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| 2. |
- Pihl, E., et al.
(författare)
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Ten new insights in climate science 2020- A horizon scan
- 2020
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Ingår i: Global Sustainability. - : Cambridge University Press. - 2059-4798.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Non-technical summary We summarize some of the past year's most important findings within climate change-related research. New research has improved our understanding of Earth's sensitivity to carbon dioxide, finds that permafrost thaw could release more carbon emissions than expected and that the uptake of carbon in tropical ecosystems is weakening. Adverse impacts on human society include increasing water shortages and impacts on mental health. Options for solutions emerge from rethinking economic models, rights-based litigation, strengthened governance systems and a new social contract. The disruption caused by COVID-19 could be seized as an opportunity for positive change, directing economic stimulus towards sustainable investments. Technical summary A synthesis is made of ten fields within climate science where there have been significant advances since mid-2019, through an expert elicitation process with broad disciplinary scope. Findings include: (1) a better understanding of equilibrium climate sensitivity; (2) abrupt thaw as an accelerator of carbon release from permafrost; (3) changes to global and regional land carbon sinks; (4) impacts of climate change on water crises, including equity perspectives; (5) adverse effects on mental health from climate change; (6) immediate effects on climate of the COVID-19 pandemic and requirements for recovery packages to deliver on the Paris Agreement; (7) suggested long-term changes to governance and a social contract to address climate change, learning from the current pandemic, (8) updated positive cost-benefit ratio and new perspectives on the potential for green growth in the short- A nd long-term perspective; (9) urban electrification as a strategy to move towards low-carbon energy systems and (10) rights-based litigation as an increasingly important method to address climate change, with recent clarifications on the legal standing and representation of future generations. Social media summary Stronger permafrost thaw, COVID-19 effects and growing mental health impacts among highlights of latest climate science.
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| 4. |
- Wiedensohler, A., et al.
(författare)
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Mobility particle size spectrometers: harmonization of technical standards and data structure to facilitate high quality long-term observations of atmospheric particle number size distributions
- 2012
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1867-1381 .- 1867-8548. ; 5:3, s. 657-685
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Mobility particle size spectrometers often referred to as DMPS (Differential Mobility Particle Sizers) or SMPS (Scanning Mobility Particle Sizers) have found a wide range of applications in atmospheric aerosol research. However, comparability of measurements conducted world-wide is hampered by lack of generally accepted technical standards and guidelines with respect to the instrumental set-up, measurement mode, data evaluation as well as quality control. Technical standards were developed for a minimum requirement of mobility size spectrometry to perform long-term atmospheric aerosol measurements. Technical recommendations include continuous monitoring of flow rates, temperature, pressure, and relative humidity for the sheath and sample air in the differential mobility analyzer. We compared commercial and custom-made inversion routines to calculate the particle number size distributions from the measured electrical mobility distribution. All inversion routines are comparable within few per cent uncertainty for a given set of raw data. Furthermore, this work summarizes the results from several instrument intercomparison workshops conducted within the European infrastructure project EUSAAR (European Supersites for Atmospheric Aerosol Research) and ACTRIS (Aerosols, Clouds, and Trace gases Research InfraStructure Network) to determine present uncertainties especially of custom-built mobility particle size spectrometers. Under controlled laboratory conditions, the particle number size distributions from 20 to 200 nm determined by mobility particle size spectrometers of different design are within an uncertainty range of around +/- 10% after correcting internal particle losses, while below and above this size range the discrepancies increased. For particles larger than 200 nm, the uncertainty range increased to 30%, which could not be explained. The network reference mobility spectrometers with identical design agreed within +/- 4% in the peak particle number concentration when all settings were done carefully. The consistency of these reference instruments to the total particle number concentration was demonstrated to be less than 5%. Additionally, a new data structure for particle number size distributions was introduced to store and disseminate the data at EMEP (European Monitoring and Evaluation Program). This structure contains three levels: raw data, processed data, and final particle size distributions. Importantly, we recommend reporting raw measurements including all relevant instrument parameters as well as a complete documentation on all data transformation and correction steps. These technical and data structure standards aim to enhance the quality of long-term size distribution measurements, their comparability between different networks and sites, and their transparency and traceability back to raw data.
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| 5. |
- Reddington, C. L., et al.
(författare)
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Primary versus secondary contributions to particle number concentrations in the European boundary layer
- 2011
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Ingår i: Atmospheric Chemistry And Physics. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1680-7316 .- 1680-7324. ; 11:23, s. 12007-12036
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- It is important to understand the relative contribution of primary and secondary particles to regional and global aerosol so that models can attribute aerosol radiative forcing to different sources. In large-scale models, there is considerable uncertainty associated with treatments of particle formation (nucleation) in the boundary layer (BL) and in the size distribution of emitted primary particles, leading to uncertainties in predicted cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations. Here we quantify how primary particle emissions and secondary particle formation influence size-resolved particle number concentrations in the BL using a global aerosol microphysics model and aircraft and ground site observations made during the May 2008 campaign of the European Integrated Project on Aerosol Cloud Climate Air Quality Interactions (EUCAARI). We tested four different parameterisations for BL nucleation and two assumptions for the emission size distribution of anthropogenic and wildfire carbonaceous particles. When we emit carbonaceous particles at small sizes (as recommended by the Aerosol Inter-comparison project, AEROCOM), the spatial distributions of campaign-mean number concentrations of particles with diameter >50 nm (N(50)) and >100 nm (N(100)) were well captured by the model (R(2)>= 0.8) and the normalised mean bias (NMB) was also small (-18% for N(50) and -1% for N(100)). Emission of carbonaceous particles at larger sizes, which we consider to be more realistic for low spatial resolution global models, results in equally good correlation but larger bias (R(2)>= 0.8, NMB = -52% and -29%), which could be partly but not entirely compensated by BL nucleation. Within the uncertainty of the observations and accounting for the uncertainty in the size of emitted primary particles, BL nucleation makes a statistically significant contribution to CCN-sized particles at less than a quarter of the ground sites. Our results show that a major source of uncertainty in CCN-sized particles in polluted European air is the emitted size of primary carbonaceous particles. New information is required not just from direct observations, but also to determine the effective emission size and composition of primary particles appropriate for different resolution models.
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| 6. |
- Tomas, C, et al.
(författare)
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Autosomal SNP typing of forensic samples with the GenPlex (TM) HID System: Results of a collaborative study
- 2011
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Ingår i: Forensic Science International. - : Elsevier. - 1872-4973 .- 1878-0326. ; 5:5, s. 369-375
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The GenPlex (TM) HID System (Applied Biosystems - AB) offers typing of 48 of the 52 SNPforID SNPs and amelogenin. Previous studies have shown a high reproducibility of the GenPlex (TM) HID System using 250500 pg DNA of good quality. An international exercise was performed by 14 laboratories (9 in Europe and 5 in the US) in order to test the robustness and reliability of the GenPlex (TM) HID System on forensic samples. Three samples with partly degraded DNA and 10 samples with low amounts of DNA were analyzed in duplicates using various amounts of DNA. In order to compare the performance of the GenPlex (TM) HID System with the most commonly used STR kits, 500 pg of partly degraded DNA from three samples was typed by the laboratories using one or more STR kits. The median SNP typing success rate was 92.3% with 500 pg of partly degraded DNA. Three of the fourteen laboratories counted for more than two thirds of the locus dropouts. The median percentage of discrepant results was 0.2% with 500 pg degraded DNA. An increasing percentage of locus dropouts and discrepant results were observed when lower amounts of DNA were used. Different success rates were observed for the various SNPs. The rs763869 SNP was the least successful. With the exception of the MiniFiler (TM) kit (AB), GenPlex (TM) HID performed better than five other tested STR kits. When partly degraded DNA was analyzed, GenPlex (TM) HID showed a very low mean mach probability, while all STR kits except MiniFiler (TM) had very limited discriminatory power.
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| 7. |
- Berling, Peter, et al.
(författare)
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Inventory control in production–inventory systems with random yield and rework : The unit-tracking approach
- 2022
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Ingår i: Production and Operations Management. - : Wiley. - 1059-1478 .- 1937-5956. ; 31:6, s. 2628-2645
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper considers a single-stage make-to-stock production–inventory system under random demand and random yield, where defective units are reworked. We examine how to set cost-minimizing production/order quantities in such imperfect systems, which is challenging because a random yield implies an uncertain arrival time of outstanding units and the possibility of them crossing each other in the pipeline. To determine the order/production quantity in each period, we extend the unit-tracking/decomposition approach, taking into account the possibility of order-crossing, which is new to the literature and relevant to other planning problems. The extended unit-tracking/decomposition approach allows us to determine the optimal base-stock level and to formulate the exact and an approximate expression of the per-period cost of a base-stock policy. The same approach is also used to develop a state-dependent ordering policy. The numerical study reveals that our state-dependent policy can reduce inventory-related costs compared to the base-stock policy by up to 6% and compared to an existing approach from the literature by up to 4.5%. From a managerial perspective, the most interesting finding is that a high mean production yield does not necessarily lead to lower expected inventory-related costs. This counterintuitive finding, which can be observed for the most commonly used yield model, is driven by an increased probability that all the units in a batch are either of good or unacceptable quality.
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| 8. |
- Breznau, Nate, et al.
(författare)
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Observing many researchers using the same data and hypothesis reveals a hidden universe of uncertainty
- 2022
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. - : National Academy of Sciences. - 0027-8424 .- 1091-6490. ; 119:44
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study explores how researchers analytical choices affect the reliability of scientific findings. Most discussions of reliability problems in science focus on systematic biases. We broaden the lens to emphasize the idiosyncrasy of conscious and unconscious decisions that researchers make during data analysis. We coordinated 161 researchers in 73 research teams and observed their research decisions as they used the same data to independently test the same prominent social science hypothesis: that greater immigration reduces support for social policies among the public. In this typical case of social science research, research teams reported both widely diverging numerical findings and substantive conclusions despite identical start conditions. Researchers expertise, prior beliefs, and expectations barely predict the wide variation in research outcomes. More than 95% of the total variance in numerical results remains unexplained even after qualitative coding of all identifiable decisions in each teams workflow. This reveals a universe of uncertainty that remains hidden when considering a single study in isolation. The idiosyncratic nature of how researchers results and conclusions varied is a previously underappreciated explanation for why many scientific hypotheses remain contested. These results call for greater epistemic humility and clarity in reporting scientific findings.
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| 9. |
- Chen, DeJiu, et al.
(författare)
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A Model-Based Approach to Qualified Process Automation for Anomaly Detection and Treatment
- 2016
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Ingår i: 21st IEEE International Conference on Emerging Technology & Factory Automation, ETFA 2016. - : IEEE conference proceedings. - 9781509013142
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Modern machineries are becoming complex cyberphysicalsystems with increasingly intelligent support for processautomation. For the dependability and performance, acombination of measures for fault avoidance, robust architecture,and runtime anomaly handling is necessary. These in turn callfor a formalization of knowledge across different system lifecyclestages and a provision of novel methods and tools for qualifiedsystem synthesis and effective risk management. This paperpresents a model-based approach to qualified process automationfor the operation and maintenance of production systems. Thecontribution is centered on the formalizations of a wide range ofsystem concerns, and thereby a consolidation of the rationalebehind the design of run-time process logic in BPMN2.0. Inparticular, the approach allows an integration of formal systemdescriptions, FTA and FEMA based anomaly analysis, andexecutable process models for effective anomaly detection andtreatment. The approach adopts mature modeling methods andtools through EAST-ADL. In this paper, a prototype tool-chainwith MetaEdit+ Domain-Specific Modeling (DSM) Workbench,HiP-HOPS Analysis Tool and Camunda BPM Platform is alsopresented.
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| 10. |
- Dammann, Dyre Oliver, 1985, et al.
(författare)
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Iceberg topography and volume classification using TanDEM-X interferometry
- 2019
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Ingår i: Cryosphere. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1994-0424 .- 1994-0416. ; 13:7, s. 1861-1875
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Icebergs in polar regions affect water salinity, alter marine habitats, and impose serious hazards on maritime operations and navigation. These impacts mainly depend on the iceberg volume, which remains an elusive parameter to measure. We investigate the capability of TanDEM-X bistatic single-pass synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR) to derive iceberg subaerial morphology and infer total volume. We cross-verify InSAR results with Operation IceBridge (OIB) data acquired near Wordie Bay, Antarctica, as part of the OIB/TanDEM-X Antarctic Science Campaign (OTASC). While icebergs are typically classified according to size based on length or maximum height, we develop a new volumetric classification approach for applications where iceberg volume is relevant. For icebergs with heights exceeding 5 m, we find iceberg volumes derived from TanDEM-X and OIB data match within 7 %. We also derive a range of possible iceberg keel depths relevant to grounding and potential impacts on subsea installations. These results suggest that TanDEM-X could pave the way for future single-pass interferometric systems for scientific and operational iceberg mapping and classification based on iceberg volume and keel depth.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Johansson, Lina, et al.
(författare)
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Controlling distribution inventory systems with shipment consolidation and compound Poisson demand
- 2019
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Ingår i: European Journal of Operational Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0377-2217.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We consider a one-warehouse-multiple-retailer inventory system where the retailers face stochastic customer demand, modelled as compound Poisson processes. Deliveries from the central warehouse to groups of retailers are consolidated using a time based shipment consolidation policy. This means that replenishment orders have to wait until a vehicle departures, which increases the lead time for the retailers and therefore also the safety stock. Thus, a trade-off exists between expected shipment costs and holding costs. Our aim is to determine the shipment intervals and the required amount of safety stock for each retailer and the warehouse to minimize total cost, both for backorder costs and fill rate constraints. Previous work has focused on exact solutions which are computationally demanding and not applicable for larger real world problems. The focus of our present work is on the development of computationally attractive heuristics that can be applied in practice. A numerical study shows that the proposed heuristics perform well compared to the exact cost minimizing solutions. We also illustrate that the approaches are appropriate for solving real world problems using data from a large European company.
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| 13. |
- Palesi, Maurizio, et al.
(författare)
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Message from the Chairs
- 2015
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Ingår i: Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Network on Chip Architectures. - : Association for Computing Machinery.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
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