| 1. |
- Cherpitel, Cheryl J, et al.
(författare)
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Multi-level analysis of alcohol-related injury and drinking pattern: emergency department data from 19 countries
- 2012
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Ingår i: Addiction. - : Wiley-Blackwell. - 0965-2140 .- 1360-0443. ; 107:7, s. 1263-1272
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim While drinking in the event is an important factor in injury occurrence, the pattern of usual drinking may also be important in risk of injury. Explored here is the relationship of an alcohol-related injury with an individual usual drinking pattern. Design Alcohol-related injury is examined using hierarchical linear models, taking into account individual usual volume of consumption over the past 12 months, as well as aggregate-level detrimental drinking pattern (DDP) and alcohol policy measures. Setting Data analyzed are from emergency departments (EDs) in 19 countries, comprising three collaborative studies on alcohol and injury, all of which used a similar methodology. Participants The sample comprised 14 132 injured drinkers across 46 emergency room (ER) studies. Measurements Alcohol-related injury was measured, separately, by any self-reported drinking prior to injury, a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) = 0.08 and self-reported causal attribution of injury to drinking. Findings While individual usual volume strongly predicted an alcohol-related injury for all three measures, usual drinking pattern also predicted an alcohol-related injury (controlling for volume), with episodic heavy and frequent heavy drinking both more predictive of alcohol-related injury than other drinking patterns. When individual usual volume and drinking pattern were controlled, DDP was no longer a significant predictor of alcohol-related injury. Alcohol policy measures were predictive of both BAC and causal attribution (the stronger the policy the lower the rates of alcohol-related injury). Conclusions Volume of alcohol typically consumed and occurrence of heavy drinking episodes are associated independently with incidence of alcohol-related injury. The stronger the anti-alcohol policies in a country, the lower the rates of alcohol-related injury.
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| 2. |
- Hu, Aqian, et al.
(författare)
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The effects of alcohol tax policies on alcohol consumption and alcohol use disorders in Mainland of China : an interrupted time series analysis from 1961-2019
- 2023
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Ingår i: American journal of drug and alcohol abuse. - 0095-2990 .- 1097-9891. ; 49:6, s. 746-755
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Overwhelming evidence suggests that increasing alcohol taxes is an effective strategy for curbing alcohol consumption. However, research on the effects of such strategies in low- and middle-income nations is limited.Objective: The aim is to explore the temporal effect of alcohol tax policy in China.Methods: We employ interrupted time series analysis to investigate the temporal effects of tax policy changes on alcohol consumption and related consequences in Mainland China from 1961 to 2019. The study population, the total population of mainland region of China, aged more than 15 years.Results: The results show that the volume tax policy, which was announced in 2000 and implemented in 2001, led to an immediate reduction in the alcohol consumption (coefficient = -0.429, p < .001). Following the implementation of higher alcohol taxes in 1998 and 2001, the prevalence of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and related years lived with disability (YLDs) gradually decreased. The relaxation of tax policy in 2006 led to a significant increase in alcohol consumption, both immediately (coefficient = 0.406, p < .001) and in the middle term (coefficient = 0.495, p < .001), as well as contribute to an immediate or medium term significant increase in the prevalence of AUDs (coefficient = 0.038, p = .010; coefficient = 0.032, p < .001) and YLDs (coefficient = 4.363, p = .001; coefficient = 4.226, p < .001).Conclusion: This study demonstrates that changes in alcohol consumption and related consequences (increase or decrease) have followed corresponding changes in alcohol tax policies (easing or tightening), indicating that increasing alcohol taxes can be an effective strategy in China for controlling alcohol consumption and related harms.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Jiang, Heng, et al.
(författare)
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Measuring and preventing alcohol use and related harm among young people in Asian countries : a thematic review
- 2018
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Ingår i: Global Health Research and Policy. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2397-0642. ; 3:14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: The paper reviews alcohol consumption patterns and alcohol-related social and health issues among 15-29-year old young people in Asian countries, and discusses strategies for preventing and controlling alcohol use and related harms.Methods: We searched Google Scholar, PubMed, and Web of Science for reports, reviews and journal articles published in English between 1st Jan 1990 and 31st August 2016.Results: Forty-one reports, reviews and journal papers were identified and included in the final review. The current drinking levels and prevalence among young people are markedly different between eight included Asian countries, ranging from 4.2% in Malaysia to 49.3% in China. In a majority of the selected Asian countries, over 15% of total deaths among young men and 6% among young women aged 15-29 years are attributable to alcohol use. Alcohol use among young people is associated with a number of harms, including stress, family violence, injuries, suicide, and sexual and other risky behaviours. Alcohol policies, such as controlling sales, social supply and marketing, setting up/raising a legal drinking age, adding health warning labels on alcohol containers, and developing a surveillance system to monitor drinking pattern and risky drinking behaviour, could be potential means to reduce harmful use of alcohol and related harm among young people in Asia.Conclusions: The review reveals that drinking patterns and behaviours vary across eight selected Asian countries due to culture, policies and regional variations. The research evidence holds substantial policy implications for harm reduction on alcohol drinking among young people in Asian countries -- especially for China, which has almost no alcohol control policies at present.
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| 5. |
- Wang, Guangwei, et al.
(författare)
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Application of catalysts in biomass hydrothermal carbonization for the preparation of high-quality blast furnace injection fuel
- 2023
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Ingår i: Energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0360-5442 .- 1873-6785. ; 283
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The low energy density of biomass is a crucial limitation for their application in the steel industry. This study used catalyst-catalysed hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) to prepare higher-quality hydrochar from biomass. The effects of acid-base homogeneous catalysts (Fe(NO3)3·9H2O and CaO), liquid phase product (circulating water) and carbonization temperatures on the physicochemical properties and microscopic morphology of hydrochars were investigated. The results showed that higher carbonization temperature, circulating water and Fe(NO3)3·9H2O all raised the higher heating value (HHV) of hydrochar. When 4% of Fe(NO3)3·9H2O was added, the HHV of hydrochar reached 30.05 MJ/kg, which was 1.15 times higher than without catalysts. The above three conditions can also make the ordering degree in the carbonaceous structure lower ordered and enhance the reaction performance of the hydrochar. Meanwhile, the addition of Fe(NO3)3·9H2O at 240 °C can reduce the hydrochar ignition and burnout temperatures and enhance the combustion performance. Moreover, it was demonstrated that circulating water promoted the HTC more than deionized water. In conclusion, adding Fe(NO3)3·9H2O or circulating water to the HTC process can produce higher-quality hydrochar.
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| 6. |
- Wang, Guangwei, et al.
(författare)
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Co-hydrothermal carbonization of polyvinyl chloride and pyrolysis carbon black for the preparation of clean solid fuels
- 2024
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Ingår i: Fuel. - : Elsevier BV. - 0016-2361 .- 1873-7153. ; 361
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Large quantities of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and waste tires generated daily have the disadvantage of high content of harmful elements. They cannot be directly applied to blast furnace ironmaking. In this study, Cl in PVC and Zn in pyrolysis products of waste tires (pyrolysis carbon black, CB) were effectively removed by co-hydrothermal carbonization (co-HTC). The results indicated the dechlorination and dezincification efficiencies of co-HTC were improved by 2.78 % and 64.69 %, respectively, compared to HTC. Compositional analysis shows that the ash content of co-HTC is reduced by at least 7.67 % compared to conventional HTC. The hydrochar produced by co-HTC has an higher heating value (HHV) ranging from 30.67 to 34.13 MJ/kg. Results of physical and chemical characteristics analysis showed increasing the proportion of CB can reduce the C–H and -CHCl- functional groups and improve the carbon orderliness of the hydrochar. Combustion characteristics and kinetic analyses show that the combustibility of hydrochar increases with an increase in the proportion of PVC added to the co-HTC. The thermal stability and activation energy of the hydrochar increase with the addition of CB. Overall, this study has removed major harmful elements from PVC and CB through co-HTC, converting both into high-quality solid fuels that can be utilised in blast furnace ironmaking.
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| 7. |
- Wang, Guangwei, et al.
(författare)
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Preparation of Biomass Hydrochar and Application Analysis of Blast Furnace Injection
- 2023
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Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073. ; 16:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) technology was used to carbonize and improve biomass raw material to obtain hydrochar. The effects of HTC temperature and holding time on the yield, composition, structure, combustion behavior, and safety of hydrochar were studied systematically. In addition, the results show that with the increase in HTC temperature and the prolongation of holding time, the yield of hydrochar gradually reduces, the fixed carbon content of hydrochar increases, the volatile content decreases, and a large number of ash and alkali metals enter the liquid phase and are removed. Further, the analysis of the combustion properties and the structure of hydrochar can be observed in that, as the HTC process promotes the occurrence of polymerization reactions, the specific surface area gradually reduces, the degree of carbon ordering increases, and the combustion curve moves toward the high-temperature zone and gradually approaches bituminous coal. Since biomass hydrochar has the characteristic of being carbon neutral, blast furnace injection hydrochar can reduce CO2 emissions, and every 1 kg/tHM of biomass hydrochar can reduce CO2 emissions by 1.95 kg/tHM.
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| 8. |
- Zhang, Kaicheng, et al.
(författare)
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SN 2014J in M82 : new insights on the spectral diversity of Type Ia supernovae
- 2018
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Ingår i: Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0035-8711 .- 1365-2966. ; 481:1, s. 878-893
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present extensive spectroscopic observations for one of the closest Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia), SN 2014J discovered in M82, ranging from 10.4 d before to 473.2 d after B-band maximum light. The diffuse interstellar band features detected in a high-resolution spectrum allow an estimate of line-of-sight extinction as A(v) similar to 1.9 +/- 0.6 mag. Spectroscopically, SN 2014J can be put into the high-velocity (HV) subgroup in Wang's classification with a velocity of Si II lambda 6355 at maximum light of upsilon(0) = 1.22 +/- 0.01 x 10(4) km s(-1) but has a low velocity gradient (LVG, following Benetti's classification) of (v) over bar = 41 +/- 2 km s(-1) d(-1), which is inconsistent with the trend that HV SNe Ia generally have larger velocity gradients. We find that the HV SNe Ia with LVGs tend to have relatively stronger Si III (at similar to 4400 angstrom) absorptions in early spectra, larger ratios of S II lambda 5468 to S II lambda 5640, and weaker Si II 5972 absorptions compared to their counterparts with similar velocities but high velocity gradients. This shows that the HV+ LVG subgroup of SNe Ia may have intrinsically higher photospheric temperature, which indicates that their progenitors may experience more complete burning in the explosions relative to the typical HV SNe Ia.
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