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1.
  • Anagrius, Kerstin, et al. (författare)
  • Facial conformation characteristics in Persian and Exotic Shorthair cats
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • ObjectivesThe primary objectives of the study were to examine the diversity in facial conformation characteristics within a group of Persian (PER) and Exotic Shorthair (EXO) show cats, and to contrast the results to findings within a group of non-purebred domestic shorthair (DSH) and domestic longhair (DLH) cats. The secondary objectives were to determine the PER/EXO show cat owners' perceptions of the breathing status of their cats, and to evaluate if remarks from the cat show judges concerning the cats' head and facial conformation were exclusively related to the aesthetic features of the cats.MethodsSixty-four PER and 12 EXO show cats were prospectively examined at five international cat shows, and 20 DSH/DLH cats were examined at an animal hospital. Facial conformation characteristics were evaluated by examining photos of the cats. Owners of the PER/EXO show cats answered a questionnaire concerning their cats' health status, and they were encouraged to send in the judges' score sheets from the cat shows.ResultsThe PER/EXO show cats had higher diversity in facial conformation characteristics than the DSH/DLH cats, and high incidences of hypoplasia of the nose leather (95%), the nose leather top positioned above the level of the lower eyelid (93%), moderate-to-severe stenotic nares (86%), epiphora (83%) and entropion (32%). Owners of 6/76 PER/EXO show cats stated that their cat had increased respiratory sounds and/or trouble breathing at least once a week. The cat show judges' written comments were exclusively related to aesthetic features of the cats' head and facial conformation details.Conclusions and relevanceHypoplasia of the nose leather, high position of the nose leather top, stenotic nares, epiphora and entropion were common findings in the PER/EXO show cats but not in the DSH/DLH cats. Few of the cat owners perceived that their cat had problems related to the airways.
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2.
  • Axner, Eva (författare)
  • A questionnaire on survival of kittens depending on the blood groups of the parents
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 16, s. 781-787
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Cats more than 2 months of age have alloantibodies against the blood type antigen that they do not possess. Maternal antibodies, including alloantibodies against blood groups, are transferred to the kittens' systemic circulation when they suckle colostrum during the first 12-16 h after birth. If kittens with blood group A or AB nurse from a mother with blood group B they may develop neonatal isoerythrolysis (NI). Breeders can prevent kittens at risk of NI from nursing during the first 16-24 h; after this period it is safe to let them nurse. Kittens depend, however, on the passive transfer of antibodies from the colostrum for early protection against infections. Although it is known that kittens deprived of colostrum will also be deprived of passive systemic immunity, it is not known if this will affect their health. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate kitten mortality in litters with B-mothers and A-fathers compared to litters with A-mothers. In addition, the aim was to evaluate the effects of colostrum deprivation on the health of the mothers, and the breeders' opinions and experiences of these combinations of breedings. A web-based questionnaire was constructed and distributed to breeders. The results indicate that there is no difference in mortality between planned litters that have mothers with blood group A and litters with mothers that have blood group B and fathers that have blood group A. When managing blood group incompatibility in cats, all factors affecting the health of the cats, including genetic variation, should be considered.
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3.
  • Axner, Eva (författare)
  • An internet survey of breeders' and cat rescue organisations' opinions about early castration of cats
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 14, s. 849-856
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • There has been concern that early castration of pedigree kittens may lead to a depletion of gene pools. Web-based questionnaires on early castration were distributed to breeders and cat rescue organisations. One of the reasons that breeders used early castration was to counteract what they considered irresponsible breeding, such as overuse of strains within the breed or production of cross-breeds. Of all pedigree kittens, 45.1% were kept intact while 54.9% were neutered before re-homing. Nineteen (65.5%) of the cat rescue organisations believed that early castration could be beneficial in reducing the number of homeless cats, but only six (20.6%) had applied early castration. Three organisations replied that their veterinarian declined to do early castration and two believed that it was not safe for the kittens. There does not, necessarily, seem to be conflicting interests between keeping genetic variation in pedigree breeds and the possibility of limiting the population of homeless cats.
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4.
  • Axner, Eva, et al. (författare)
  • Dystocia in the cat evaluated using an insurance database
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 19, s. 42-47
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objectives The aim of this study was to describe the incidence of feline dystocia with respect to breed.Methods The data used were reimbursed claims for veterinary care insurance and/or life insurance claims in cats registered in a Swedish insurance database from 1999-2006.Results The incidence rates for dystocia were about 22 cats per 10,000 cat-years at risk, 67 per 10,000 for purebred cats and seven per 10,000 for domestic shorthair cats. The median age was 2.5 years. A significant effect of breed was seen. An incidence rate ratio (IRR) that was significantly higher compared with other purebred cats was seen in the British Shorthair (IRR 2.5), the Oriental group (IRR 2.2), Birman (IRR 1.7), Ragdoll (IRR 1.5) and the Abyssinian group (IRR 1.5). A significantly lower IRR was seen in the Norwegian Forest Cat (IRR 0.38), the Maine Coon (IRR 0.48), the Persian/Exotic group (IRR 0.49) and the Cornish Rex (IRR 0.50). No common factor among the high-risk breeds explained their high risk for dystocia. There was no effect of location; that is, the incidence rate did not differ depending on whether the cat lived in an urban or rural area. Caesarean section was performed in 56% of the cats with dystocia, and the case fatality was 2%.Conclusions and relevance The incidence rate for dystocia was of a similar magnitude in purebred cats as in dogs. The IRR varied significantly among breeds, and the main cause for dystocia should be identified separately for each breed. A selection for easy parturitions in breeding programmes is suggested.
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5.
  • Belak, Sandor (författare)
  • Bordetella Bronchiseptica Infection in Cats: ABCD Guidelines on Prevention and Management
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - : SAGE Publications. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 11, s. 610-614
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Overview Bordetella bronchiseptica is a Gram-negative bacterium that colonises the respiratory tract of mammals and is considered to be a primary pathogen of domestic cats. It is sensible to consider B bronchiseptica as a rare cause of zoonotic infections. The bacterium is susceptible to common disinfectants. Infection The bacterium is shed in oral and nasal secretions of infected cats. Dogs with respiratory disease are an infection risk for cats. The microorganism colonises the ciliated epithelium of the respiratory tract of the host, establishing chronic infections. Disease signs A wide range of respiratory signs has been associated with B bronchiseptica infection, from a mild illness with fever, coughing, sneezing, ocular discharge and lymphadenopathy to severe pneumonia with dyspnoea, cyanosis and death. Diagnosis Bacterial culture and PCR lack sensitivity. Samples for isolation can be obtained from the oropharynx (swabs) or via transtracheal wash/ bronchoalveolar lavage. Disease management Antibacterial therapy is indicated, even if the signs are mild. Where sensitivity data are unavailable, tetracyclines are recommended. Doxycycline is the antimicrobial of choice. Cats with severe B bronchiseptica infection require supportive therapy and intensive nursing care. Vaccination recommendations In some European countries an intranasal modified-live virus vaccine is available. The modified-live product is licensed for use as a single vaccination with annual boosters. Cats should not be routinely vaccinated against B bronchiseptica (non-core), since the infection generally causes only a mild disease
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6.
  • Belak, Sandor (författare)
  • Chlamydophila felis infection ABCD guidelines on prevention and management
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - : SAGE Publications. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 11, s. 605-609
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Overview Chlamydophila felis is a Gram-negative bacterium and its primary target is the conjunctiva. The bacterium does not survive outside the host. Infection Transmission requires close contact between cats; ocular secretions are probably the most important body fluid for infection. Most cases occur in cats under 1 year of age. Chlamydophila felis is the infectious organism most frequently associated with conjunctivitis. Disease signs Unilateral ocular disease generally progresses to become bilateral. There can be intense conjunctivitis with extreme hyperaemia of the nictitating membrane, blepharospasm and ocular discomfort. Transient fever, inappetence and weight loss may occur shortly after infection, although most cats remain well and continue to eat. Diagnosis PCR techniques are now preferred for diagnosing C felis infection. Ocular swabs are generally used. In unvaccinated cats, antibody detection can be used to indicate infection. Disease management Tetracyclines are generally regarded as the antibiotics of choice. Doxycycline has the advantage of requiring only single daily administration and is given at a dose of 10 mg/kg orally. Vaccination should be considered if there is a history of confirmed chlamydial disease in a shelter. Single housing and routine hygiene measures should suffice to avoid cross-infection. Cats maintained together for longer terms should be vaccinated regularly. In breeding catteries where C felis infection is endemic, the first step should be to treat all cats with doxycycline for at least 4 weeks. Once clinical signs have been controlled, the cats should be vaccinated. Vaccination recommendations Vaccination should be considered for cats at risk of exposure to infection. Vaccination generally begins at 8–10 weeks of age, with a second injection 3–4 weeks later. Annual boosters are recommended for cats at continued risk of exposure
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7.
  • Belak, Sandor (författare)
  • Feline Calicivirus Infection: ABCD Guidelines on Prevention and Management
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - : SAGE Publications. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 11, s. 556-564
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Overview Feline calicivirus (FCV) is a highly variable virus. More severe, systemic forms of FCV infection have been observed recently.Infection Sick, acutely infected or carrier cats shed FCV in oronasal and conjunctival secretions. Infection occurs mainly through direct contact.Disease signs The main clinical signs are oral ulcers, upper respiratory signs and a high fever. Feline calicivirus may be isolated from nearly all cats with chronic stomatitis or gingivitis. Cats with,virulent systemic FCV disease' variably show pyrexia, cutaneous oedema, ulcerative lesions on the head and limbs, and jaundice. Mortality is high and the disease is more severe in adult cats.Diagnosis Diagnosis of FCV can be achieved by virus isolation or reverse-transcriptase PCR. Viral RNA can be detected in conjunctival and oral swabs, blood, skin scrapings or lung tissue using PCR. Positive PCR results should be interpreted with caution, as these may be a consequence of low-level shedding by persistently infected carriers. The diagnosis of virulent systemic FCV disease relies on clinical signs and isolation of the same strain from the blood of several diseased cats.Disease management Supportive therapy (including fluid therapy) and good nursing care are essential. Anorexic cats should be fed highly palatable, blended or warmed food. Mucolytic drugs (eg, bromhexine) or nebulisation with saline may off er relief. Broad-spectrum antibiotics may be dministered to prevent secondary bacterial infections. Feline calicivirus can persist in the environment for out 1 month and is resistant to many common disinfectants.
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8.
  • Belak, Sandor (författare)
  • Feline Herpesvirus Infection: ABCD Guidelines on Prevention and Management
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - : SAGE Publications. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 11, s. 547-555
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Overview Feline viral rhinotracheitis, caused by feline herpesvirus (FHV), is an upper respiratory tract disease that is often associated with feline calicivirus and bacteria. In most cats, FHV remains latent after recovery, and they become lifelong virus carriers. Stress or corticosteroid treatment may lead to virus reactivation and shedding in oronasal and conjunctival secretions. Infection Sick cats shed FHV in oral, nasal and conjunctival secretions; shedding may last for 3 weeks. Infection requires direct contact with a shedding cat. Disease signs Feline herpesvirus infections cause acute rhinitis and conjunctivitis, usually accompanied by fever, depression and anorexia. Affected cats may also develop typical ulcerative, dendritic keratitis. Diagnosis Samples consist of conjunctival, corneal or oropharyngeal swabs, corneal scrapings or biopsies. It is not recommended that cats recently vaccinated with a modified-live virus vaccine are sampled. Positive PCR results should be interpreted with caution, as they may be produced by low-level shedding or viral latency. Disease management ‘Tender loving care’ from the owner, supportive therapy and good nursing are essential. Anorexic cats should be fed blended, highly palatable food – warmed up if required. Mucolytic drugs (eg, bromhexine) or nebulisation with saline may offer relief. Broad-spectrum antibiotics should be given to prevent secondary bacterial infections. Topical antiviral drugs may be used for the treatment of acute FHV ocular disease. The virus is labile and susceptible to most disinfectants, antiseptics and detergents. Vaccination recommendations Two injections, at 9 and 12 weeks of age, are recommended, with a first booster 1 year later. Boosters should be given annually to at-risk cats. For cats in low-risk situations (eg, indoor-only cats), 3-yearly intervals suffice. Cats that have recovered from FHV-associated disease are usually not protected for life against further disease episodes; vaccination of recovered cats is therefore recommended
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9.
  • Belak, Sandor (författare)
  • Feline Immunodeficiency: ABCD Guidelines on Prevention and Management
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - : SAGE Publications. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 11, s. 575-584
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Overview Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a retrovirus closely related to human immunodeficiency virus. Most felids are susceptible to FIV, but humans are not. Feline immunodeficiency virus is endemic in domestic cat populations worldwide. The virus loses infectivity quickly outside the host and is susceptible to all disinfectants. Infection Feline immunodeficiency virus is transmitted via bites. The risk of transmission is low in households with socially well-adapted cats. Transmission from mother to kittens may occur, especially if the queen is undergoing an acute infection. Cats with FIV are persistently infected in spite of their ability to mount antibody and cell-mediated immune responses. Disease signs Infected cats generally remain free of clinical signs for several years, and some cats never develop disease, depending on the infecting isolate. Most clinical signs are the consequence of immunodeficiency and secondary infection. Typical manifestations are chronic gingivostomatitis, chronic rhinitis, lymphadenopathy, weight loss and immune-mediated glomerulonephritis. Diagnosis Positive in-practice ELISA results obtained in a low-prevalence or low-risk population should always be confirmed by a laboratory. Western blot is the ‘gold standard’ laboratory test for FIV serology. PCR-based assays vary in performance. Disease management Cats should never be euthanased solely on the basis of an FIV-positive test result. Cats infected with FIV may live as long as uninfected cats, with appropriate management. Asymptomatic FIV-infected cats should be neutered to avoid fighting and virus transmission. Infected cats should receive regular veterinary health checks. They can be housed in the same ward as other patients, but should be kept in individual cages. Vaccination recommendations At present, there is no FIV vaccine commercially available in Europe. Potential benefits and risks of vaccinating FIV-infected cats should be assessed on an individual cat basis. Needles and surgical instruments used on FIV-positive cats may transmit the virus to other cats, so strict hygiene is essential
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10.
  • Belak, Sandor (författare)
  • Feline Infectious Peritonitis: ABCD Guidelines on Prevention and Management
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - : SAGE Publications. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 11, s. 594-604
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Overview Feline coronavirus infection is ubiquitous in domestic cats, and is particularly common where conditions are crowded. While most FCoV-infected cats are healthy or display only a mild enteritis, some go on to develop feline infectious peritonitis, a disease that is especially common in young cats and multi-cat environments Up to 12% of FCoV-infected cats may succumb to FIP, with stress predisposing to the development of disease.Disease signs The 'wet' or effusive form, characterised by polyserositis (abdominal and/or thoracic effusion) and vasculitis, and the 'dry' or non-effusive form (pyogranulomatous lesions in organs) reflect clinical extremes of a continuum. The clinical picture of FIP is highly variable, depending on the distribution of the vasculitis and pyogranulomatous lesions. Fever refractory to antibiotics, lethargy, anorexia and weight loss are common non-specific signs. Ascites is the most obvious manifestation of the effusive form.Diagnosis The aetiological diagnosis of FIP ante-mortem may be difficult, if not impossible. The background of the cat, its history, the clinical signs, laboratory changes, antibody titres and effusion analysis should all be used to help in decision-making about further diagnostic procedures. At the time of writing, there is no non-invasive confirmatory test available for cats without effusionDisease management In most cases FIP is fatal. Supportive treatment is aimed at suppressing the inflammatory and detrimental immune response. However, there are no controlled studies to prove any beneficial effect of corticosteroids.
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11.
  • Belak, Sandor (författare)
  • Feline Leukaemia ABCD guidelines on prevention and management
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - : SAGE Publications. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 11, s. 565-574
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Overview Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus that may induce depression of the immune system, anaemia and/or lymphoma. Over the past 25 years, the prevalence of FeLV infection has decreased considerably, thanks both to reliable tests for the identification of viraemic carriers and to effective vaccines. Infection Transmission between cats occurs mainly through friendly contacts, but also through biting. In large groups of non-vaccinated cats, around 30–40% will develop persistent viraemia, 30–40% show transient viraemia and 20–30% seroconvert. Young kittens are especially susceptible to FeLV infection. Disease signs The most common signs of persistent FeLV viraemia are immune suppression, anaemia and lymphoma. Less common signs are immune-mediated disease, chronic enteritis, reproductive disorders and peripheral neuropathies. Most persistently viraemic cats die within 2–3 years. Diagnosis In low-prevalence areas there may be a risk of false-positive results; a doubtful positive test result in a healthy cat should therefore be confirmed, preferably by PCR for provirus. Asymptomatic FeLV-positive cats should be retested. Disease management Supportive therapy and good nursing care are required. Secondary infections should be treated promptly. Cats infected with FeLV should remain indoors. Vaccination against common pathogens should be maintained. Inactivated vaccines are recommended. The virus does not survive for long outside the host. Vaccination recommendations All cats with an uncertain FeLV status should be tested prior to vaccination. All healthy cats at potential risk of exposure should be vaccinated against FeLV. Kittens should be vaccinated at 8–9 weeks of age, with a second vaccination at 12 weeks, followed by a booster 1 year later. The ABCD suggests that, in cats older than 3–4 years of age, a booster every 2–3 years suffices, in view of the significantly lower susceptibility of older cats
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12.
  • Belak, Sandor (författare)
  • Feline panleukopenia. ABCD guidelines on prevention and management
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - : SAGE Publications. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 11, s. 538-546
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Overview Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) infects all felids as well as raccoons, mink and foxes. This pathogen may survive in the environment for several months and is highly resistant to some disinfectants. Infection Transmission occurs via the faecal–oral route. Indirect contact is the most common route of infection, and FPV may be carried by fomites (shoes, clothing), which means indoor cats are also at risk. Intrauterine virus transmission and infection of neonates can occur. Disease signs Cats of all ages may be affected by FPV, but kittens are most susceptible. Mortality rates are high – over 90% in kittens. Signs of disease include diarrhoea, lymphopenia and neutropenia, followed by thrombocytopenia and anaemia, immunosuppression (transient in adult cats), cerebellar ataxia (in kittens only) and abortion. Diagnosis Feline panleukopenia virus antigen is detected in faeces using commercially available test kits. Specialised laboratories carry out PCR testing on whole blood or faeces. Serological tests are not recommended, as they do not distinguish between infection and vaccination. Disease management Supportive therapy and good nursing significantly decrease mortality rates. In cases of enteritis, parenteral administration of a broad-spectrum antibiotic is recommended. Disinfectants containing sodium hypochlorite (bleach), peracetic acid, formaldehyde or sodium hydroxide are effective. Vaccination recommendations All cats – including indoor cats – should be vaccinated. Two injections, at 8–9 weeks of age and 3–4 weeks later, are recommended, and a first booster 1 year later. A third vaccination at 16–20 weeks of age is recommended for kittens from environments with a high infection pressure (cat shelters) or from queens with high vaccine-induced antibody levels (breeding catteries). Subsequent booster vaccinations should be administered at intervals of 3 years or more. Modified-live virus vaccines should not be used in pregnant queens or in kittens less than 4 weeks of age
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13.
  • Belak, Sandor (författare)
  • Feline Rabies: ABCD Guidelines on Prevention and Management
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - : SAGE Publications. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 11, s. 585-593
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Overview Rabies virus belongs to the genus Lyssavirus, together with European bat lyssaviruses 1 and 2. In clinical practice, rabies virus is easily inactivated by detergent-based disinfectants. Infection Rabid animals are the only source of infection. Virus is shed in the saliva some days before the onset of clinical signs and transmitted through a bite or a scratch to the skin or mucous membranes. The average incubation period in cats is 2 months, but may vary from 2 weeks to several months, or even years. Disease signs Any unexplained aggressive behaviour or sudden behavioural change in cats must be considered suspicious. Two disease manifestations have been identified in cats: the furious and the dumb form. Death occurs after a clinical course of 1–10 days. Diagnosis A definitive rabies diagnosis is obtained by post-mortem laboratory investigation. However, serological tests are used for post-vaccinal control, especially in the context of international movements. Disease management Post-exposure vaccination of cats depends on the national public health regulations, and is forbidden in many countries. Vaccination recommendations A single rabies vaccination induces a long-lasting immunity. Kittens should be vaccinated at 12–16 weeks of age to avoid interference from maternally derived antibodies and revaccinated 1 year later. Although some vaccines protect against virulent rabies virus challenge for 3 years or more, national or local legislation may call for annual boosters
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14.
  • Belak, Sandor (författare)
  • H5N1 Avian Influenza in Cats: ABCD Guidelines on Prevention and Management
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - : SAGE Publications. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 11, s. 615-618
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Overview Avian influenza is a disease of birds, caused by a type A influenza virus. The subtype H5N1 avian influenza occurs primarily in birds and infection varies from mild disease with little or no mortality to a highly fatal, rapidly spreading epidemic (highly pathogenic avian influenza). It is extremely rare for cats to be infected and there are only very few confirmed reports of the disease in cats in Europe. Infection Cats can be infected via the respiratory and oral routes (eg, by eating infected birds). The key precondition for infection is that the cat lives in an area where H5N1 virus infection has been confirmed in birds. Additionally, the cat should have had outdoor access to an environment where waterfowl is present, or contact with poultry or uncooked poultry meat, or close contact with an H5N1-infected, sick cat during the first week of infection. Clinical suspicion Clinical signs in cats may include fever, lethargy, dyspnoea, conjunctivitis and rapid death. Neurological signs (circling, ataxia) have also been recorded. Diagnosis The veterinary authorities should be notified. Oropharyngeal, nasal and/or rectal swabs or faecal samples of suspected cases should be submitted for PCR and/or virus isolation. Post-mortem samples of lung and mediastinal lymph nodes should be obtained. Particular care should be taken when handling the cat and/or samples. Disease management The virus is sensitive to all standard medical disinfectants. Cats with suspected H5N1 infection should be kept in strict isolation. Owners should be advised to confine the cat to a separate room prior to bringing it to the veterinary clinic. Vaccination and disease prevention No H5N1 vaccines are commercially available for cats. In the event of confirmed cases of H5N1 avian influenza in birds in the area, owners should keep their cats indoors until further information is available, and follow official regulations
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15.
  • Egenvall, Agneta, et al. (författare)
  • Morbidity of insured Swedish cats during 1999-2006 by age, breed, sex, and diagnosis
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - : SAGE Publications. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 12, s. 948-959
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The aim of the study was to describe patterns of morbidity, as reflected by reimbursed claims for veterinary care among cats covered by a Swedish insurance company during 1999-2006. The annual incidence rates of having at least one veterinary care event were calculated overall and stratified by sex, age, breed, diagnosis and urban/other location. The total rate was 875 (95% Cl 858-892) cats with claims per 10,000 cat-years at risk. The Siamese, Burmese, and the Abyssinians had high rates of claims, compared to the Norwegian Forest cat, the Maine Coon, the European Shorthair and domestic cats. The most common causes for insurance claims were trauma, gastrointestinal and lower urinary tract problems and there was substantial breed, sex and age variation for certain problems. For example, among cats under 9 years of age, the rate for lower urinary tract problems was 2-3 times higher in males than females. (C) 2010 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of ISFM and AAFP.
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16.
  • Engdahl, Karolina, et al. (författare)
  • Cranial cruciate ligament disease in cats: an epidemiological retrospective study of 50 cats (2011–2016)
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 22, s. 277-284
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to describe the characteristics and long-term outcome of surgically and conservatively treated cats with cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD).MethodsA retrospective cohort study of cats with CCLD, diagnosed at two university animal hospitals between January 2011 and December 2016, was performed. Signalment, history, treatment and follow-up information were retrieved. Cat owners were contacted for additional long-term follow-up information. The cases were divided into two groups: one conservatively managed and one surgically treated with the lateral fabellotibial suture technique. A quality of life questionnaire, the Feline Musculoskeletal Pain Index (FMPI), was distributed to the owners of cats alive at follow-up for assessment of chronic pain as a long-term outcome. Univariable statistical methods were used to evaluate the data.ResultsFifty cats were identified and were followed for a median of 41 months after diagnosis of CCLD. Seven cats (14%) developed bilateral CCLD. Twenty-eight cats (56%) were treated conservatively and 22 (44%) surgically. All surgically treated cats in which arthrotomy was performed (19/22) had total cranial cruciate ligament rupture and 9/19 (47%) had meniscal injuries. Postoperative surgical complications were recorded in 6/22 cats (27%). Owners of 24/29 (83%) cats still alive at follow-up completed the FMPI questionnaire. The conservatively treated cats had a lower FMPI score, indicating less chronic pain, than those cats treated surgically (P = 0.017).Conclusions and relevanceConservatively treated cats with CCLD experienced less chronic pain at long-term follow-up than surgically treated cats. Bilateral disease is not uncommon in cats with CCLD.
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17.
  • Hanås, Sofia, et al. (författare)
  • Ambulatory electrocardiogram recordings in cats with primary asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 19, s. 158-164
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objectives The aims of the study were to determine the heart rate, rhythm, number of ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) and atrial premature complexes (APCs) in unsedated cats with asymptomatic hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), using 24 h ambulatory electrocardiogram (ECG) (Holter) in the home environment and to compare the results with those from healthy control cats.Methods Fifteen privately owned cats with asymptomatic HCM entered the study. Data from 23 healthy cats, previously published by our group, were used as the control. Clinical examination, measurement of blood pressure, echocardiographic examination, Holter recordings and biochemical analyses were performed in all cats. Holter recordings were obtained in the home environment.Results Three-lead ECGs of good quality were obtained from 15 cats with HCM. The median heart rate was 145 (interquartile range [IQR] 137-184) beats per minute for the cats with HCM. All cats with HCM presented with normal sinus rhythm; 60% of cats had intermittent sinus arrhythmia. Median number of VPCs was 3 (IQR 1-17). Three cats had APCs and three cats had both escape beats and intermittent sinus arrhythmia.Conclusions and relevance Asymptomatic cats with HCM had few VPCs and APCs on 24 h ambulatory ECG in the home environment. Intermittent sinus arrhythmia was observed in 60% of cats with HCM. The present study shows that the heart rate and the number of VPCs and APCs in cats with asymptomatic HCM are similar to that found in healthy control cats.
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18.
  • Hanås, Sofia, et al. (författare)
  • Cardiac troponin I in healthy Norwegian Forest Cat, Birman and domestic shorthair cats, and in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Journal of feline medicine and surgery. - : Sage Publications. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 24:10, s. e370-e379
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • OBJECTIVES: The aims of this study were to assess the potential associations between the serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentration in healthy cats and feline characteristics, systolic blood pressure, heart rate (HR), echocardiographic measurements and storage time; and to compare cTnI concentrations in healthy cats with concentrations in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), with or without left atrial enlargement (LAE) and in cats with HCM, to assess potential associations between cTnI concentration and echocardiographic variables.METHODS: Cardiac TnI was analysed using an Abbott ARCHITECT ci16200 analyser in serum from prospectively included healthy Norwegian Forest Cat (NF; n = 33), Birman (n = 33) and domestic shorthair (DSH; n = 30) cats, and from 39 cats with HCM, with or without LAE.RESULTS: In healthy cats, higher cTnI concentrations were found in Birman cats than in NF cats (P = 0.014) and in neutered male cats than in intact females (P = 0.032). Cardiac TnI was positively associated with HR (P <0.0001). In cats with HCM, cTnI concentration was positively associated with left ventricular wall thickness and with left atrial-to-aortic root ratio (all P ⩽0.010). Cats with HCM had higher cTnI concentrations than healthy cats, and cTnI concentrations were higher in cats with HCM and LAE than in those with HCM without LAE (all P = 0.0003).CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Breed and sex may affect serum cTnI concentrations in healthy cats. The cTnI concentration increased with increasing severity of HCM.
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19.
  • Häggström, Jens (författare)
  • Familial cardiomyopathy in Norwegian Forest cats
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 17, s. 681-691
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Norwegian Forest cats (NFCs) are often listed as a breed predisposed to cardiomyopathy, but the characteristics of cardiomyopathy in this breed have not been described. The aim of this preliminary study was to report the features of NFC cardiomyopathy based on prospective echocardiographic screening of affected family groups; necropsy findings; and open-source breed screening databases. Prospective examination of 53 NFCs revealed no murmur or left ventricular (LV) outflow tract obstruction in any screened cat, though mild LV hypertrophy (defined as diastolic LV wall thickness 5.5mm) was present in 13/53 cats (25%). Gross pathology results and histopathological sections were analysed in eight NFCs, six of which had died of a cardiac cause. Myocyte hypertrophy, myofibre disarray and interstitial fibrosis typical of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy were present in 7/8 cats, but endomyocardial fibrosis suggestive of restrictive cardiomyopathy was also present in the same cats. Pedigree data analysis from 871 NFCs was supportive of a familial cardiomyopathy in this breed.
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20.
  • Häggström, Jens, et al. (författare)
  • Sleeping and resting respiratory rates in healthy adult cats and cats with subclinical heart disease
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 16, s. 281-290
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Sleeping and resting respiratory rates are commonly measured variables in patients with cardiac disease. However, little information is available on these variables in healthy client-owned cats or cats with subclinical heart disease (SHD). Therefore, we examined and characterized the sleeping respiratory rate (SRR) and resting respiratory rate (RRR) in 59 echocardiographically normal (EN) and 28 apparently healthy (AH) cats, and 54 SHD cats acquired by the cat owners in the home environment on eight to 10 separate occasions. The within-cat mean sleeping respiratory rate (SRRmean) in EN cats, AH cats and SHD cats with mild or moderate left atrial (LA) enlargement (as defined by quantiles of the ratio of the LA to the aorta [LA:AO]) was consistently <30 breaths/min; median SRRmean approximated 21 breaths/min. The SRRmean of SHD cats with severe LA enlargement sometimes exceeded 30 breaths/min, and was higher than SRRmean of other SHD cats (P <0.05). The within-cat mean resting respiratory rate was consistently higher than SRRmean (P <0.05). Age and geographic location, but not bodyweight, affected SRRmean in EN and AH cats. Within-cat SRR and within-cat RRR did not vary markedly from day-to-day, as evidenced by a low within-cat coefficient of variation. Data acquisition was considered easy or non-problematic by most participants. Our data provide useful guidelines for SRR and RRR, obtained in the home environment, in healthy cats and cats with SHD, and might prove useful in managing cats with clinical heart disease. Cats with SRRmean >30 breaths/min and cats with multiple SRR measurements >30 breaths/min likely warrant additional evaluation.
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21.
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22.
  • Höglund, Odd, et al. (författare)
  • Effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on postoperative respiratory and heart rate in cats subjected to ovariohysterectomy
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 20, s. 980-984
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objectives The use of physiological parameters such as respiratory rate and heart rate to assess pain has long been discussed. The aim of the study was to compare postoperative respiratory rate and heart rate in cats subjected to flank ovariohysterectomy treated with a preoperative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) or no NSAID, and determine whether these parameters are suitable for postoperative pain assessment in cats. We hypothesised that cats without an NSAID would experience more postoperative pain, which may increase heart rate and respiratory rate.Methods A total of 168 female privately owned cats were studied. All cats were premedicated with medetomidine (0.08 mg/kg) and butorphanol (0.4 mg/kg) subcutaneously and anaesthesia was induced with intramuscular ketamine (5 mg/kg). Cats were divided into subgroups; controls (no NSAID) or cats given an NSAID, carprofen (4 mg/kg) or meloxicam (0.3 mg/kg), at premedication or induction of anaesthesia. Cats were subjected to flank ovariohysterectomy by the same surgeon. Atipamezole was administered 2.5 h after induction of anaesthesia. Respiratory rate and heart rate were measured 3.5 h after the induction of anaesthesia. Data were analysed using one-way ANOVA with mixed procedure and Tukey's adjustment method for multiplicity.Results The postoperative respiratory rate and heart rate per minute for all cats were 34.0 8.6 and 167.5 +/- 27.4, respectively. Neither respiratory rate nor heart rate differed significantly between the control group and the NSAID groups or between different time points of administration of NSAIDs.Conclusion and relevance Assuming there was less postoperative pain in the group administered NSAIDs, the results of the study presented no support for use of respiratory rate and heart rate as parameters for postoperative pain assessment in individual cats. Study limitations included a lack of pain scoring and baseline data for respiratory rate and heart rate.
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23.
  • Johansson Wensman, Jonas, et al. (författare)
  • Markers of Borna disease virus infection in cats with staggering disease
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 14, s. 573-582
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Borna disease virus (BDV) is a RNA-virus causing neurological disorders in a wide range of mammals. In cats, BDV infection may cause staggering disease. Presently, staggering disease is a tentative clinical diagnosis, only confirmed at necropsy. In this study, cats with staggering disease were investigated to study markers of BDV infection aiming for improvement of current diagnostics. Nineteen cats fulfilled the inclusion criteria based on neurological signs and pathological findings. In 17/19 cats, BDV infection markers (BDV-specific antibodies and/or BDV-RNA) were found, and antibodies in serum (13/16, 81%) were the most common marker. BDV-RNA was found in 11/19 cats (58%). In a reference population without neurological signs, 4/25 cats were seropositive (16%). The clinical history and neurological signs in combination with presence of BDV infection markers, where serology and rRT-PCR on blood can be helpful tools, improve the diagnostic accuracy in the living cat.
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24.
  • Johard, Einar, et al. (författare)
  • Effects of sedation with dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine on echocardiographic variables, blood pressure and heart rate in healthy cats
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 20, s. 554-562
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Objectives Sedative agents are occasionally used to enable echocardiographic examination when screening cats for heart disease, such as hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Owing to their haemodynamic effects, sedative agents may alter echocardiographic measurements. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of the sedative combination dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine on echocardiographic variables, blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) in healthy cats.Methods Fifty healthy, client-owned cats were prospectively recruited and included after physical examination. Cats were sedated intramuscularly with dexmedetomidine and buprenorphine, according to body weight. Blood pressure and HR measurements, echocardiographic and Doppler examinations were performed prior to sedation and repeated once cats had achieved acceptable sedation.Results Left ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole and systole, right ventricular internal diameter at end-diastole, left atrium (LA), pulmonary artery (PA) deceleration time, and systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure increased after sedation (P 0.022). Aortic and PA maximum velocity, fractional shortening, PA acceleration/deceleration time and HR decreased after sedation (P <0.0001). Interventricular septum at end-diastole and systole, left ventricular posterior wall at end-diastole and systole, aortic diameter (Ao), left atrial/aortic diameter (LA/Ao) and pulmonic acceleration time did not change.Conclusions and relevance Blood pressure increased and HR decreased post-sedation. While wall thickness and LA/Ao were not affected by sedation, indices of LA and left ventricular size increased. Further studies are needed using cats with HCM to assess the effect of this sedative combination on HCM screening results.
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25.
  • Ley, Charles (författare)
  • Atypical, abscessated nasopharyngeal polyp associated with expansion and lysis of the tympanic bulla
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery. - 1098-612X .- 1532-2750. ; 16, s. 699-702
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A 5-year-old, male neutered domestic shorthair cat was referred for investigation of lethargy, weight loss, pyrexia and upper respiratory tract signs. On computed tomography, an expansile, osteodestructive lesion in the right tympanic bulla was identified. A soft tissue mass extended from the bulla into the nasopharynx, cranium and subcutaneous tissues. The nasopharyngeal mass ruptured during handling, liberating purulent material from which Pasteurella multocida was isolated in pure culture. The lesion was most likely an atypical, abscessated nasopharyngeal polyp. The cat was treated with bulla osteotomy and antibiotics, and made a complete recovery.
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