers in three important ABM journals: Environmental Modelling & Software, Computers, Environment and Urban Systems and the Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation. Apart from the simple-minded identification of theory with mathematics, we distinguish nine different ways that theory and ABM relate. This analysis is situated with respect to some of the expectations and philosophical background behind the idea of “theory”. The paper concludes with some ways in which theory and ABM could work better together, some possible ways forward and suggests that a more cautious approach to generalisation might be more appropriate.
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| 5. |
- Bercht, Anna Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Mind the mind : How to effectively communicate about cognition in social-ecological systems research
- 2019
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 48:6, s. 590-604
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social-ecological systems (SES) research underlines the tremendous impact of human behaviour on planet Earth. To enable a sustainable course of humanity, the integration of human cognition in SES research is crucial for better understanding the processes leading to and involved in human behaviour.However, this integration is proving a challenge, not only in terms of diverging ontological and epistemological perspectives, but alsoand this has received little attention in SES researchin terms of (lacking) precision of communication regarding cognition. SES scholars often implicitly disagree on the meaning of this broad concept due to unexpressed underlying assumptions and perspectives. This paper raises awareness for the need to communicate clearly and mindfully about human cognition by exemplifying common communication pitfalls and ways of preventing them. We focus on the concept of cognition itself and provide aspects of cognition that need to be communicated explicitly, i.e. different objects of investigation and levels of description. Lastly, we illustrate means of overcoming communication pitfalls by the example of rationality.
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| 6. |
- Berger, Uta, et al.
(författare)
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Towards reusable building blocks for agent-based modelling and theory development
- 2024
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Ingår i: Environmental Modelling & Software. - 1364-8152 .- 1873-6726. ; 175
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Despite the increasing use of standards for documenting and testing agent -based models (ABMs) and sharing of open access code, most ABMs are still developed from scratch. This is not only inefficient, but also leads to ad hoc and often inconsistent implementations of the same theories in computational code and delays progress in the exploration of the functioning of complex social -ecological systems (SES). We argue that reusable building blocks (RBBs) known from professional software development can mitigate these issues. An RBB is a submodel that represents a particular mechanism or process that is relevant across many ABMs in an application domain, such as plant competition in vegetation models, or reinforcement learning in a behavioural model. RBBs need to be distinguished from modules, which represent entire subsystems and include more than one mechanism and process. While linking modules faces the same challenges as integrating different models in general, RBBs are atomic enough to be more easily re -used in different contexts. We describe and provide examples from different domains for how and why building blocks are used in software development, and the benefits of doing so for the ABM community and to individual modellers. We propose a template to guide the development and publication of RBBs and provide example RBBs that use this template. Most importantly, we propose and initiate a strategy for community -based development, sharing and use of RBBs. Individual modellers can have a much greater impact in their field with an RBB than with a single paper, while the community will benefit from increased coherence, facilitating the development of theory for both the behaviour of agents and the systems they form. We invite peers to upload and share their RBBs via our website - preferably referenced by a DOI (digital object
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| 7. |
- Fischer, Helen, et al.
(författare)
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Testing the Social Function of Metacognition for Common-Pool Resource Use
- 2023
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Ingår i: Cognitive science. - : Wiley. - 0364-0213 .- 1551-6709. ; 47:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Metacognition, the ability to monitor and evaluate our own cognitive processes, confers advantages to individuals and their own judgment. A more recent hypothesis, however, states that explicit metacognition may also enhance the collective judgment of groups, and may enhance human collaboration and coordination. Here, we investigate this social function hypothesis of metacognition with arguably one of the oldest collaboration problems humans face, common-pool resource use. Using an agent-based model that simulates repeated group interactions and the forming of collective judgments about resource extraction, we show that (1) in kind environments (where confidence and judgment accuracy correlate positively), explicit metacognition may allow groups to reach more accurate judgments compared to groups exchanging object-level information only; while (2) in wicked environments (where confidence and judgment accuracy correlate negatively), explicit metacognition may protect groups from the large judgment errors yielded by groups using metacognitive information for individual-level learning only (implicit metacognition). With explicit metacognition, this research highlights a novel mechanism which, among others, provides a testable explanation of the often-observed finding that groups all over the world communicate to enhance common property use.
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| 8. |
- Heidari, Samaneh, et al.
(författare)
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Agents with dynamic social norms
- 2020
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Ingår i: Multi-agent-based simulation XX. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030608422 - 9783030608439 ; , s. 112-124
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Social norms are important as societal agreements of acceptable behavior. They can be seen as flexible, but stable constraints on individual behavior. However, social norms themselves are not completely static. Norms emerge from dynamic environments and changing agent populations. They adapt and in the end also get abrogated. Although norm emergence has received attention in the literature, its focus is mainly describing the rise of new norms based on individual preferences and punishments on violations. This explanation works for environments where personal preferences are stable and known. In this paper, we argue that values are the stable concepts that allow for explaining norm change in situations where agents can move between social groups in a dynamic environment (as is the case in most realistic social simulations for policy support). Values thus reflect the stable concept that those are shared between the agents of a group and can direct norm emergence, adaptation, and abrogation. We present the norm framework that enables describing and modeling value and situation based norm change and demonstrate its potential application using a simple example.
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| 9. |
- Kammler, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Changing Perspectives : Adaptable Interpretations of Norms for Agents
- 2022
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Ingår i: Multi-Agent-Based Simulation XXII. - Cham : Springer. - 9783030945473 - 9783030945480 ; , s. 139-152
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- For agent-based social simulations to be a powerful tool for policy makers and other decision makers in a given context (e.g. the current COVID-19 pandemic), they need to be socially realistic and thus, appropriately represent complex social concepts, such as social rules. In this paper, we focus on norms. Norms describe ‘normal’ behavior and aim at assuring the interests and values of groups or the society as a whole. People react differently to norms, and focus only on the parts that are relevant for them. Furthermore, norms are not only restrictions on behavior, but also trigger new behavior. Seeing a norm only as a restriction on certain behavior misses important aspects and leads to simulations that can be very misleading. Different perspectives need to be incorporated into the simulation to capture the variety of ways different stakeholders react to a norm and how this affects their interaction. We therefore present an approach to include these different perspectives on norms, and their consequences for different people and groups in decision support simulations. A perspective is specified by their goals, actions, effects of those actions, priorities in values, and social affordances. Through modeling perspectives we enable policy makers and other decision makers (the users) to be active in the modeling process and to tailor the simulation to their specific needs, by representing norms as modifiable objects, and providing textual and graphical representations of norms. This provides them with differentiated insights meaningful for the decisions they are faced with. We indicate the requirements for both the simulation platform as well as the agents that follow from our approach. Early explorations of our social simulation are showing the necessity of our approach.
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| 10. |
- Kammler, Christian, et al.
(författare)
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Utilizing the full potential of norms for the agent’s decision process
- 2023
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Ingår i: Advances in social simulation. - Cham : Springer. - 9783031349195 - 9783031349225 - 9783031349201 ; , s. 193-205
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Norms are a crucial part of human behavior that received a lot of attention within the social simulation community. However, some aspects—up until now—have not been addressed in existing agent architectures, such as their motivational aspects and their importance and impact in planning and action selection. In this paper we present an agent architecture capable of grasping this potential of norms. We use perspectives to reflect how different people engage with a norm, and how it effects their long-term goals, their planning, and course of action. Our architecture is capable of having fast habitual-like behavior, as well as more complex deliberation if necessary.
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