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- Mishra, A, et al.
(författare)
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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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- Taddei, C, et al.
(författare)
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Repositioning of the global epicentre of non-optimal cholesterol
- 2020
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 582:7810, s. 73-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High blood cholesterol is typically considered a feature of wealthy western countries1,2. However, dietary and behavioural determinants of blood cholesterol are changing rapidly throughout the world3 and countries are using lipid-lowering medications at varying rates. These changes can have distinct effects on the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and non-HDL cholesterol, which have different effects on human health4,5. However, the trends of HDL and non-HDL cholesterol levels over time have not been previously reported in a global analysis. Here we pooled 1,127 population-based studies that measured blood lipids in 102.6 million individuals aged 18 years and older to estimate trends from 1980 to 2018 in mean total, non-HDL and HDL cholesterol levels for 200 countries. Globally, there was little change in total or non-HDL cholesterol from 1980 to 2018. This was a net effect of increases in low- and middle-income countries, especially in east and southeast Asia, and decreases in high-income western countries, especially those in northwestern Europe, and in central and eastern Europe. As a result, countries with the highest level of non-HDL cholesterol—which is a marker of cardiovascular risk—changed from those in western Europe such as Belgium, Finland, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and Malta in 1980 to those in Asia and the Pacific, such as Tokelau, Malaysia, The Philippines and Thailand. In 2017, high non-HDL cholesterol was responsible for an estimated 3.9 million (95% credible interval 3.7 million–4.2 million) worldwide deaths, half of which occurred in east, southeast and south Asia. The global repositioning of lipid-related risk, with non-optimal cholesterol shifting from a distinct feature of high-income countries in northwestern Europe, north America and Australasia to one that affects countries in east and southeast Asia and Oceania should motivate the use of population-based policies and personal interventions to improve nutrition and enhance access to treatment throughout the world.
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- Kvile, KØ, et al.
(författare)
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Kelp Forest Distribution in the Nordic Region.
- 2022
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Marine Science. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-7745. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Kelp forests are productive coastal ecosystems that provide a range of ecosystem services. Mapping the distribution and area occupied by kelp forests is a critical step to identify their ecosystem functions and services, including their role in the carbon cycle, and to detect changes in their distribution. We compiled quantitative data of the dominant genera Laminaria and Saccharina across the Nordic region, allowing us to separate kelp forests (areas with dense or moderately dense kelp coverage) from occurrences of single or few individuals. By fitting boosted regression trees to the compiled data, we modelled and predicted the distribution of kelp forests across the Nordic region. Despite the large scale of the analyses, the models captured well the kelps’ environmental affinities and predicted the presence of kelp forests with high accuracy. Dense kelp forests are found along the rocky shores of all the Nordic countries, except in the brackish Baltic Sea, with largest areas in Norway, Greenland and Iceland. The results of this study set the scene for future studies on the importance of kelp forests in the Nordic region, including their contribution to the marine carbon budget.
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- Moller, JE, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of losartan and captopril on left ventricular systolic and diastolic function after acute myocardial infarction : Results of the Optimal Trial in Myocardial Infarction with Angiotensin II Antagonist Losartan (OPTIMAAL) echocardiographic substudy
- 2004
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Ingår i: American Heart Journal. - : Elsevier BV. - 0002-8703 .- 1097-6744. ; 147:3, s. 494-501
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors have been shown to attenuate adverse remodeling after acute myocardial infarction (AMI), and the same has been suggested for angiotensin 11 type I receptor antagonists in animal models. Therefore the aim of the study was to compare the effects of losartan and captopril on regional systolic, diastolic, and overall left ventricular (LV) function after AMI. Methods Two hundred twenty-five patients aged 50 years with documented AMI and heart failure and/or LV dysfunction were randomly assigned treatment with either losartan (50 mg/d) or captopril (50 mg 3 times/d). Echocardiography was performed at randomization and after 3 months, echocardiograms were analyzed blinded at the core laboratory. Main outcome measures were changes in wall motion score index (WMSI), E-wave deceleration time (E-DT), and Tei index of overall LV function. Results WMSI decreased in both groups (losartan 1.58 +/- 0.23 to 1.52 +/- 0.26, P = .009, captopril 1.60 +/- 0.24 to 1.48 +/- 0.22, P < .001), although the decrease was greater in patients allocated to captopril (captopril -0.12 &PLUSMN, 0.17 vs losartan -0.05 &PLUSMN, 0.19, P = .007). In both groups E-DT increased, although the increase was significant only in patients treated with captoril (193 &PLUSMN, 61 ms to 208 &PLUSMN, 70 ms, P = .05). The change in E-DT was not different between treatment groups (captopril 14 &PLUSMN, 74 ms vs losartan 7 &PLUSMN, 80 ms, P = .52). Tei index decreased in both groups (losartan 0.59 &PLUSMN, 0.13 to 0.55 &PLUSMN, 0.15, P = .04, captopril 0.62 &PLUSMN, 0.15 to 0.55 &PLUSMN, 0.13, P < .001). However, the reduction was significantly greater in patients treated with captopril (captopril -0.08 +/- 0.14 vs losartan -0.03 +/- 0.14, P = .01). Conclusion Losartan and captopril improve systolic and overall IV function after AMI, but the benefit is greater for patients treated with captopril.
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