| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Kehoe, Laura, et al.
(författare)
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Make EU trade with Brazil sustainable
- 2019
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 364:6438, s. 341-
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 3. |
- Klionsky, Daniel J., et al.
(författare)
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Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
- 2012
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Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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| 4. |
- Olofsson, Louise, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha) in adipose tissue regulates genes in lipid and glucose metabolism and a genetic variation in C/EBPalpha is associated with serum levels of triglycerides.
- 2008
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Ingår i: The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. - : The Endocrine Society. - 0021-972X .- 1945-7197. ; 93:12, s. 4880-6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- CONTEXT: CCAAT/enhancer binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha) is a transcription factor involved in adipogenesis and hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that adipose tissue C/EBPalpha regulates genes in lipid and glucose metabolism and to test for an association between a polymorphism in C/EBPalpha and metabolic parameters. DESIGN AND METHODS: Adipose tissue C/EBPalpha mRNA expression was analyzed at four time points in obese subjects with (n = 12) and without (n = 12) the metabolic syndrome during caloric restriction (450 kcal/d for 16 wk) using DNA microarray and real-time PCR. Adenoviral overexpression of C/EBPalpha was used to identify genes regulated by C/EBPalpha in 3T3-L1 cells. Association between a genetic variation in C/EBPalpha (rs12691) and metabolic parameters was tested in the Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study (n = 528) and replicated in Finnish individuals from the Botnia type 2 diabetes study (n = 4,866). RESULTS: During caloric restriction, adipose tissue C/EBPalpha mRNA levels were reduced in subjects with the metabolic syndrome (P = 0.024) and correlated to metabolic parameters. In 3T3-L1 cells, C/EBPalpha regulated the expression of adiponectin; hexokinase 2; lipoprotein lipase; diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 and 2; ATP-binding cassette, sub-family D, member 2; acyl-coenzyme A synthetase long-chain family member 1; CD36; and hydroxysteroid 11-beta dehydrogenase 1. Furthermore, the expression of the human homologs, except adiponectin, correlated to C/EBPalpha mRNA levels in human adipose tissue. The AA genotype of rs12691 was associated with higher serum triglyceride levels in the SOS study (P = 0.022), and this association was replicated in the Botnia study (P = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS: Adipose tissue C/EBPalpha regulates several genes in glucose and lipid metabolism, and a genetic variation in C/EBPalpha is associated with triglycerides in two independent populations.
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| 5. |
- Bjursell, Mikael, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Opposing effects of adiponectin receptors 1 and 2 on energy metabolism
- 2007
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Ingår i: DIABETES. - : American Diabetes Association. - 0012-1797 .- 1939-327X. ; 56:3, s. 583-593
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The adipocyte-derived hormone adiponectin regulates glucose and lipid metabolism and influences the risk for developing obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Adiponectin binds to two different seven-transmembrane domain receptors termed AdipoR1 and AdipoR2. To study the physiological importance of these receptors, AdipoR1 gene knockout mice (AdipoR1−/−) and AdipoR2 gene knockout mice (AdipoR2−/−) were generated. AdipoR1−/− mice showed increased adiposity associated with decreased glucose tolerance, spontaneous locomotor activity, and energy expenditure. However, AdipoR2−/− mice were lean and resistant to high-fat diet–induced obesity associated with improved glucose tolerance and higher spontaneous locomotor activity and energy expenditure and reduced plasma cholesterol levels. Thus, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 are clearly involved in energy metabolism but have opposing effects.
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| 6. |
- Bamberg, Krister, et al.
(författare)
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Electrolyte handling in the isolated perfused rat kidney : demonstration of vasopressin V2-receptor-dependent calcium reabsorption
- 2020
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Ingår i: Upsala Journal of Medical Sciences. - : TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD. - 0300-9734 .- 2000-1967. ; 125:4, s. 274-280
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The most profound effect of vasopressin on the kidney is to increase water reabsorption through V-2-receptor (V2R) stimulation, but there are also data suggesting effects on calcium transport. To address this issue, we have established an isolated perfused kidney model with accurate pressure control, to directly study the effects of V2R stimulation on kidney function, isolated from systemic effects. Methods The role of V2R in renal calcium handling was studied in isolated rat kidneys using a new pressure control system that uses a calibration curve to compensate for the internal pressure drop up to the tip of the perfusion cannula. Results Kidneys subjected to V2R stimulation using desmopressin (DDAVP) displayed stable osmolality and calcium reabsorption throughout the experiment, whereas kidneys not administered DDAVP exhibited a simultaneous fall in urine osmolality and calcium reabsorption. Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) inhibition using amiloride resulted in a marked increase in potassium reabsorption along with decreased sodium reabsorption. Conclusions A stable isolated perfused kidney model with computer-controlled pressure regulation was developed, which retained key physiological functions. The preparation responds to pharmacological inhibition of ENaC channels and activation of V2R. Using the model, the dynamic effects of V2R stimulation on calcium handling and urine osmolality could be visualised. The study thereby provides evidence for a stimulatory role of V2R in renal calcium reabsorption.
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| 7. |
- Edvardsson, Ulrika, 1967, et al.
(författare)
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PPARalpha activation increases triglyceride mass and adipose differentiation-related protein in hepatocytes.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of lipid research. - 0022-2275. ; 47:2, s. 329-40
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Adipose differentiation-related protein (ADRP) is a lipid droplet-associated protein that is expressed in various tissues. In mice treated with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) agonist Wy14,643 (Wy), hepatic mRNA and protein levels of ADRP as well as hepatic triglyceride content increased. Also in primary mouse hepatocytes, Wy increased ADRP expression and intracellular triglyceride mass. The triglyceride mass increased in spite of unchanged triglyceride biosynthesis and increased palmitic acid oxidation. However, Wy incubation decreased the secretion of newly synthesized triglycerides, whereas apolipoprotein B secretion increased. Thus, decreased availability of triglycerides for VLDL assembly could help to explain the cellular accumulation of triglycerides after Wy treatment. We hypothesized that this effect could be mediated by increased ADRP expression. Similar to PPARalpha activation, adenovirus-mediated ADRP overexpression in mouse hepatocytes enhanced cellular triglyceride mass and decreased the secretion of newly synthesized triglycerides. In ADRP-overexpressing cells, Wy incubation resulted in a further decrease in triglyceride secretion. This effect of Wy was not attributable to decreased cellular triglycerides after increased fatty acid oxidation because the triglyceride mass in Wy-treated ADRP-overexpressing cells was unchanged. In summary, PPARalpha activation prevents the availability of triglycerides for VLDL assembly and increases hepatic triglyceride content in part by increasing the expression of ADRP.
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| 8. |
- Ivina, Daria, et al.
(författare)
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Train delays due to trackwork in Sweden
- 2021
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Only well-maintained railway systems can function without severe interruptions. However, maintenance activities can themselves cause train delays if they conflict with train movements. Trackwork refers to maintenance performed on a railway track. This study aims to investigate the effect of trackwork on train delays in Sweden. It presents a logistic regression analysis based on more than 225,000 planned trackwork and 25,600,000 train movements during 2017. The results show that trains that pass through trackwork on single-track segments were on average 44% more likely to be delayed than those that do not. The corresponding value for double-track segments was 25%, and the weighted average was an increased risk of 31%. With the number of trackwork set to increase over the coming years, these results highlight the importance of improved scheduling and performance of trackwork to reduce the conflicts between trackwork and train movements.
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| 9. |
- Ivina, Daria, et al.
(författare)
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Uncertainties in scheduling and execution of trackwork in Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: Public Transport. - 1613-7159. ; 15, s. 767-789
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Trackwork planning and scheduling are demanding because they require strategic foresight and must be completed well in advance. In Sweden, trackwork is performed by maintenance contracting companies during an operation period free from trains. In the contractors’ practice, once the maintenance plan is authorised, some unexpected events might interrupt the plan’s execution, leading to uncertainties. The purpose of this study is to identify and classify uncertainties and strategies applied to manage uncertainties in the contractors’ everyday planning and scheduling of trackwork. This work presents semi-structured interviews with foremen and planners at railway maintenance contracting companies in Sweden. The main findings show that in trackwork planning and scheduling, contractors deal with two types of uncertainties: internal and external. We categorised uncertainties and strategies to deal with uncertainties and described them on tactical and operational levels. The majority of the revealed uncertainties led to trackwork rescheduling. Furthermore, we suggest that current strategies to manage uncertainties applied at contracting companies can be improved by revising organisational design strategies for maintenance projects. This work increases the understanding and supports the management of uncertainties in trackwork planning and scheduling.
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| 10. |
- Kuipers, Ruben A., et al.
(författare)
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The passenger’s influence on dwell times at station platforms : a literature review
- 2021
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Ingår i: Transport Reviews. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0144-1647 .- 1464-5327. ; 41:6, s. 721-741
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dwell time delays, although small in nature, can accumulate to a large delay over the entire journey of a train. It is, however, difficult to precisely know the amount of time which is required at stations due to the inherent variance in human behaviour. Furthermore, planning practices do not seem to capture the dynamic nature of the dwell time process. The current literature review focusses on the influence that passengers have on the length and variance of dwell times at stations. More specifically, this study focusses on the underlying causes for the distribution of passengers along a platform while waiting for the train to arrive at the station and their behaviour during the boarding and alighting process. As part of this review, two databases were systematically searched, and backwards snowballing techniques were applied. To ensure the quality of the included literature, a systematic quality appraisal was carried out. The findings show that measures related to platform management and changes to train operations have the potential to play a substantial role in reducing the variance in dwell times, as well as improvements in the provision of information to travellers. Such measures also allow for a more solution-oriented approach. However, the actual benefits of such measures need further studying. The findings also show that the distribution of passengers and the behaviour of passengers during the boarding and alighting process are connected and should thus be addressed as a whole rather than separate aspects. The majority of the studies included in this review did, however, not focus on both elements in conjunction. There is thus a need for future studies into the effect of platform management measures where efforts must be made to better understand the impact of measures on both the behaviour and distribution of passengers.
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