| 1. |
- Bucht, Göran, et al.
(författare)
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Modifying the cellular transport of DNA-based vaccines alters the immune response to hantavirus nucleocapsid protein
- 2001
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Ingår i: Vaccine. - 0264-410X .- 1873-2518. ; 19:28-29, s. 3820-3829
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Puumala virus is a member of the hantavirus genus (family Bunyaviridae) and is one of the causative agents of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) in Europe. A genetic vaccination approach was conducted to investigate if the immune response could be modulated using different cellular secretion and/or localisation signals, and the immune responses were analysed in BALB/c mice and in a bank vole infectious model. Rodents vaccinated with DNA constructs encoding the antigen fused to an amino-terminal secretion signal raised significantly higher antibody levels when compared to using constructs lacking secretion signals. Furthermore, the ratios of the IgG subclasses (IgG2a/IgG1) were raised by the use of cellular localisation signals, indicating a more pronounced Th1-type of immune response. The majority of the mice, or bank voles, immunised with DNA encoding a secreted form of the antigen showed a positive lymphoproliferative response and were protected against challenge with Puumala virus (strain Kazan-wt).
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| 2. |
- Cano, F., et al.
(författare)
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Partial protection to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) elicited in mice by intranasal immunization using live staphylococci with surface-displayed RSV-peptides
- 2000
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Ingår i: Vaccine. - 0264-410X .- 1873-2518. ; 18:24, s. 2743-2752
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A live bacterial vaccine-delivery system based on the food-grade bacterium Staphylococcus carnosus was used for delivery of peptides from the G glycoprotein of human respiratory syncytial virus, subtype A (RSV-A). Three peptides, corresponding to the G protein amino acids, 144-159 (denoted G5), 190-203 (G9) and 171-188 (G4 S), the latter with four cysteine residues substituted for serines, were expressed by recombinant means as surface-exposed on three different bacteria, and their surface accessibility on the bacteria was verified by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). Intranasal immunization of mice with the live recombinant staphylococci elicited significant anti-peptide as well as anti-virus serum IgG responses of balanced IgG1/IgG2a isotype profiles, and upon viral challenge with 10(5) tissue culture infectious doses(50) (TCID50), lung protection was demonstrated for approximately half of the mice in the G9 and G4 S immunization groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study in which protective immunity to a viral pathogen has been evoked using food-grade bacteria as vaccine-delivery vehicles.
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| 3. |
- Clarke, S. C., et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of PorA variable region 3 in meningococci : implications for vaccine policy?
- 2003
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Ingår i: Vaccine. - 0264-410X .- 1873-2518. ; 21:19-20, s. 2468-2473
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Outer membrane protein (OMP) vaccines are being developed against Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B which may provide protection against common circulating serotypes and serosubtypes in some countries. However, limited data is available in Europe from genosubtyping meningococci. We therefore undertook a retrospective analysis of the three main variable regions, VR1, VR2 as well as VR3, of the porA gene from N. meningitidis isolated from different countries, mainly from Scotland and Sweden. Analysis of this gene showed that, amongst 226 strains studied, there were a total of 78 different strains. No new VR1 or VR2 alleles were found but five new VR3 alleles are described. Our data indicates the importance of analysing the VR3 region of PorA in addition to VR1 and VR2 and also highlights, in general terms, the need for genosubtyping meningococci. Such analyses have major implications for the design of new meningococcal vaccines.
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| 4. |
- Goetsch, L., et al.
(författare)
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Influence of administration dose and route on the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of BBG2Na, a recombinant respiratory syncytial virus subunit vaccine candidate
- 2000
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Ingår i: Vaccine. - 0264-410X .- 1873-2518. ; 18:24, s. 2735-2742
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of BBG2Na, a novel recombinant respiratory syncytial virus subunit vaccine candidate, was assessed in BALB/c mice under various conditions of dose, administration route and number of immunisations. A single intra-peritoneal (i.p.) dose of 2 mu g, or two doses of 0.2 mu g, were sufficient to induce elevated RSV-A serum antibodies and sterilising lung protective immunity. Serum antibody titres were significantly boosted following second immunisations, but not a third. Of three routes of immunisation, i.p. induced the highest RSV-A antibody titres, followed in efficacy by the intramuscular (i.m.) and subcutaneous (s.c.) routes. Nonetheless, all three routes induced comparable and sterilising lung protection. In contrast, upper respiratory tract protection was observed only after i.p. vaccination, although significant viral titre reductions were evident following i.m. or s.c. immunisations. Interestingly, Pepscan analyses indicated that antibody epitope usage was highest in i.p. and lowest in i.m. immunised mice, respectively. Nonetheless, all routes resulted in antibody responses to known lung protective epitopes (protectopes). Thus, the prevention of serious lower respiratory tract disease, the principle goal of a RSV vaccine, but not URT infection, is dose dependent but unlikely to be influenced by the route of BBG2Na administration.
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| 5. |
- Johansson, Patrik, et al.
(författare)
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PCR-generated linear DNA fragments utilized as a hantavirus DNA vaccine
- 2002
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Ingår i: Vaccine. - 0264-410X .- 1873-2518. ; 20:27-28, s. 3379-3388
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The field of DNA vaccines has grown rapidly, and since most such vaccines involve the inoculation of large circular DNA molecules previously propagated in bacteria, several inconveniences (e.g. the presence of antibiotic resistance genes, impurities from bacterial cultures or inefficient uptake of the large and bulky plasmid DNA molecules to the nucleus) are debated. In this study, we have explored the possibility of using smaller and more flexible PCR-generated linear DNA fragments instead. Phosphorothioate (PTO)-modified primers were used successfully to protect the PCR-generated DNA fragments from exonuclease degradation, and by using a nuclear localization signal-peptide to target the linear DNA to the nucleus the immune response against the encoded antigen was further improved. This approach was tested in cell culture using a sensitive reporter system and in vivo with DNA encoding the amino-terminus of the Puumala hantavirus nucleocapsid protein. Our results indicate that linear DNA fragments have a great potential as a genetic vaccine and phosphorothioate modification in combination with a nuclear localization signal peptide increase the stability and targets the linear DNA molecules to the nucleus resulting in an improved biological response examined both in vitro and in vivo.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Wiström, Johan, 1949-, et al.
(författare)
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Booster vaccination with recombinant hepatitis B vaccine four years after priming with one single dose
- 1999
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Ingår i: Vaccine. - 0264-410X .- 1873-2518. ; 17:17, s. 2162-2165
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We here studied the antibody response to a booster dose four years after the administration of one single dose of recombinant HB vaccine. Before receiving the booster dose, levels of protective antibodies (anti-HBs) were generally low and 24/41 (59%) individuals lacked detectable antibodies (< 1 IU/L). Within 14 d of booster vaccination, 36/38 (95%) vaccinees showed levels of antibodies > 100 IU/L. Notably, these levels were at least as high as those of a reference group 12 months after initiation of vaccination according to the standard three-dose vaccination at intervals of 0, 1 and 6 months. In conclusion, one single dose of HB vaccine seemed to confer on young healthy individuals a well preserved B cell memory, disclosed as a rapid and strong antibody response to a second dose four years later.
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| 8. |
- Aaby, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Vaccinia scars associated with better survival for adults. An observational study from Guinea-Bissau
- 2006
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Ingår i: Vaccine. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2518 .- 0264-410X. ; 24:29-30, s. 5718-5718
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Live vaccines including BCG and measles may have non-targeted beneficial effects on childhood survival in areas with high mortality. The authors therefore undertook a survey of vaccinia scars to evaluate subsequent mortality. SUBJECTS: Based on a population census, a cohort of 1893 adults in urban Guinea-Bissau was examined in 1998 and followed until 2002. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: All cause mortality, excluding accidents. RESULTS: The median age of vaccinia vaccinations had been 16-18 years. Adults with a vaccinia scar had a mortality ratio (MR) of 0.60 (0.41-0.87) compared to those without any scar. The effect was stronger for women. Mortality decreased with each additional vaccinia scar (MR=0.73 (0.56-0.95)). Among 502 individuals with information on HIV infection, the age-adjusted HIV-2 prevalence was 2.45 (1.06-5.65) for those with a vaccinia scar. Control for district, ethnic group, schooling, place of birth, quality of housing and HIV status had little effect on the estimate. Since vaccinia and BCG scars could have been confused, mortality for adults with vaccinia and/or BCG scar was compared to those without, the MR being 0.61 (0.41-0.89). CONCLUSION: Known cultural or socio-economic factors possibly associated with access to vaccination had no influence on the mortality ratio for having a vaccinia scar. Hence, vaccinia vaccination may have a prolonged beneficial effect on adult survival.
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| 9. |
- Abu-Elyazeed, R R, et al.
(författare)
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Safety and immunogenicity of a glycoprotein D genital herpes vaccine in healthy girls 10-17 years of age : results from a randomised, controlled, double-blind trial
- 2013
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Ingår i: Vaccine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-410X .- 1873-2518. ; 31:51, s. 6136-6143
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: The investigational AS04-adjuvanted herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) glycoprotein D (gD2) subunit prophylactic vaccine ('HSV vaccine'; GlaxoSmithKline Vaccines) has been shown to be well tolerated in adults, but limited data exist for pre-teen and adolescent girls, a likely target population. The primary objective of this study was to compare the occurrence of serious adverse events (SAEs) over 12 months between HSV vaccine recipients and saline recipients (placebo control group) in pre-teen and adolescent girls. The immunogenicity of the HSV vaccine was also assessed.METHODS: Healthy girls aged 10-17 years, stratified by age (10-15 years; 16-17 years), were randomised 2:1:1 to receive the HSV vaccine, a hepatitis A vaccine (Havrix™; HAV control) or placebo (saline) according to a 0-, 1-, 6-month schedule. Participants and study personnel not involved in the preparation or administration of vaccines were blinded to treatment. Safety and immunogenicity analyses were performed overall and by age (10-15 years; 16-17 years) and HSV serostatus.RESULTS: No statistically significant difference in the percentage of subjects with SAEs was observed between the HSV and saline group, or between the HSV and pooled control (HAV and saline) groups. The HSV vaccine was well tolerated, although a higher incidence of solicited local symptoms was observed in the HSV group than in the control group. Neither age nor HSV serostatus at the time of study entry had an impact on the safety profile of this vaccine. The HSV vaccine was immunogenic regardless of pre-vaccination HSV serostatus. Higher anti-gD geometric mean concentrations were observed in HSV-1 seropositive participants than in HSV-1 seronegative participants.CONCLUSION: The HSV vaccine had an acceptable safety profile, and was well tolerated and immunogenic when administered to girls aged 10-17 years regardless of age or HSV pre-vaccination serostatus.
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| 10. |
- Ahmed, S., et al.
(författare)
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The economic burden of rotavirus hospitalization among children < 5 years of age in selected hospitals in Bangladesh
- 2021
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Ingår i: Vaccine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-410X .- 1873-2518. ; 39:48, s. 7082-7090
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Rotavirus is a common cause of severe acute gastroenteritis among young children. Estimation of the economic burden would provide informed decision about investment on prevention strategies (e.g., vaccine and/or behavior change), which has been a potential policy discussion in Bangladesh for several years. Methods: We estimated the societal costs of children <5 years for hospitalization from rotavirus gastroenteritis (RVGE) and incidences of catastrophic health expenditure. A total of 360 children with stool specimens positive for rotavirus were included in this study from 6 tertiary hospitals (3 public and 3 private). We interviewed the caregiver of the patient and hospital staff to collect cost from patient and health facility perspectives. We estimated the economic cost considering 2015 as the reference year. Results: The total societal per-patient costs to treat RVGE in the public hospital were 126 USD (95% CI: 116-136) and total household costs were 161 USD (95% CI: 145-177) in private facilities. Direct costs constituted 38.1% of total household costs. The out-of-pocket payments for RVGE hospitalization was 23% of monthly income and 76% of households faced catastrophic healthcare expenditures due to this expense. The estimated total annual household treatment cost for the country was 10 million USD. Conclusions: A substantial economic burden of RVGE in Bangladesh was observed in this study. Any prevention of RVGE through cost-effective vaccination or/and behavioural change would contribute to substantial economic benefits to Bangladesh. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 11. |
- Ahmed, Tanvir, 1970, et al.
(författare)
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CD4+ T-cell responses to an oral inactivated cholera vaccine in young children in a cholera endemic country and the enhancing effect of zinc supplementation.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Vaccine. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2518 .- 0264-410X. ; 28:2, s. 422-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Immunization of young children with the oral inactivated whole cell cholera vaccine Dukoral((R)) containing recombinant cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) induces antibody responses which can be further enhanced by zinc supplementation. We have investigated if immunization with the cholera vaccine induces specific T-cell responses in young children and also whether zinc supplementation influences these responses. Bangladeshi children (10-18 months old) received vaccine alone, vaccine together with zinc supplementation or only zinc. T-cell blast formation indicating a proliferative response was analyzed by the flow cytometric assay of cell-mediated immune response in activated whole blood (FASCIA) and cytokines were measured by ELISA. Stronger T-cell responses were detected if a modified CTB molecule (mCTB) with reduced binding to GM1 ganglioside was used for cell stimulation compared to normal CTB. After vaccination, CD4+ T cells responded to mCTB with significantly increased blast formation (P<0.01) and IFN-gamma production (P<0.05) compared to before vaccination. No responses to mCTB were detected in children receiving zinc alone (P>0.05). The IFN-gamma production was significantly higher (P<0.01) but the blast formation comparable (P>0.05) in children receiving zinc plus vaccine compared to in children receiving vaccine alone. The vibriocidal antibody responses induced by the vaccine were also significantly higher in children receiving zinc supplementation (P<0.001). Our results thus show that oral cholera vaccination induces a Th1 T-cell response in young children, and that the IFN-gamma as well as the vibriocidal antibody responses can be enhanced by zinc supplementation.
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| 12. |
- Akhtar, Zubair, et al.
(författare)
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Optimal timing of influenza vaccination among patients with acute myocardial infarction - Findings from the IAMI trial
- 2023
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Ingår i: Vaccine. - : Elsevier. - 0264-410X .- 1873-2518. ; 41:48, s. 7159-7165
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Influenza vaccination reduces the risk of adverse cardiovascular events. The IAMI trial randomly assigned 2571 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) to receive influenza vaccine or saline placebo during their index hospital admission. It was conducted at 30 centers in 8 countries from October 1, 2016 to March 1, 2020. In this post-hoc exploratory sub-study, we compare the trial outcomes in patients receiving early season vaccination (n = 1188) and late season vaccination (n = 1344). The primary endpoint was the composite of all-cause death, myocardial infarction (MI), or stent thrombosis at 12 months. The cumulative incidence of the primary and key secondary endpoints by randomized treatment and early or late vaccination was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. In the early vaccinated group, the primary composite endpoint occurred in 36 participants (6.0%) assigned to influenza vaccine and 49 (8.4%) assigned to placebo (HR 0.69; 95% CI 0.45 to 1.07), compared to 31 participants (4.7%) assigned to influenza vaccine and 42 (6.2%) assigned to placebo (HR 0.74; 95% CI 0.47 to 1.18) in the late vaccinated group (P = 0.848 for interaction on HR scale at 1 year). We observed similar estimates for the key secondary endpoints of all-cause death and CV death. There was no statistically significant difference in vaccine effectiveness against adverse cardiovascular events by timing of vaccination. The effect of vaccination on all-cause death at one year was more pronounced in the group receiving early vaccination (HR 0.50; 95% CI, 0.29 to 0.86) compared late vaccination group (HR 0.75; 35% CI, 0.40 to 1.40) but there was no statistically significant difference between these groups (Interaction P = 0.335). In conclusion, there is insufficient evidence from the trial to establish whether there is a difference in efficacy between early and late vaccination but regardless of vaccination timing we strongly recommend influenza vaccination in all patients with cardiovascular diseases.
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| 13. |
- Andersen, Andreas, et al.
(författare)
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The immunological effect of revaccination with Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine at 19 months of age
- 2013
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Ingår i: Vaccine. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2518 .- 0264-410X. ; 31:17, s. 2137-2144
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination has important non-specific immune effects. In a randomized trial in Guinea-Bissau, BCG revaccination was associated with significantly increased survival in children who received diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP)-booster vaccine before enrolment and in children who did not receive micronutrient supplementation (MN). Within the trial we assessed the immunological effects of BCG revaccination. Methods: Children were randomized to BCG or nothing. Blood was sampled 6-11 weeks after randomization (early sample group) or 5-9 months later (late sample group). In vitro cytokine responses (interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-13, tumor-necrosis-factor (TNF)-alpha, and IL-10) were assessed in whole blood cultures stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), purified protein derivative (PPD) or phytohaemagglutinin (PHA). Effect-modification by sex, DTP-booster vaccination and MN was studied. Results: Cytokines were measured in 345 infants. BCG was associated with significantly increased IFN-gamma (geometric mean ratio (GMR) = 4.54 (95% confidence interval: 3.13-6.58)) and IL-13 (GMR = 1.43 (1.00-2.05)) PPD responses, the effect being strongest in the early sample group. Across all three conditions BCG tended to increase IL-10 (LPS, PHA, PPD: GMR = 1.20, 1.12, 1.20), most pronounced in the late sample group. BCG reduced the TNF-alpha/IL-10 ratio in boys with DTP-booster at bleeding and increased it in those without (interaction test: p = 0.03). In children without MN, BCG was associated with reduced TNF-alpha response in the early sample group (p = 0.006), and increased IL-10 in the late sample group (p = 0.03). Conclusion: BCG revaccination resulted in a strong IFN-gamma response to PPD, which waned slightly over time. BCG also affected the pro-/anti-inflammatory balance, with reduced TNF-alpha and increased IL-10 responses to LPS, PHA and PPD. This effect depended on sex, DTP-booster vaccination and micronutrient supplementation, being most pronounced in children who had received DTP-booster before enrolment and children who had not received MN, i.e. the group of children which also had lower mortality after BCG revaccination. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 14. |
- Andersson, Charlotta Rydgard, et al.
(författare)
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Vaccine failures after active immunisation against tick-borne encephalitis
- 2010
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Ingår i: Vaccine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-410X .- 1873-2518. ; 28:16, s. 2827-2831
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a major disease of the central nervous system in Europe and is endemic in Sweden with about 200 notified cases annually. The far most effective protective measure against TBE is active immunisation. The vaccines available today induce a high degree of protection in field studies. However, vaccine failures have occasionally been reported and may be overlooked due to different, and sometimes confusing, antibody kinetics in vaccinees with TBEV infection. In this study, 27 patients with clinical and serological evidences of TBE despite adequate immunisation are presented. Vaccination failure is characterized by a slow, and initially non-detectable, development of the specific TBEV-IgM response, seen together with a rapid rise of IgG and neutralising antibodies in serum. The majority (70%) of the patients were more than 50 years of age, which may implicate a need for a modified immunisation strategy in the elderly.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Arama, Charles, et al.
(författare)
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A recombinant Bacille Calmette-Guerin construct expressing the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein enhances dendritic cell activation and primes for circumsporozoite-specific memory cells in BALB/c mice
- 2012
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Ingår i: Vaccine. - : Elsevier. - 0264-410X .- 1873-2518. ; 30:37, s. 5578-5584
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A protective malaria vaccine may induce both high levels of neutralising antibodies and strong T-cell responses. The Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSp) is a leading pre-erythrocytic vaccine candidate. CSp is a week immunogen per se, but Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) has excellent adjuvant activity and has been utilized as a vector to deliver heterologous vaccine candidate antigens. It is safe in immunocompetent individuals and inexpensive to produce. We assessed in vitro and in vivo a recombinant BCG-expressing CSp (BCG-CS) as malaria vaccine candidate. Immunisation of BALB/c mice with BCG-CS augmented numbers of dendritic cells (DCs) in draining lymph nodes and in the spleen. The activation markers MHC-class-II, CD40, CD80 and CD86 on DCs were significantly upregulated by BCG-CS as compared to wild-type BCG (wt-BCG). In vitro stimulation of bone marrow-derived DCs and macrophages with BCG-CS induced IL-12 and TNF-α production. BCG-CS induced higher phagocytic activity in macrophages as compared to wt-BCG. Immunogenicity studies show that BCG-CS induced CS-specific antibodies and IFN-γ-producing memory cells. In conclusion, BCG-CS is highly efficient in activating antigen-presenting cells (APCs) for priming of adaptive immunity. Implications for the rational design of novel vaccines against malaria and TB, the two major devastating poverty-related diseases, are discussed.
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| 17. |
- Arama, Charles, et al.
(författare)
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Heterologous prime-boost regimen adenovector 35-circumsporozoite protein vaccine/recombinant Bacillus Calmette-Guerin expressing the Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite induces enhanced long-term memory immunity in BALB/c mice
- 2012
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Ingår i: Vaccine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-410X .- 1873-2518. ; 30:27, s. 4040-4045
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Sustained antibody levels are a hallmark of immunity against many pathogens, and induction of long-term durable antibody titers is an essential feature of effective vaccines. Heterologous prime-boost approaches with vectors are optimal strategies to improve a broad and prolonged immunogenicity of malaria vaccines. Results: In this study, we demonstrate that the heterologous prime-boost regimen Ad35-CS/BCG-CS induces stronger immune responses by enhancing type 1 cellular producing-cells with high levels of CSp-specific IFN-gamma and cytophilic IgG2a antibodies as compared to a homologous BCG-CS and a heterologous BCG-CS/CSp prime-boost regimen. Moreover, the heterologous prime-boost regimen elicits the highest level of LLPC-mediated immune responses. Conclusion: The increased IFN-gamma-producing cell responses induced by the combination of Ad35-CS/BCG-CS and sustained type 1 antibody profile together with high levels of LLPCs may be essential for the development of long-term protective immunity against liver-stage parasites.
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| 18. |
- Arbyn, Marc, et al.
(författare)
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Clinical applications of HPV testing: A summary of meta-analyses
- 2006
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Ingår i: Vaccine. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2518 .- 0264-410X. ; 24:Suppl. 3, s. 78-89
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: More than ever, clinicians need regularly updated reviews given the continuously increasing amount of new information regarding innovative cervical cancer prevention methods. Material and methods: A summary is given from recently published meta-analyses on three possible clinical applications of human papillomavirus (HPV)-DNA testing: triage of women with equivocal or low-grade cytological abnormalities; prediction of the therapeutic outcome after treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) lesions, and last not but not least, primary screening for cervical cancer and pre-cancer. Results: Consistent evidence is available indicating that HPV-triage with the Hybrid Capture-2 assay (HC2) is more accurate (significantly higher sensitivity, similar specificity) than repeat cytology to triage women with equivocal Pap smear results. When triaging women with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL), a reflex HC2 test does not show a significantly higher sensitivity, but a significantly lower specificity compared to a repeat Pap smear. After treatment of cervical lesions, HPV testing easily detects (with higher sensitivity and not lower specificity) residual or recur-rent CIN than follow-up cytology. Primary screening with HC2 generally detects 23% (95% confidence interval, CI: 13-23%) more CIN-2, CIN-3, or cancer compared to cytology at cut-off atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) or LSIL, but is 6% (95% CI: 4-8%) less specific. By combined HPV and cytology screening, a further 4% (95% CI: 3-5%) more CIN-3 lesions can be identified but at the expense of a 7% (95% CI: 5-9%) loss in specificity, in comparison with isolated HC2 screening. Conclusions: Sufficient evidence exists to recommend HPV testing in triage of women with atypical cytology and in surveillance after treatment of CIN lesions. In the United States, recently reviewed knowledge has resulted in the approval of combined cytology and HC2 primary screening in women older than 30 years. However, in Europe, cytology-based screening still remains the standard screening method. The European screening policy will be reviewed based on the longitudinal results of randomised population trials which are currently underway. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Areschoug, Thomas, et al.
(författare)
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Host-pathogen interactions in Streptococcus pyogenes infections, with special reference to puerperal fever and a comment on vaccine development.
- 2004
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Ingår i: Vaccine. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2518 .- 0264-410X. ; 22 Suppl 1:Suppl 1, s. 9-14
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus) causes a variety of diseases, including acute pharyngitis, impetigo, rheumatic fever and the streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Moreover, S. pyogenes was responsible for the classical example of a nosocomial infection, the epidemics of puerperal fever (childbed fever) that caused the death of numerous women in earlier centuries. The most extensively studied virulence factor of S. pyogenes is the surface M protein, which inhibits phagocytosis and shows antigenic variation. Recent data indicate that many M proteins confer phagocytosis resistance because the variable N-terminal region has non-overlapping sites that specifically bind two components of the human immune system, the complement inhibitor C4b-binding protein (C4BP) and IgA-Fc. Concerning puerperal fever, molecular and epidemiological analysis suggests that the S. pyogenes surface protein R28 may have played a pathogenetic role in these epidemics. This article summarizes the properties of M protein and the R28 protein and considers a potential problem encountered in connection with the use of animal models for vaccine development.
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| 21. |
- Arko-Mensah, John, et al.
(författare)
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Resistance to mycobacterial infection : a pattern of early immune responses leads to a better control of pulmonary infection in C57BL/6 compared with BALB/c mice.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Vaccine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-410X .- 1873-2518. ; 27:52, s. 7418-27
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study, we have compared the immunological responses associated with early pulmonary mycobacterial infection in two mouse strains, BALB/c and C57BL/6 known to exhibit distinct differences in susceptibility to infection with several pathogens. We infected mice via the intranasal route. We have demonstrated that BALB/c was less able to control mycobacterial growth in the lungs during the early phase of pulmonary infection. Our results showed that during the early phase (day 3 to week 1), BALB/c mice exhibited a delay in the production of TNF and IFN-gamma in the lungs compared to C57BL/6 mice. Levels of IL-12 and soluble TNF receptors (sTNFR) were comparable between the mouse strains. The cellular subset distribution in these mice before and after infection showed a higher increase in CD11b+ cells in the lungs of C57BL/6, compared to BALB/c as early as day 3 postinfection. At early time points, higher levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 (MIP)-alpha were detected in C57BL/6 than BALB/c mice. In vitro, BCG-infected bone marrow derived macrophages (BMM) from both mouse strains displayed similar capacities to either phagocytose bacteria or produce soluble mediators such as TNF, IL-12 and nitric oxide (NO). Although IFN-gamma stimulation of infected BMM in both mouse strains resulted in the induction of antimycobacterial activity, BALB/c mice had a reduced capacity to kill ingested bacteria. The above observations indicate that the chain of early, possibly innate immunological events occurring during pulmonary mycobacterial infection may directly impact on increased susceptibility or resistance to infection.
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| 22. |
- Askling, H. H., et al.
(författare)
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Immunogenicity of delayed TBE-vaccine booster
- 2012
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Ingår i: Vaccine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0264-410X .- 1873-2518. ; 30:3, s. 499-502
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Information is scarce regarding the antibody response when TBE-vaccine booster doses are delayed, which is a common situation in daily life. We have investigated the immune response after a delayed booster dose compared to a normal booster interval in an every-day setting. Overall, 250/260 (96%) of the study participants had neutralizing antibodies post-booster, with no significant difference between normal and delayed booster intervals. Based on our findings we propose that healthy individuals who have failed adherence to the recommended schedule of TBE-vaccination can be given a delayed dose without concern of immunogenicity.
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| 23. |
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|
| 24. |
|
|
| 25. |
|
|
