| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Bergman, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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Physical performance and physical activity of patients under compulsory forensic psychiatric inpatient care.
- 2020
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Ingår i: Physiotherapy theory and practice. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1532-5040 .- 0959-3985. ; 36:4, s. 507-15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Research stresses the importance of physical activity in general psychiatric care. There is very little research made in the area of forensic psychiatric care. The aim of this exploratory, cross-sectional study was to assess various physical, psychological, and health variables of patients under compulsory forensic psychiatric inpatient care, and to examine correlations among these variables. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), walking ability, running speed, and explosive leg strength were examined in 28 patients. Patients answered questionnaires about physical activity, aggression, stress, character maturity, and health-related quality of life (HRQL). The patients had a mean age of 33.6years, a mean VO2max of 25.3 (8.4) mL 02/min/kg and a mean physical activity level of 268.0 (272.4) min/week. Results from the 6-min walk test were 612.5 (102.8) m. Nine patients had physical activity levels below the international recommendations of 150min/week. Levels of aggression and stress were high and HRQL was low. The results indicate that patients in forensic psychiatric care are in a very poor physical state, which warrants physiotherapeutic interventions, adapted to the unique demands of forensic psychiatric care.
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| 3. |
- Bergman, Henrik, et al.
(författare)
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The use of physical exercise in forensic psychiatric care in Sweden: a nationwide survey.
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Mental Health. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0963-8237 .- 1360-0567. ; 33:2, s. 202-210
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Exercise protects against somatic comorbidities and positively affects cognitive function and psychiatric symptoms in patients with severe mental illness. In forensic psychiatry, exercise is a novel concept. Staff at inpatient care facilities may be important resources for successful intervention. Little is known about staff's knowledge, attitudes and behaviors regarding exercise in forensic psychiatric care.To translate, culturally adapt and test the feasibility of the Exercise in Mental Health Questionnaire-Health Professionals Version (EMIQ-HP) in the Swedish context, and to use this EMIQ-HP-Swedish version to describe staff's knowledge, attitudes and behaviors regarding exercise.The EMIQ-HP was translated, culturally adapted, pilot-tested and thereafter used in a cross-sectional nationwide survey.Ten of 25 clinics and 239 health professionals (50.1%) participated. Two parts of the EMIQ-HP-Swedish version showed problems. Most participants considered exercise to be a low-risk treatment (92.4%) that is beneficial (99.2%). Training in exercise prescription was reported by 16.3%. Half of participants (52.7%) prescribed exercise and 50.0% of those undertook formal assessments prior to prescribing.Creation of the EMIQ-HP-Swedish version was successful, despite some clarity problems. Exercise appears to be prescribed informally by non-experts in Swedish forensic psychiatric care and does not address treatment goals.
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| 4. |
- Anckarsäter, Henrik, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Autism spectrum disorders in institutionalized subjects.
- 2008
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Ingår i: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0803-9488 .- 1502-4725. ; 62:2, s. 160-167
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- What do we know about the prevalence and the specific features of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) among subjects in forensic psychiatry and special youth centres? A clinical case series consisting of 42 subjects with ASD, recruited from three well-characterized populations in forensic psychiatry and special youth care, was used to determine: 1) the prevalence of ASD in these institutions (at least 13%), 2) the distribution of diagnostic criteria in this special population (mostly social interaction and communication problems, few or atypical flexibility problems), 3) the degree of comorbidity (the rule rather than the exception), 4) neuropsychological test profiles (lowered IQ with uneven profiles), 5) types of crimes and offences (very heterogeneous, often stress-related with dissociated features), 6) mental health care needs (high), and 7) special clinical features (especially expressions of flexibility deficits in non-classical areas and proneness to dissociation). This descriptive study indicates that ASD is a clinically relevant problem among forensic populations that has to be considered in diagnostics, assessments of needs and treatment planning.
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| 5. |
- Anckarsäter, Henrik, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Mental health and international crimes
- 2014
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Ingår i: Criminological approaches to international criminal law / Ilias Bantekas, Emmanouela Mylonaki. - Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. - 9781107060036 ; , s. 263-286
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 6. |
- Anckarsäter, Henrik, 1966, et al.
(författare)
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Prevalences and configurations of mental disorders among institutionalized adolescents.
- 2007
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Ingår i: Developmental Neurorehabilitation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1751-8423 .- 1751-8431. ; 10:1, s. 57-65
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: To assess prevalence figures for psychiatric disorders among institutionalized adolescents due to behavioural problems and/or delinquency. METHOD: Participants were recruited from consecutive referrals to/or treated at two Swedish adolescent units, SIS1 (n = 60) and SIS2 (n = 70) with ranging age of 12-20.3 years (mean age = 16.2; SD = 1.8) during 1 year. Clinical and diagnostic information was used to generate DSM-IV diagnoses. RESULTS: One or several neuropsychiatric disorders were diagnosed in 53% of all subjects: 39% met DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD), 15% for a pervasive developmental disorder (referred to as autism spectrum disorders, ASDs) and 8% had a mental retardation (referred to as a learning disability, LD). The collapsed prevalence for psychiatric disorders requiring specialist attention was 66%, counting severe depression and psychotic disorders but not substance use. About one in three of all adolescents in the study were given psychopharmacological treatment. CONCLUSION: Published studies and this clinical survey clearly indicate that systematic studies of mental health needs among institutionalized adolescents are warranted to form the basis of adequate treatment and support measures.
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| 7. |
- Andreasson, Helena, et al.
(författare)
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Predictors of length of stay in forensic psychiatry: The influence of perceived risk of violence
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-2527. ; 37:6, s. 635-642
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study describes the prevalence of adverse events and length of stay in forensic psychiatric patients with and without a restriction order. Detailed clinical and administrative information from medical records and written court decisions was gathered retrospectively from admission until discharge for a Swedish population-based, consecutive cohort of forensic psychiatric patients (n = 125). The median length of stay for the whole cohort was 951 days, but patients with a restriction order stayed in hospital almost five times as long as patients without. Restriction orders were related to convictions for violent crime, but not for any other differences in demographic or clinical variables. The majority of the patients (60%) were involved in adverse events (violence, threats, substance abuse, or absconding) at some time during their treatment. Patients with restriction orders were overrepresented in violent and threat events. Previous contact with child and adolescence psychiatric services, current violent index crime, psychotic disorders, a history of substance, and absconding during treatment predicted longer length of stay. Being a parent, high current Global Assessment of Functioning scores, and mood disorders were all significantly related to earlier discharge. In a stepwise Cox regression analysis current violent index crime and absconding remained risk factors for a longer hospital stay, while a diagnosis of mood disorder was significantly related to a shorter length of stay.
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Aydogdu, Özgu, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Treatment with the soluble guanylate cyclase activator BAY 60-2770 restores in vitro bladder contractile responses in a rat model of chronic prostatitis
- 2022
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Ingår i: Continence. - : Elsevier BV. - 2772-9737. ; 4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: Examine how innate bladder contractility and corresponding receptor expression was affected by chronic prostatitis (CP) and how treatment with the soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) activator BAY 60-2770 influenced this. Methods: To create a functional model for CP, 24 male Sprague-Dawley rats were intraprostatically injected with either zymosan or saline, serving as control. After a recovery period, the rats were treated with either BAY 60-2770 or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO; vehicle) on days 8–20. Urine samples were collected for measurement of ATP. On day 21, the bladder was excised and contractile responses to electrical field stimulation (EFS), methacholine, ATP and nitric oxide (NO) were examined in an in vitro organ bath. Subsequently, the expression of purinergic (P2X1 & P2X3) and muscarinic (M3) receptors as well as sGC was examined immunohistochemically. Results: Induction of CP led to significantly attenuated purinergic bladder contractions, which were normalized by treatment with BAY 60-2770. Induction of CP did not alter the contractile bladder responses to EFS, methacholine or NO. However, treatment with BAY 60-2770 led to significantly increased contractile bladder responses to EFS and MeCh and significantly enhanced relaxatory nitrergic responses. There were no significant differences between the groups regarding purinergic or cholinergic receptor expression, however treatment with BAY 60-2770 led to attenuated expression of sGC in the urothelium. Conclusion: Taken together, these findings indicate that drugs targeting the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO/cGMP) pathway may be a promising option to restore alterations in bladder contractility that arise due to CP.
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| 10. |
- Baudin, Christian, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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A 24‐Year Follow‐up Study on Recidivism in Male Mentally Disordered Sexual Offenders With and Without Psychotic Disorders
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Forensic Sciences. - : Wiley. - 0022-1198 .- 1556-4029. ; 65:5, s. 1610-1618
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is a lack of knowledge on mentally disordered sex offenders (MDSOs) targeting adult victims, especially regarding recidivism patterns and the specific subgroup with psychiatric disorders. This paper presents index offense data, clinical data, and recidivism patterns over up to 24 years in a cohort of 146 MDSOs, with and without psychotic disorders, sentenced in Sweden between 1993 and 1997. At the time of the offense, all offenders were affected by clinical, developmental, and criminal history factors. MDSOs with psychotic disorders only marginally differed from those without, the former being less likely to have been institutionalized during childhood, intoxicated during the index offense, or diagnosed with a personality disorder, substance use disorder, or paraphilic disorder. In the cohort, 3.4% of the MDSOs were reconvicted for a new sex offense over 2 years, 9.6% over 5 years, 13.0% over 10 years, and 17.1% over the entire follow-up period of 24 years. In MDSOs with psychotic disorders, no subjects were reconvicted during the first 2 years, while 2.6% were reconvicted over 5 years, 5.3% over 10 years, and 7.9% over 24 years. Recidivism rates for violent and general reoffenses were 39.0% and 37.7%, respectively, for the cohort of MDSOs, and subjects with psychotic disorders reoffended significantly later in general offenses. In conclusion, MDSOs with psychotic disorders showed the same recidivism pattern as MDSOs without psychotic disorders. Furthermore, recidivism research may preferably focus on follow-up periods of 5–10 years since most offenders appear to recidivate within this timeframe.
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| 11. |
- Baudin, Christian, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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A Static-99R Validation Study on Individuals With Mental Disorders: 5 to 20 Years of Fixed Follow-Up After Sexual Offenses
- 2021
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 12
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- 'The Static-99R is one of the most commonly used risk assessment instruments for individuals convicted of sexual offenses. It has been validated for use on many populations, but few studies specifically target and describe individuals with mental disorders. Additionally, research on the discriminative properties (how well the instrument separates recidivists from non-recidivists) of the instrument over longer follow-up periods is scarce. This article evaluated the validity of the Static-99R using a cohort of individuals with mental disorders convicted of sexual offenses in Sweden (N = 146) with fixed 5-year (n = 100), 10-year (n = 91), 15-year (n = 79), and 20-year (n = 36) follow-up periods. A Static-99R cut score of 6 demonstrated the highest Youden index, maximizing sensitivity (72.7%) and specificity (74.2%), with 25.8% of recidivists correctly assumed to reoffend sexually and 95.7% of non-recidivists correctly assumed not to. The Static-99R instrument demonstrated adequate discrimination (AUC = 0.79, CI 95% = 0.70-0.87, and OR = 1.45, CI 95% = 1.14-1.84, p < 0.001, 5-year fixed follow-up), with only marginal differences for 10-, 15-, and 20-year fixed follow-up (AUC = 0.73, 0.74, and 0.74 and OR = 1.31, 1.36, and 1.40, respectively). Calibration (quantifying risk and correspondence with the instrument's norms) was acceptable (Brier = 0.088, P/E = 0.70, E/O = 1.43), with the routine sample norms displaying a decisively better fit to the study cohort compared to the high-risk/high-need sample norms. The results affirm the recommendation that, when in doubt and where there is no recent local norm group large enough available, the Static-99R routine sample found in the evaluators' workbook should be used.
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
- Bergström, Annika, 1964, et al.
(författare)
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Books on Screens : Players in the Swedish e-book market
- 2017
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The music and film industries have long come to terms with the digital, and now the traditional printed book is challenged by digital formats. The e-book has become established in most countries, but is still a small part of the book industry. In this book a group of researchers follow the actors involved in the Swedish e-book market, from authors and publishers to libraries, booksellers and readers during 2012-2016. Using surveys, interviews and other sources the main actors were researched and it is shown how they act and react towards the e-book and towards each other. While the main focus in on Sweden as a small language country, several international comparisons are made. Are printed books disappearing soon? How are reading habits changing when the book becomes digital? Which forces are driving radical change and which are holding it back? The book discusses these and related questions and shows that after a period of rapid increase in the production and use of e-books, several factors slow down the rate of adoption, but digitisation of the book is an ongoing process and the current e-book is not the end of the story.
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| 14. |
- Bienert, Gern, 2008, et al.
(författare)
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A subgroup of plant aquaporins facilitate the bi-directional diffusion of As(OH)3 and Sb(OH)3 across membranes
- 2008
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Ingår i: BMC Biology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1741-7007. ; 6:26
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Arsenic is a toxic and highly abundant metalloid that endangers human health through drinking water and the food chain. The most common forms of arsenic in the environment are arsenate (As(V)) and arsenite (As(III)). As(V) is a non-functional phosphate analog that enters the food chain via plant phosphate transporters. Inside cells, As(V) becomes reduced to As(III) for subsequent extrusion or compartmentation. Although much is known about As(III) transport and handling in microbes and mammals, the transport systems for As(III) have not yet been characterized in plants. Results Here we show that the Nodulin26-like Intrinsic Proteins (NIPs) AtNIP5;1 and AtNIP6;1 from Arabidopsis thaliana, OsNIP2;1 and OsNIP3;2 from Oryza sativa, and LjNIP5;1 and LjNIP6;1 from Lotus japonicus are bi-directional As(III) channels. Expression of these NIPs sensitized yeast cells to As(III) and antimonite (Sb(III)), and direct transport assays confirmed their ability to facilitate As(III) transport across cell membranes. On medium containing As(V), expression of the same NIPs improved yeast growth, probably due to increased As(III) efflux. Our data furthermore provide evidence that NIPs can discriminate between highly similar substrates and that they may have differential preferences in the direction of transport. A subgroup of As(III) permeable channels that group together in a phylogenetic tree required N-terminal truncation for functional expression in yeast. Conclusion This is the first molecular identification of plant As(III) transport systems and we propose that metalloid transport through NIPs is a conserved and ancient feature. Our observations are potentially of great importance for improved remediation and tolerance of plants, and may provide a key to the development of low arsenic crops for food production.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
- Bolund Lauenstein, Emma, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Identifying associations between TCI personality dimensions and PCL-R psychopathy facets in young male offenders
- 2019
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Ingår i: The International Academy of Law and Mental Health (IALMH).
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Background: The psychopathy construct includes prominent maladaptive personality traits and behaviors. One of the most widely used instruments to asses this construct is the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised (PCL-R). However, little empirical evidence exists regarding how this construct, according to PCL-R, can be understood in relation to theories of personality. Aim: To examine the relationships between components of psychopathy according to PCL-R, and personality dimensions as defined by Cloninger’s Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI). Method: Young violent incarcerated offenders (n = 270) aged 18-25 years were assessed with both PCL R and TCI. A canonical correlation analysis (CCA), a multivariate analysis model, was used to obtain latent covariation between the four components of psychopathy from PCL-R and the seven personality dimensions of TCI to identify the variables that most strongly contributed to an association between these constructs. Results: The CCA resulted in two pairs of significant canonical variates (Rc2 = 0.32 and 0.17), where the full model was significant, Wilk’s λ = 0.51, F(28, 488.17) = 3.61, p < 0.001, indicating that a substantial proportion (i.e., 49 %) of the shared variance between PCL-R and TCI was explained. Overall the latent shared construct between TCI and PCL-R was construed of the temperament dimension Novelty seeking, and the character dimensions Self-directedness and Cooperativeness, and by the psychopathy facets Interpersonal, Lifestyle and Antisocial. Conclusion: Within the present sample, results suggest strong associations between TCI personality dimensions and psychopathy, indicating that psychopathy is possible to describe in more general personality terms. Moreover, the PCL-R psychopathy concept seemed to be more influenced by character than temperament dimensions, a finding important to investigate in future research since character have emerged as susceptible to influence by psychological interventions.
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| 17. |
- Bolund Lauenstein, Emma, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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PERSONALITY and PSYCHOPATHY – Identifying associations between Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) dimensions and PCL-R psychopathy facets in young male offenders
- 2019
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Ingår i: 13th Nordic Symposium on Forensic Psychiatry.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Personality is a wide concept and how to best capture and describe personality depends on the purpose of the investigation. When to investigate whether an individual has psychopathic features, use of Hare Psychopathic Checklist-Revised (PCL‑R) is common. However, this kind of instrument emphasizes personality traits and socially deviant behaviors which together may form maladaptive characteristics, but leaves other personality traits unspecified. Evidence-based personality assessments recommends to use a comprehensive design, collecting data from multiple theoretical perspectives and data sources to prevent bias and trawling for supporting evidence (Bornstein, 2017). This is especially problematic when it comes to differential diagnosis within personality disorders, due to the considerable overlap of traits between these disorders (Ryder et al., 2007) as well as poor interrater reliability (Kotov et al., 2017). The aim was to investigating the extent of construct overlap between dimensional personality traits according to TCI and psychopathy according to PCL-R among young violent offenders. The study cohort consists of male offenders, aged 18-25 years, convicted for hands-on violent and/or sexual criminality and sentenced to prison in western Sweden between March 2010 and July 2012. The response rate was 71% (n=270, mean age: 22.3 years), and of all these had 148 given valid answers to Cloninger’s Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), while 146had been assessed with the PCL-R. A canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to explore how personality traits (TCI) were related to psychopathic traits (PCL-R) in this sample. The CCA entails three steps: 1) zero-order correlations; 2) unique associations based on regression, and 3) investigating the multivariate shared relationship between the different PCL-R facets and TCI-traits with a CCA. The overlap found in the CCA consisted of four functions, but only two were significant. Since only the first two functions were significant only these were interpreted, and shared approximately 49% of the variance. Function 1. Illustrated a conceptual overlap consisting of being intolerant, selfish and vindictive, being practical, distanced, cold and socially insensitive, as well as having a proneness to violate society’s rules and norms and the propensity for unethical behaviour. Function 2. Illustrated a conceptual overlap consisting of being superficially charming, grandiose, having an inflated ego and being voluble, deceitful and manipulative but also being grounded, strong, determined, purposeful, bold and exploratory. Both temperamental and character dimensions contributed to the observed overlap with psychopathy, of which Harm Avoidance and Novelty Seeking stood out among the former and Cooperativeness and Self-Directedness among the latter. However, compared to the considerably larger overlap found between personality disorders (DSM-IV-TR) and PCL-R facets (89%, see Daver, 2018), the results imply that a broader and not only pathological focus when assessing personality can contribute with important information. The results supports the importance of a broad focus in personality assessments, and to use a dimensional approach when describing personality features. The former can lead to a more complete picture of the assessed person, and the latter to a more versatile interpretation. Together, it can diminish stigma and may open up for more treatment options.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Cloninger, Kevin M., et al.
(författare)
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The Health Effects of Anthropedia’s Well-Being Coaching: A 6-Month Pilot Study Among Long-Term Unemployment Swedish Young Adults
- 2019
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Ingår i: 3rd Biennial International Convention of Psychological Science, Paris, France.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In recent years Sweden had an increased number of asylum seekers entering the country. Asylum seeking can affect the physical and mental health of individuals due to prolonged application processes and waiting times which can lead to inactivity. Physical inactivity is one of the leading risk factors leading to noncommunicable diseases and overall mortality. The Public Health Report Blekinge 2014 states that groups with low socioeconomic status are less likely to be physically active in comparison with groups with a high socioeconomic status. Physical activity contributes to physical and mental well-being, and increases the possibilities for creating social networks as well as being part of the society. The project “Health for Everybody” (Hälsa för Alla) offers physical and cultural activities to approximately 300 refugees who have been granted asylum in the Blekinge region. The activities are conducted with the help of physical trainers, testing staff and community workers. In its current format each group of 20 to 30 refugees is offered training once a week for a 10-week period. The participants’ physical and psychological health and lifestyle habits are measured before and after the program through bioimpedance, physical conditioning tests and self-reports of psychological aspects related to health and lifestyle. We examined the health effects of cultural activities and Well-Being Coaching among long-term unemployed Swedish young adults. While individuals receiving cultural activities only showed a slight decrease in anxiety, those receiving Well-Being Coaching showed significant increases in subjective well-being and decreases in depression, anxiety, and sense of defeat and entrapment.
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| 20. |
- Degl'Innocenti, Alessio, 1961, et al.
(författare)
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First report from the Swedish National Forensic Psychiatric Register (SNFPR)
- 2014
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Ingår i: International Journal of Law and Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0160-2527. ; 37:3, s. 231-237
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To the best of our knowledge, the present register is the only nationwide forensic psychiatric patient register in the world. The aim of this article is to describe the content of the Swedish National Forensic Psychiatric Register (SNFPR) for Swedish forensic patients for the year 2010. The subjects are individuals who, in connection with prosecution due to criminal acts, have been sentenced to compulsory forensic psychiatric treatment in Sweden. The results show that in 2010, 1476 Swedish forensic patients were assessed in the SNFPR; 1251 (85%) were males and 225 (15%) were females. Almost 60% of the patients had a diagnosis of schizophrenia, with a significantly higher frequency among males than females. As many as 70% of the patients had a previous history of outpatient psychiatric treatment before becoming a forensic psychiatric patient, with a mean age at first contact with psychiatric care of about 20 years old for both sexes. More than 63% of the patients had a history of addiction, with a higher proportion of males than females. Furthermore, as many as 38% of all patients committed crimes while under the influence of alcohol and/or illicit drugs. This was more often the case for men than for women. Both male and female patients were primarily sentenced for crimes related to life and death (e.g., murder, assault). However, there were more females than males in treatment for general dangerous crimes (e.g., arson), whereas men were more often prosecuted for crimes related to sex. In 2010, as many as 70% of all forensic patients in Sweden had a prior sentence for a criminal act, and males were prosecuted significantly more often than females. The most commonly prescribed pharmaceuticals for both genders were antipsychotics, although more women than men were prescribed other pharmaceuticals, such as antidepressants, antiepileptics, and anxiolytics. The result from the present study might give clinicians an opportunity to reflect upon and challenge their traditional treatment methods. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 21. |
- Falk, Örjan, et al.
(författare)
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Personality and trait aggression profiles of male and female prison inmates
- 2017
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Ingår i: Psychiatry Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-1781 .- 1872-7123. ; 250, s. 302-307
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gender specific personality profiles in association with the level of aggressive antisocial behavior in offenders have not been previously investigated. In the present study we analyzed data collected from 65 male and 50 female offenders using structured protocols regarding criminal history (by criminal register data), trait aggression (by the Life History of Aggression (LHA) questionnaire), and personality profiles (by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI)). Prison inmates differed significantly on several personality dimensions, most pronouncedly were they characterized with low character maturity (low scores in the Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness dimensions of TCI) when compared to gender and age matched controls of the general population. The majority of offenders scored distinctively high on trait aggression. There were moderate to strong associations between the personality dimensions and each of the subscales of LHA (Aggression, Self-directed Aggression and Antisocial behavior). These associations were stronger in the female offender sample. Trait aggression could be best explained by a model, which included male gender, younger age, high novelty seeking temperament and low character maturity. Our results suggest that therapies aiming at strengthening self-governance and increasing cooperativeness (focusing on character maturity) may alleviate aggressive antisocial behavior in offenders.
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| 22. |
- Forsberg, Anna, et al.
(författare)
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Pre- and postnatal Lactobacillus reuteri treatment alters DNA methylation of infant T helper cells
- 2020
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Ingår i: Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. - : WILEY. - 0905-6157 .- 1399-3038. ; 31:5, s. 544-553
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Perinatal childhood exposures, including probiotic supplementation, may affect epigenetic modifications and impact on immune maturation and allergy development. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of pre- and postnatal Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation on DNA methylation in relation to immune maturation and allergy development. Methods DNA methylation patterns were investigated for allergy-related T helper subsets using a locus-specific method and at a genome-wide scale using the Illumina 450K array. From a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled allergy prevention trial with pre- and postnatal probiotic supplementation, CD4+ T helper cells were obtained at birth (from cord blood), and 12 and 24 months of age (total (placebo/probiotics); locus-specific method: CB = 32 (17/15), 12 months = 24 (9/15), 24 months = 35 (15/20); Illumina: CB = 19 (10/9), 12 months = 10 (6/4), 24 months = 19(11/8)). Results Comparing probiotics to placebo, the greatest genome-wide differential DNA methylation was observed at birth, where the majority of sites were hypomethylated, indicating transcriptional accessibility in the probiotic group. Bioinformatic analyses, including network analyses, revealed a module containing 91 genes, enriched for immune-related pathways such as chemotaxis, PI3K-Akt, MAPK and TGF-beta signalling. A majority of the module genes were associated with atopic manifestations (OR = 1.43, P = 2.4 x 10(-6)), and a classifier built on this model could predict allergy development (AUC = 0.78, P = 3.0 x 10(e-3)). Pathways such as IFN-gamma signalling and T-cell activation were more hypermethylated at birth compared with later in life in both intervention groups over time, in line with DNA methylation patterns in the IFNG locus obtained by the locus-specific methodology. Conclusion Maternal L. reuteri supplementation during pregnancy alters DNA methylation patterns in CD4+ T cells towards enhanced immune activation at birth, which may affect immune maturation and allergy development.
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| 23. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Responsibility and Cooperativeness Are Constrained, Not Determined
- 2014
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Psychology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 1664-1078. ; 5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neurobiological determinism has characterized later decades’ scientific approaches to the notion of free will. Scientists suggest that legal responsibility should be adjusted accordingly. We measured the genetic and environmental effects behind self-reported Self-directedness and Cooperativeness in a nation-wide population-based adolescent twin study. In spite of substantial overall genetic and shared environmental effects on these character scores, individual outcomes in both monozygotic and dizygotic co-twins of probands reporting severe personality problems varied widely into the normal range. Hence, even when constrained by genetic and environmental adversity, self-experienced responsibility and cooperation are not simply genetically determined but, to some extent, malleable.
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| 24. |
- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Temperament and Character in the Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS): Comparison to the General Population, and Genetic Structure Analysis
- 2013
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 8:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The Child and Adolescent Twin Study in Sweden (CATSS) is an on-going, large population-based longitudinal twin study. We aimed (1) to investigate the reliability of two different versions (125-items and 238-items) of Cloninger's Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) used in the CATSS and the validity of extracting the short version from the long version, (2) to compare these personality dimensions between twins and adolescents from the general population, and (3) to investigate the genetic structure of Cloninger's model. Method Reliability and correlation analyses were conducted for both TCI versions, 2,714 CATSS-twins were compared to 631 adolescents from the general population, and the genetic structure was investigated through univariate genetic analyses, using a model-fitting approach with structural equation-modeling techniques based on same-sex twin pairs from the CATSS (423 monozygotic and 408 dizygotic pairs). Results The TCI scores from the short and long versions showed comparable reliability coefficients and were strongly correlated. Twins scored about half a standard deviation higher in the character scales. Three of the four temperament dimensions (Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, and Persistence) had strong genetic and non-shared environmental effects, while Reward Dependence and the three character dimensions had moderate genetic effects, and both shared and non-shared environmental effects. Conclusions Twins showed higher scores in character dimensions compared to adolescents from the general population. At least among adolescents there is a shared environmental influence for all of the character dimensions, but only for one of the temperament dimensions (i.e., Reward Dependence). This specific finding regarding the existence of shared environmental factors behind the character dimensions in adolescence, together with earlier findings showing a small shared environmental effects on character among young adults and no shared environmental effects on character among adults, suggest that there is a shift in type of environmental influence from adolescence to adulthood regarding character.
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- Garcia, Danilo, 1973, et al.
(författare)
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Twins’ and Their Mothers’ Personality: Temperament and Character Clusters
- 2019
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Ingår i: 3rd Biennial International Convention of Psychological Science, May 25-28, Boston.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In a sample of twins and their mothers we found, independent of zygosity, two clusters based on differences in the children’s (in)ability to be cooperative and self-directed and her/his level of reward dependence, together with differences in the mother’s levels of cooperativeness, self-directedness, reward dependence, and harm avoidance.
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