| 1. |
- Birksjö, David, et al.
(författare)
-
The Swedish Innovation Paradox Revisited : A Discussion about Measurement Problems
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Entrepreneurship and innovation networks. - Trollhättan : University West. - 9789197794343 ; , s. 95-110
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The literature in the field of innovation lacks clear definitions of how to classify different types of innovations and how they are operationalized and measured. This can create problems when innovation policies are developed.Recent responses to the Swedish paradox (Granberg and Jacobsson, 2006; McKelvey et al. 2007) – where investments in knowledge and R&D not in a corresponding manner contributes to innovations and economic growth – states that measurement problems may be the answer to the existence of this paradox. Innovations are often measured by number of patents, patent citations and R&D expenditures.In this paper we primarily focus on the number of patent applications as proxy for innovation to provide better information for decision making and research.The study consists of two empirical parts. One focusing on data covering the Swedish security industry and data on patents applications. The other part is a qualitative study where managers are interviewed about innovativeness within their company. This allows us to find innovations that are not showing in the patent data.Our study showed that major innovations were often introduced from other industries – implemented by large dominating companies – and they were seldom patented. Our quantitative data indicates a lower level of innovation that arguably could be assumed to be the case judging from our qualitative data which includes a number of unpatented innovations. Notwithstanding considerable measurement problems, it seems that the Swedish security industry is characterised by high growth in terms of number of firms but a relatively modest amount of patented innovations. Major innovations have rather come from other industries, or have not been patented and therefore they are not captured in statistics when using patent as a proxy for innovation. This study provides empirics from the Swedish security industry that indicates these claims.With this paper we want to provide a basis for discussion about the use of patent statistics as an indicator of innovation. We also suggest that the usage of patents as a proxy for innovations need to be further discussed and elaborated.
|
|
| 2. |
- Birksjö, David
(författare)
-
Innovative Security Business : Innovation, Standardization, and Industry Dynamics in the Swedish Security Sector, 1992–2012
- 2023
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The overall aim of this dissertation is to generate new knowledge on innovation output and standardization in industries where innovation output typically is considered sparse. This is done through the longitudinal study of the Swedish security guard industry and security sector 1992-2012. Several longitudinal databases have been constructed across the two studied decades. These include three different databases on innovations in the security guard industry and the security sector, one on standardization of security products and services, and a database that describes industry structure and development. In contrast to much previous research, and in line with recent calls for multiple innovation indicators, this approach enables the addressing of innovation through the lens of several longitudinal innovation indicators and from different perspectives. It also allows for analysis of the relationship between innovation and standardization, which often have played a peripheral role in previous innovation studies. The main findings show that innovation has played an important role in the industry and the sector as a whole. Essential characteristics of innovation in the studied industry/sector, 1992-2012, have corresponded – to varying degrees – to established ‘stylized facts’ in the literature on industry patterns of innovation output. The importance of multiple indicators is particularly apparent when addressing temporal patterns of innovation output in the present study. Different approaches to measuring innovation output showed distinctly different temporal patterns of innovation, bearing different implications on the relationship between innovation output and industry development and dynamics. Moreover, standardization is explored from complementing perspectives: i) as diffusion of innovation; ii) as organizational and marketing innovation, and iii) as an industry-specific indicator of innovation output. Fundamental questions regarding innovation output are thereby addressed, such as how innovation research addresses and captures innovations after market introduction, along with discussions on what constitutes ‘innovativeness’ in terms of newness and commercial application. The dissertation contributes to and challenges conventional knowledge on industry patterns of innovation output and the role of innovation in service industries, mature industries, and low-tech industries. It also contributes to the literature on the relationship between innovation and standardization, and to the methodological discussion on innovation indicators.
|
|
| 3. |
- Borg, Erik, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
-
Innovation and Specialization Strategies in Medical Tourism : Evidences from Europe
- 2014
-
Ingår i: 4th Annual International Conference on Business Strategy and Organizational Behaviour (BizStrategy 2014). - Singapore : GSTF. ; , s. 47-50
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The health service industry is becoming increasingly internationalized. People are travelling increasingly longer distances for medical treatment. A new rapidly expanding medical tourism industry has emerged. For health service providers to compete they have to specialize and become more innovative. These innovative strategies are not limited to technical innovation, but also organizational- and service-related innovations. Treatment costs which influence the price paid for treatment are becoming a major factor influencing competition. We have looked at recent changes made within the European health care sector, to find evidence of a new innovative climate for the provision of medical treatment to patients. The emergence of Centers of Excellence is an example of responses to a new competitive climate in a global industry.
|
|
| 4. |
- Borg, Erik, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
-
Interpreting Brand Development as Entrepreneurship : The Role of Brand Strategies
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Journal on GSTF Business Review. - : Global Science and Technology Forum. - 2010-4804. ; 2:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Our research has been driven by the apparent lack of rigorous theory within the branding literature. Theoretical concepts have seldom been linked to business theory. This article presents an approach to branding which links branding to different approaches to entrepreneurship and uncovers the essential role of brand strategies when connecting branding to the management literature. Strategy and branding overlap and strategy links contemporary branding and entrepreneurship literature. There are various approaches to entrepreneurship which is relevant to the analysis of brand strategies. For the sake of simplicity we have divided them into two strands, the business school approach and the Schumpeter school. Essential to our understanding of brands is the ability of brands to decrease the transaction cost and reduce the information asymmetries between consumers and producers in the market. By relying on brands the actors in the market can reduce their search and information cost and the total cost of performing a market transaction.
|
|
| 5. |
- Borg, Erik, 1961-, et al.
(författare)
-
Theories of Brands and Entrepreneurship : Conceptualizing brand strategies
- 2013
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract— Research into entrepreneurship has previously paid little attention to the role of brands. This article synthesizes theories of entrepreneurship, branding, transaction cost, and strategy. By developing a strong brand, managers distinguish their companies, products, or services from those of competitors. Brand theories can be linked to various entrepreneurship research perspectives. Brands can be regarded as innovations that reduce transaction costs for the buyer who can better make purchase decisions. The management literature defines brands in two main ways, using business-oriented and consumer-oriented definitions. The strategy literature encompasses both these approaches, linking the entrepreneurial function and brand development. It is through the use of strategy that entrepreneurs can develop their brands, making them integral to a modern definition of entrepreneurship.
|
|
| 6. |
- Box, Marcus, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Bankruptcies in Sweden, 1774–1849 : Causes and structural differences
- 2020. - 1
-
Ingår i: Luxury, Fashion and the Early Modern Idea of Credit. - London : Routledge. - 9780367332693 - 9780429318979 ; , s. 62-75
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 1771, the first Swedish academic thesis on bankruptcy and insolvency was defended by Carl Bergström at Uppsala University. In this and other contemporary Swedish publications on the topic, shortcomings in the debtor’s character including gambling, dishonesty, fraudulent behaviour and a disposition for speculation were mentioned as major causes for bankruptcies. The idea that a debtor also was a swindler, and should be severely punished, was spread by Italian merchants to, above all, France, Spain, England and Germany. The moralising causal explanation for bankruptcy can be questioned from a social science research perspective. Based on modern literature, we can see many reasons for why a trader, shopkeeper or an artisan had to file for bankruptcy. An economic shock is an event that occurs outside of an economy and produces significant change within an economy.
|
|
| 7. |
- Box, Marcus, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Destructive entrepreneurship in the small business sector : bankruptcy fraud in Sweden, 1830–2010
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Small Business Economics. - : Springer. - 0921-898X .- 1573-0913. ; 54, s. 437-457
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Entrepreneurship will not always productive: Baumol (1990, 1993) distinguishes between productive, unproductive, and destructive entrepreneurial activities, and in the last two cases, new values are not created. Setting of from the notion of destructive entrepreneurship and the bankruptcy institute as framework for the empirical analysis, we use long aggregate series on bankruptcies and bankruptcy frauds in Sweden, 1830–2010. We operationalize destructive entrepreneurship with bankruptcy frauds. The bankruptcy institute is not a pure cleansing mechanism; assets can be redistributed by criminal procedure. Thus, a form of destructive entrepreneurship can be conducted within this system. We link bankruptcy frauds to the selection mechanism—the aggregate bankruptcy volume—over time. We cannot establish any direct linkages between the bankruptcy volume and institutional changes. However, and in line with research on bankruptcy diffusion and diffusion of economic crimes, we find that bankruptcy frauds have significant, positive impacts on the bankruptcy volume. Therefore, our results indicate that increases in bankruptcy frauds, destructive entrepreneurship, would affect the economic system. © 2018 The Author(s)
|
|
| 8. |
- Box, Marcus, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Företagsnedläggningar : Olika perspektiv och forskningsmetoder
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Insolvensrättslig tidskrift. - : Föreningen Insolvensrättslig Tidskrift. - 2002-3014 .- 2002-6315. ; 3:1, s. 12-31
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Uppsatsen redogör för förklaringar till företagsdödlighet i såväl offentliga utredningar som inom ekonomisk och sociologisk forskning och teoribildning. Två fundamentalt olika föreställningar om hur och varför företag beter sig på ett visst sätt har dominerat de flesta studier. Ett perspektiv förutsätter en central roll för företagsledningens beslutsfattande och kompetens. Ett andra och motsatt perspektiv ser företags beteenden bestämda av externa krafter över vilka företagsledningen saknar kontroll. De olika föreställningarna påverkar resultat och slutsatser inom forskningen och har också betydelse för utformningen av den ekonomiska politiken.
|
|
| 9. |
|
|
| 10. |
- Box, Marcus, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Konkurs och konjunktur i Sverige 1830-2010
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Insolvensrättslig tidskrift. - : Föreningen Insolvensrättslig Tidskrift. - 2002-3014 .- 2002-6315. ; :1, s. 20-36
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Ekonomer betraktar vanligtvis konkursutvecklingen som en konjunkturindikator och därmed beroende av förändringar på ekonomins efterfrågesida: konkurserna förväntas öka i tider av ekonomisk nedgång och minska under högkonjunkturer. Flertalet analyser är emellertid kortsiktiga. I denna uppsats presenterar vi ny och unik empiri där vi analyserar det långsiktiga sambandet mellan konjunkturväxlingar och konkurser i Sverige mellan år 1830 och år 2010. I uppsatsen diskuteras också problem som kan uppstå i tolkningen av konkursstatistiken, både historiskt och i vår samtid. Den statistiska analysen visar att det delvis går att fastställa ett samband mellan makroekonomiska svängningar och förändringar i konkursmängden.
|
|
| 11. |
- Box, Marcus, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth in Sweden, 1850–2000
- 2016. - 1
-
Ingår i: Contemporary Entrepreneurship. - Cham : Springer. - 9783319281322 - 9783319281346 ; , s. 31-49
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent developments in entrepreneurship suggest a causal link between entrepreneurial activity and economic growth: entrepreneurship precedes economic growth. A positive effect from entrepreneurship on economic development in advanced, innovation-driven economies in the most recent decades is often maintained. Self-employment is one of the most common indicators of entrepreneurship. The present study uses very long series of non-interrupted data on self-employment in Sweden (1850–2000). It analyzes the relationship between variations in self-employment and economic growth. For the entire period, variations in self-employment had a significant, instantaneous positive correlation with GDP growth. However, no causal relationship could be discovered: variations in self-employment did not (Granger) cause GDP growth. We discovered a structural break in GDP growth as early as in the year of 1948. Up until 1948, (Granger) causality between self-employment and GDP could not be established for any direction. For the other segment (1949–2000), GDP growth (Granger) caused self-employment growth, but not the other way around. For the period 1949–2000, but not for the previous period, selfemployment lagged with respect to GDP growth. Consequently, GDP growth preceded self-employment growth, but self-employment growth did not precede GDP growth. Given that self-employment is a suitable indicator, the empirical results in this study are, in several respects, in disagreement with dominating assumptions in mainstream research.
|
|
| 12. |
- Box, Marcus, et al.
(författare)
-
Linking Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth in Sweden, 1850–2000
- 2014
-
Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Entrepreneurship has gained increasing support from governments in recent decades. Entrepreneurship is considered to generate new jobs, innovations, and economic growth. In current research, a causal link between entrepreneurial activity and economic growth is maintained, where variations in entrepreneurship precede variations in economic output. Various models identify a positive effect entrepreneurship on economic development in advanced, innovation-driven economies in the most recent decades – a time when several Western countries transformed from ‘managed’ to ‘entrepreneurial’ economies.Self-employment is one of the most common indicators of entrepreneurship in both policy and research. The present study analyzes the relationship between growth in self-employment and economic growth in Sweden between 1850 and 2000. For the entire period (1851–2000), variations in self-employment had a significant, instantaneous positive correlation with GDP growth. Using Granger causality tests, the results in this study show that variations in self-employment did not granger-cause GDP growth. We discovered a structural break in GDP growth as early as in the year of 1948, which gives two different periods: 1851–1948 and 1949–2000.Between 1851 and 1948, Granger causality between self-employment and GDP in either (Granger) direction could not be established. For the other segment (1949–2000), GDP growth granger-caused self-employment growth, but not the other way around. Granger causality tests in the frequency domain show that for the period 1949–2000, but for no other periods, variations in self-employment lagged with GDP growth. Consequently, GDP growth preceded self-employment growth, but self-employment growth did not precede GDP growth.Given that self-employment is a suitable indicator for entrepreneurship, the empirical results in this study are, in several respects, in disagreement with dominating assumptions in mainstream entrepreneurship research.
|
|
| 13. |
- Box, Marcus, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
New-Firm Survival in Sweden : New Methods and Results
- 2017
-
Ingår i: International Review of Entrepreneurship. - : Senate Hall Academic Publishing. - 2009-2822. ; :4, s. 431-464
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We analyse firm survival and focus on several levels of analysis (both firm level and macro-level). We employ a unique longitudinal data set, recorded at the firm-level and covering nine complete entry cohorts of Swedish companies. The companies were founded between 1899 and 1992, and each firm is followed over nearly a decade. We adopt the semi-parametric complementary log-log (cloglog) model. The main novelty of our approach is that, unlike extant studies so far, we are able to distinguish between the impact on the hazard rate of founding conditions and contemporaneous, post-entry conditions. Using our new approach we test several hypotheses derived from the Industrial Organization and Organizational Ecology literatures.
|
|
| 14. |
- Box, Marcus
(författare)
-
New Venture, Survival, Growth : Continuance, Termination and Growth of Business Firms and Business Populations in Sweden During the 20th Century
- 2005
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation focuses on the formation, growth and discontinuance of business populations and firms in Sweden during the 20th century. It addresses some key issues in the domain of economic and social sciences, and in particular entrepreneurship and small business research: if and when firms grow, stagnate and decline, as well as how long firms survive and when they are likely to disband. Previous research has primarily analyzed these questions from a short time frame. Further, an individual or firm-oriented focus is commonly assumed. In that, alternative or complementary explanations to the growth and survival of firms may be disregarded. In contrast to much previous research, this dissertation assumes a micro-to-macro, longitudinal and demographic population approach. The period of investigation is over one hundred years. In addressing the growth and survival of firms, it takes into account the impact of firm-specific structural factors (such as firm age and size), generation (cohort) effects, as well as the influence of macroeconomic, exogenous factors. Further, the relationship between managerial/ownership succession and firm performance is also addressed. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal databases are employed in the dissertation. Its main empirical material consists of unique longitudinal data on new business firms, traced at the firm level from their birth to their termination. More specifically, seven birth cohorts – generations – of approximately 2,200 firms founded in 1899, 1909, 1912, 1921, 1930, 1942 and 1950 are included. The main findings show that ownership/management succession in firms had a quite weak correlation with firm performance and survival. At least at an aggregate level, and with some exceptions, it is debatable if the loss and replacement of owner-managers in small and in larger firms have any observable effects on firm performance. Furthermore, macroeconomic phenomena influence the conditions of individual firms as well as populations/aggregates of businesses. Both the growth and termination of firms and firm populations are found to be related to real economic (environmental) conditions; e.g. favorable macroeconomic conditions implied that firms grew in size. At the same time, under certain circumstances, the influence of structural variables (firm age and size) – as suggested in much previous research – is found to be of importance. As concerns firm growth, as well as firm termination, the economic environment and structural factors interact. These findings challenges individual or firm-level research that mainly focus on personal traits and behaviors in explaining firm success and failure. Other previous assumptions are also challenged when taking a longer time perspective into consideration. For decades, organization and business research have acknowledged a liability of newness and of size for business firms. While this might be true under some conditions, this liability of newness is falsified in the study: the termination behavior of some firm generations did not correspond with these assumptions. Thus, the perspectives and methodology applied in the dissertation complement earlier approaches in entrepreneurship and small business research.
|
|
| 15. |
- Box, Marcus, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
Self-employment, corruption, and property rights : a comparative analysis of European and CEE economies
- 2023
-
Ingår i: SN Business & Economics. - : Springer. - 2662-9399. ; 3:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study analyzes the relationship between self-employment, corruption, and property rights in 30 European countries, including 11 Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) economies, across the two decades of 1996–2016. In general, relatively little research has focused on the relationship between entrepreneurship and the protection of property rights. Furthermore, past findings show that corruption may have both negative and positive effects on the level of entrepreneurial activity, either “greasing” or “sanding” the wheels for entrepreneurship. Overall, research on how the informal institution corruption and the formal institution property rights are linked to entrepreneurship in post-socialist/transition economies has been limited. We find that stronger protection of property rights increases self-employment ratios, both in Europe in general and in CEE economies. The relationship between self-employment and the control of corruption is not significant. We conclude that neither higher nor lower levels of corruption control affect the share of self-employment. In comparative perspective, the ratio of self-employment in the group of CEE economies does not respond differently to these two key institutions.
|
|
| 16. |
- Box, Marcus, 1972-, et al.
(författare)
-
The Asymmetric Effect of Bankruptcy Fraud in Sweden : A Long-Term Perspective
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Journal of quantitative criminology. - : Springer. - 0748-4518 .- 1573-7799. ; 35:2, s. 287-312
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: The knowledge of the effects of white-collar crimes is incomplete. In the article, we operationalize white-collar crimes as bankruptcy frauds. Economic models maintain that interlinkages between firms may give ‘domino effects’: bankruptcy events could lead to ‘bankruptcy chains’ in which a bankruptcy spreads to other firms. Analogously, criminologists assert that social and economic networks can be a major source of fraud diffusion, with the potential to drive other firms bankrupt. Recent empirical results show that crimes may have detrimental and even asymmetric (nonlinear) effects on economic activity. We analyze the diffusion and the aggregate development of bankruptcy frauds in Sweden over nearly two hundred years, specifically focusing on the relationship between bankruptcy frauds and the bankruptcy volume. We also consider linkages between bankruptcy frauds, bankruptcies, and the macroeconomic cycle. Methods: We use long, aggregate time series, collected from several different historical and contemporary sources. Applying the recently developed cointegrating nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model, we investigate whether the bankruptcy volume reacts asymmetrically to increases and decreases in bankruptcy frauds, both in the short and the long run. Results: Bankruptcy frauds reveal a causal effect on bankruptcies, showing an asymmetric (nonlinear) diffusion effect from economic frauds to the bankruptcy volume. Increases in bankruptcy frauds have a positive and significant effect on the bankruptcy volume. However, decreases in bankruptcy frauds show no significant effect. No causal relationship between the macroeconomic cycle and bankruptcy frauds is found. Conclusions: Our data and research approach demonstrate how previously generated hypotheses in both criminology and economic research on the relationship between (economic) crimes, economic activity, and the diffusion of white-collar crime can be tested at an aggregate level. © 2018 The Author(s)
|
|
| 17. |
- Christofersson, Lena, et al.
(författare)
-
Nytänkande och innovationer inom vård och omsorg
- 2012
-
Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Rapporten belyser den omvandling som pågår i vård- och omsorgs-branschen samt visar exempel på nytänkande och innovationer som uppstått i de företag som levererar tjänster på vård och omsorgsområdet till följd av konkurrensutsättningen.
|
|
| 18. |
|
|
| 19. |
- Edvinsson, Rodney, 1971-
(författare)
-
Growth, Accumulation, Crisis : With New Macroeconomic Data for Sweden 1800-2000
- 2005
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- This dissertation has two main objectives. The first one is to construct historical macroeconomic series for Sweden using a consistent method throughout the relevant periods, and which rely on modern methods of national accounting. The second objective is to investigate patterns of economic growth, accumulation and crisis in Sweden 1800-2000, based on the constructed data series. New annual data series of Gross Domestic Product and its division into activities (type of production) and expenditures (consumption, investment and foreign trade), Net Domestic Product, stocks of produced assets and consumption of fixed assets are constructed for the period 1800-2000; series of employment, wages, imputed labour income of self employed and surplus for the period 1850-2000; and series of worked hours for the period 1950-2000. Summary tables of the main aggregate variables are presented at the end of the dissertation. The intent is to make the data material available online (also at a more disaggregated level) at: http://www.historia.se. Although the present study criticises the somewhat deterministic vision of many long cycle theories, it also demonstrates that the concept of long cycle can be applied when studying long-term fluctuations in GDP per capita, provided that the notion of a fixed periodicity of long cycles is abandoned. Long-term economic fluctuations are irregular, but so is also the short-term business cycle. Different historical tendencies and trends are investigated. The decline of the relative size of industrial activities in the last half of 20th century was not as dramatic, if unpaid household labour is considered and that many services are industry-related. The Marxist theory of a Tendency for the Rate of Profit to Fall is partly confirmed as a secular process up to the 1970s, but profitability has rebounded in the last two decades of the 20th century. During the 1990s, the investment ratio declined to historically low levels and the volume value of the net stock of buildings and structures fell for the first time since the 1830s. A comparison is also made of depressions in Sweden since 1850. During the 19th century, depressions were largely induced by the agricultural sector, and during the 20th century by industrial activities. However, the transition to the modern business cycle was not sudden but rather protracted. Another finding is that the 1990s depression was somewhat deeper than the 1930s depression in terms of GDP contraction.
|
|
| 20. |
- Furusten, Kristina, 1965-
(författare)
-
Det förändrade kontraktet : Banker och företagskonkurser under 1990-talets finanskris
- 2009
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- During the first years of the 1990s Sweden experienced a severe financial crisis. Many companies and banks in Sweden were in financial distress. In 1992, the number of bankruptcies was the highest in Swedish history and the financial system was headed towards a total break down. Several Swedish banks were forced to accept governmental support in order to avoid bankruptcy, and were at the same time publicly criticised for driving companies into bankruptcy through unexpected termination of credit contracts and demands for additional security. Bank ethics were highly questioned. This thesis discusses what happens to the implicit and explicit contracts between banks and their customers when both parties are in financial distress. According to the traditional principal-agent theory, as principals, banks are supposed to monitor their customers, the agents, in order to ensure that the agents fulfil their loan agreements and repay their debts to the banks. The agents are assumed to behave opportunistically to the detriment of the banks. During a period of deep financial crisis for the Swedish banks, there was, however, reason to believe that the banks may have acted opportunistically to the detriment of the customers. The major findings of this thesis show that the banks broke the implicit contracts and activated the explicit contracts to a greater extent during the financial crisis. This indicates that the banks’ relationship with the customer became more formal, and branch managers and local loan officers became more closely tied to internal rules during and following the financial crisis than before the crisis. The major conclusion of the thesis is that when the principal, in this case the bank, experiences a period of crisis, implicit contracts are likely to be neglected and explicit contracts activated due to increased external pressure on the bank to change its procedures. The principal can thus be expected to behave more opportunistically in order to disassociate itself from previous standard operating procedures found to be illegitimate, at the same time as individual branch managers and loan officers can be expected to behave opportunistically and terminate loan agreements in order to evade personal responsibility for possible future credit losses.
|
|
| 21. |
|
|
| 22. |
- Gratzer, Karl
(författare)
-
Agents of change : inventors, entrepreneurs, financiers, and small business owners in the beginning of the Swedish fast food industry
- 2013
-
Ingår i: Soziologie des Wirtschaftlichen. - Wiesbaden : Springer. - 9783658035440 - 9783658035457 ; , s. 329-360
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The study deals with an investigation of the introduction and evolution of the fast food industry in Sweden. After the turn of the 19th century, 121 small firms – all jointstock companies – originating from the same fast food business concept were founded. The companies studied, so-called “automated restaurants” (Automatrestauranger) were all established between 1899 and 1931. “Automat” was the Swedish name for a fast food restaurant in which the guests served themselves from purposely designed mechanical vending machines. Called “automatic” or “waiterless”, they first appeared in the 1890s and, though concentrated in Germany and Scandinavia, establishments of this sort spread some years later to the United States. Enormously popular at the beginning of the twentieth century, these restaurants featured bank upon bank of glass-fronted, coin-operated cells, each containing a single serving of dishes.
|
|
| 23. |
- Gratzer, Karl
(författare)
-
Bankruptcy and Crime in the 20th Century : a Comparative Perspective
- 2008
-
Ingår i: Enterprises in the face of 21st century challenges. - Cracow : Department of Economics and Organization of Enterprises Cracow University of Economics. - 9788392465645 - 8392465644 ; , s. 73-93
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 24. |
- Gratzer, Karl
(författare)
-
Business Failure and the New Economy
- 2001
-
Ingår i: Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research 2001. - Babson Park, Mass. : Babson College. - 0910897220
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
|
|
| 25. |
|
|
