| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Bakardjieva, Maria, et al.
(författare)
-
Digital Citizenship and Activism : Questions of Power and Participation Online
- 2012
-
Ingår i: eJournal of eDemocracy & Open Government. - Krems : Donau Universität. - 2075-9517. ; 4:1, s. i-iv
-
Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The eJournal of eDemocracy and Open Government (JeDEM) is a peer-reviewed, Open Access journal (ISSN: 2075-9517) published twice a year. It addresses theory and practice in the areas of eDemocracy and Open Government as well as eGovernment, eParticipation, and eSociety. JeDEM publishes ongoing and completed research, case studies and project descriptions that are selected after a rigorous blind review by experts in the field.
|
|
| 3. |
- Filimonov, Kirill, et al.
(författare)
-
Picturing the party : Instagram and party campaigning in the 2014 Swedish elections
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Social Media + Society. - : SAGE Publications. - 2056-3051. ; 2:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article explores Swedish parties’ activities on Instagram during the 2014 elections. Understanding party campaign communication as highly strategic, that is, communication to persuade and mobilize voters in order to win the elections, we ask whether Instagram was used to (1) broadcast campaign messages, (2) mobilize supporters, (3) manage the party’s image, and (4) amplify and complement other campaign material (i.e., hybrid campaign use). With this study, we follow previous studies on the use of digital communication platforms in the hands of campaigning political actors, but we direct our attention to a new platform. We conducted a content analysis of 220 party postings on Instagram, collected during the hot phase of the campaign. The result shows that the platform was mainly used for broadcasting rather than for mobilization. The image the parties were presenting leaned toward personalization with a strong presence of top candidates in their postings. Top candidates were primarily displayed in a political/professional context. Finally, half of the analyzed postings showed signs of hybridized campaign practices. The presented findings give a first glimpse on how political parties use and perform on Instagram.
|
|
| 4. |
- Klinger, Ulrike, et al.
(författare)
-
Network Media Logic : Some Conceptual Considerations
- 2016
-
Ingår i: <em>Routledge Companion to Social Media and Politics</em>. - New York : Routledge. - 113886076X ; , s. 23-38
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this chapter we revisit our concept of network media logic and further develop it in relation with political logics. The perspective of network media logic is useful to explain how social media platforms change political communication without resorting to technological determinism or normalization. By relating network media logic to both mass media logics as well as political logics we are able outline how these are distinctly different, while still overlapping in terms of how political communication is produced, distributed and used. In this chapter we pay particular attention to how ideals, commercial imperatives, and technological affordances differ in news mass media and on social media platforms in terms of media production, media distribution and media usage.
|
|
| 5. |
|
|
| 6. |
- Klinger, Ulrike, et al.
(författare)
-
The Emergence of Network Media Logic in Political Communication : A Theoretical Approach
- 2015
-
Ingår i: New Media and Society. - : SAGE Publications. - 1461-4448 .- 1461-7315. ; 17:8, s. 1241-1257
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article we propose a concept of network media logic in order to discuss how online social media platforms change political communication without resorting to technological determinism or normalization. We argue that social media platforms operate with a distinctly different logic from that of traditional mass media, though overlapping with it. This is leading to different ways of producing content, distributing information and using media. By discussing the differences between traditional mass media and social media platforms in terms of production, consumption and use, we carve out the central elements of network media logic – that is, the rules/format of communication on social media platforms – and some consequences for political communication.
|
|
| 7. |
- Klinger, Ulrike, et al.
(författare)
-
The power of code : women and the making of the digital world
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Information, Communication and Society. - : Routledge. - 1369-118X .- 1468-4462. ; 24:14, s. 2075-2090
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Most research on gender and digital communication centers on how women use digital media, how they participate online, or how they are treated in online forums and social media. This article, in contrast, approaches gender from a behind the screen perspective. How algorithms and platforms are created, designed, and maintained, the affordances they provide for users and how they govern the ways users communicate with each other, has a major impact on digital communication. However, it is mostly men who create these technologies. Our study approaches technologies as socio-cultural, departing from the concept of network media logic. Empirically, it is based on (1) the review of a diverse body of literature from the history of programming, professional sociology, and computer science and documents such as the diversity reports from tech giants, as well as on (2) 64 semi-structured expert interviews conducted with male and female programmers in seven countries over a time-period of four years. Results show that the gender gap continues to run deep. We report results in four dimensions: professional culture, pervasive stereotypes, lack of role models and typical career paths.
|
|
| 8. |
|
|
| 9. |
- Klinger, Ulrike, et al.
(författare)
-
Vernetzung als Problem : Social Media in der Politik
- 2014
-
Ingår i: European Journalism Observatory. ; Dezember:16
-
Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract
- Politiker und politische Parteien interessieren sich sehr dafür, das Internet und speziell soziale Netzwerke für ihre Kommunikation einzusetzen. Obwohl bislang unklar bleibt, wie viele zusätzliche Stimmen sich über Facebook, Twitter & Co gewinnen lassen, bieten diese Anwendungen ein großes Potential für Dialog, Image-Management und die gezielte Ansprache von potentiellen Wählern. Vor diesem Hintergrund scheint es zunächst überraschend, dass sich politische Akteure im Umgang mit Social Media so schwer tun. Empirische Studien belegen, dass Social Media, wenn überhaupt, zumeist als weiterer Kanal für einseitige Information eingesetzt werden. Dagegen findet kaum wirkliche Interaktion mit den Bürgern statt und ein großer Teil ihres Potentials bleibt ungenutzt.
|
|
| 10. |
- Larsson, Anders Olof, et al.
(författare)
-
Politicians online : Identifying current research opportunities
- 2014
-
Ingår i: First Monday. - : University of Illinois Libraries. - 1396-0466. ; 19:4
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- For more than a decade, researchers have shown interest in how politicians make use of the Internet for a variety of purposes. Based on critical assessments of previous online political communication scholarship, this paper identifies a series of overlooked areas of research that should be of interest for researchers concerned with how politicians make use of online technologies. Specifically, three such research opportunities are introduced. First, we suggest that research should attempt to move beyond dichotomization, such as conceiving of the Internet as either bringing about revolutionary changes or having a normalizing effect. Second, while there is a considerable body of knowledge regarding the activity of politicians during election campaigns, relatively little is known about the day–to–day communicative uses of the Internet at the hands of politicians. The third section argues that as political communication research has typically focused on national or international levels of study, scholars within the field should also make efforts to contribute to our knowledge of online practices at the hands of politicians at regional and local levels — something we label as studies at the micro level. In synthesizing the literature available regarding the use of the Internet at the hands of politicians, the paper concludes suggesting routes ahead for interested scholars.
|
|
| 11. |
- Lindqvist, Jakob, 1992, et al.
(författare)
-
A General Framework for Ensemble Distribution Distillation
- 2020
-
Ingår i: 2020 IEEE 30th International Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing (MLSP). - : IEEE. - 9781728166629 ; 2020-September
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Ensembles of neural networks have shown to give better predictive performance and more reliable uncertainty estimates than individual networks. Additionally, ensembles allow the uncertainty to be decomposed into aleatoric (data) and epistemic (model) components, giving a more complete picture of the predictive uncertainty. Ensemble distillation is the process of compressing an ensemble into a single model, often resulting in a leaner model that still outperforms the individual ensemble members. Unfortunately, standard distillation erases the natural uncertainty decomposition of the ensemble. We present a general framework for distilling both regression and classification ensembles in a way that preserves the decomposition. We demonstrate the desired behaviour of our framework and show that its predictive performance is on par with standard distillation.
|
|
| 12. |
- Lindqvist, Jakob, 1992, et al.
(författare)
-
Generalised Active Learning With Annotation Quality Selection
- 2023
-
Ingår i: IEEE International Workshop on Machine Learning for Signal Processing, MLSP. - 2161-0371 .- 2161-0363. ; 2023-September
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this paper we promote a general formulation of active learning (AL), wherein the typically binary decision to annotate a point or not is extended to selecting the qualities with which the points should be annotated. By linking the annotation quality to the cost of acquiring the label, we can trade a lower quality for a larger set of training samples, which may improve learning for the same annotation cost. To investigate this AL formulation, we introduce a concrete criterion, based on the mutual information (MI) between model parameters and noisy labels, for selecting annotation qualities for the entire dataset, before any labels are acquired. We illustrate the usefulness of our formulation with examples for both classification and regression and find that MI is a good candidate for a criterion, but its complexity limits its usefulness.
|
|
| 13. |
|
|
| 14. |
- Neumayer, Christina, et al.
(författare)
-
Activism and radical politics in the digital age : Towards a typology
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Convergence. The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies. - : SAGE Publications. - 1354-8565 .- 1748-7382. ; 22:2, s. 131-146
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article aims to develop a typology for evaluating different types of activism in the digital age, based on the ideal of radical democracy. Departing from this ideal, activism is approached in terms of processes of identification by establishing conflictual frontiers to outside Others as either adversaries or enemies. On the basis of these discussions, we outline a typology of four kinds of activists: the salon activist, the contentious activist, the law-abiding activist, and the Gandhian activist. The typology’s first axis, between antagonism and agonism, is derived from normative discussions in radical democracy concerning developing frontiers. The second axis, about readiness to engage in civil disobedience, is derived from a review of studies of different forms of online activism. The article concludes by suggesting that the different forms of political engagement online have to be taken into account when studying how online activism can contribute to social change.
|
|
| 15. |
- Olmin, Amanda, 1994-, et al.
(författare)
-
Active Learning with Weak Supervision for Gaussian Processes
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Communications in Computer and Information Science. - Singapore : Springer Nature. - 1865-0937 .- 1865-0929. ; 1792 CCIS, s. 195-204
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Annotating data for supervised learning can be costly. When the annotation budget is limited, active learning can be used to select and annotate those observations that are likely to give the most gain in model performance. We propose an active learning algorithm that, in addition to selecting which observation to annotate, selects the precision of the annotation that is acquired. Assuming that annotations with low precision are cheaper to obtain, this allows the model to explore a larger part of the input space, with the same annotation budget. We build our acquisition function on the previously proposed BALD objective for Gaussian Processes, and empirically demonstrate the gains of being able to adjust the annotation precision in the active learning loop.
|
|
| 16. |
|
|
| 17. |
|
|
| 18. |
-
Promoting social change through Infirmation Technology
- 2015
-
Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (refereegranskat)abstract
- PREFACEInformation and Communication Technology (ICT) has become an integral part of our daily life and correspondingly information technology finds a variety of applications in the planning, implementation and monitoring of several social development programs and projects. It is becoming among the most prevalent tools for international development and social change, including opening up new arenas for civic participation and protest in countries as diverse as Egypt (see chapter five), Spain (see chapter six), China (see chapter seven) and Russia (see chapter eight). It is to this development that the present volume speaks. In particular, we ask whether and what contextual circumstances are important for ICTs in promoting democracy and social change.The background to this subject matter can be found in the phenomenal increase of ICTs worldwide, not only in the West. Nowadays, when citizens around the Globe want to voice their opinions, define their political identities and change their life situations, they increasingly do so by using online platforms, mobile telephones and other information technologies. To start, the rise and spread of the Internet has been remarkable. The number of users has increased from 40 million in 1995 to 2,7 billion in 2013 according to ITU (International Telecommunication Union). This represents approximately 40 per cent of the world population. However, the Internet is surpassed another ICT here, the mobile telephone. Mobile cellular subscriptions reached more than 95 per cent of the world population (as per ITU data from 2014). Important to notice here, the rate of increase in penetration of the mobile phones has been higher in so-called developing countries rather than in so-called developed counties (as highlighted in chapter two). While the Internet is yet to achieve the same reach as mobile telephony, it is worth to mention the very fast increase in the use of so-called smart handheld devises in countries like India during the last couple of years is making it increasingly difficult to separate the two (Internet and Mobile Phone Devices). Indeed, mobile phone adoption probably will pave the way for digital connectivity, both through smart phones as well as through broadband connection via the mobile phone. For example, even though Internet connectivity is rather low among the citizens in East Africa, the ones who do get connected to the World Wide Web mostly use mobile and wireless broadband. This suggests that developing regions probably will leapfrog the fixed (cable/ fiber) broadband phase countries in the West have been through. This increase and social integration of ICTs around the Globe serves as a point of departure for chapters in this volume.It has been argued that the rise of ICTs is among the most important developments of the century, changing the ways societies function as well as its relations of power. The spread and diversity of ICTs together with their equally diverse applications in different domains of human life are posing a range of questions at every moment. Researchers around the Globe are working to take-up these questions and challenges. It is especially the raised expectations of democracy and social change that has accompanied this increase of ICTs worldwide that we want to address in this volume. The question on the potentials of ICTs to promote democracy and social change has sparked a debate between what is often labelled as techno-optimists and techno-pessimists. This debate is partly addressed in chapter three of the volume. But since this is perhaps the major dividing line of studies in ICTs, democracy and social change – it deserves a further mention here, as a background to the subject matter as well as to discern how the present volume relates to this debate.As always, whenever a new media technology is introduced, hopes and expectations (as well as outrage) are raised and invested into practices of this new media technology. Surely the emerging communication landscapes exhibit exciting possibilities for political discussion, protest mobilization and organization, offering citizens new channels for voicing concerns, speaking and acting together (participation in other words). The popular uprisings in the MENA (Middle East and North Africa) region have provided us with examples of how information circulation using online platforms can induce processes of democratization and political developments (see chapter five in this volume). Hence, the more techno-optimist stand of researchers and practitioners has argued that the long-raging debate over the potential of the digital technology, so- called “new” or “social” media and mobile telephony to invigorate citizens’ participation in a democracy and promote social change, is not a matter of speculation anymore. In particular, they argue that these ICTs lower the threshold for political participation and social change all over the world.Still there are many questions around the claim of ICTs as tools for democratic participation and social change. Most of the uprisings in the MENA region failed (in terms of that democracy has not yet been achieved, apart from Tunisia). Furthermore, it has been argued that labelling these uprisings as Twitter or Facebook revolutions is both uncritical and ignorant of the real dynamics behind theses uprisings. Indeed, even though we have access today to numerous examples of the use of the digital technology and mobile phones for democratic participation and social change, very few democratic movements and social change projects have succeed through ICTs alone.Alongside with high-profile protests and so-called “social media revolutions”, research in the field has also revolved around less conspicuously, and perhaps more mundane, E-Government/ E-Services projects, offering access to asserted citizen centric services and improved processing of government-to-citizen transactions. Addressing the subject matter of ICTs democracy and social change these more mundane government uses of ICTs are also of interest to us in this book. Here, optimists argue that ICTs have emerged as powerful tools for reaching to the ever-increasing information demands of our contemporary societies. Indeed, governments across the Globe – from countries like India (see chapter nine) to countries like Australia (see chapter ten) –are increasingly focusing on such projects and many success stories have been accounted for in the academic literature of remarkable developments of E-Government services in the last five years. On the other hand, more pessimistic voices have been raised in regards to E-Government and E-Services in relation to issues of surveillance and data privacy in light of Edward Snowden’s revelation of United States NSA (National Security Agency) massive data collection of private citizens. In this volume, the issue of surveillance (video surveillance in particular) is addressed in chapter four. Here we also need to mention that consumerism and corporate ownership of information technologies and so-called social media platforms have also raised concerns of whether users communication practices are capitalized on by non-accountable commercial enterprises (to some extent addressed in chapter three).Hence, on the one hand we are witnessing that increased access to ICTs has resulted in an array of new uses, innovative designs, practices and strategies often accompanied by success stories of democratic development and social change both in small and large scale. On the other hand, we are still groping in the dark when it comes to understanding the place of the ICTs in the shifting landscapes of democracy, government practices and social welfare around the Globe. We therefore invited scholarly research to shed light on these issues. In particular, we wanted to include two issues in relation to this long-raging debate between pessimists and optimist: 1) a focus on contextual matters and 2) research and researchers with a background in the global south. This is also how we situate this volume in the debate between techno-optimists and techno-pessimists. We contribute to the debate on how democracy and social change may be promoted through ICTs by 1) providing case studies in which contextual factors are highlighted and 2), by including studies and authors from four different continents (Africa, Asia, Australia and Europe). We are thus able to provide a broader perspective on the subject matter.Hence, the chapters in this volume provide examples of more optimist as well as more pessimist discourses on the roles of ICTs for promoting democracy and social change. We as editors have not wanted to put our foot down in this debate; we leave it to the reader to evaluate the benefits and constraints of ICTs in the contexts within which these chapters are written. As such this volume will serve very well as material for discussion in class as well as in study-circles. Indeed, the picture is often more complicated than fervent techno-optimists or techno-pessimists claim. The very different contexts within which ICTs are used and appropriated today make it difficult to generalize on an overall positive or negative “effect” of a communication platform and a technological practice. Therefore, we have asked the authors to rather focus on the contexts within which their cases are set. We strongly believe it is out of the contexts and cultures that ICTs are used and appropriated that they are best evaluated.We have also put explicit emphasis to include non-Western contexts and voices. As such, this volume taps into research in the field of ICT4D (Information and Communication Technology for Development). Development agencies and governments have started to take interest in the use of ICTs to further democracy also in so-called developing regions. Indeed, the field of ICT4D has also been informed by the increase of ICTs around the Globe. Examples tha
|
|
| 19. |
|
|
| 20. |
- Rosales, Andrea, et al.
(författare)
-
Afrontant l’exclusió per edat a les empreses de tecnologia
- 2020
-
Ingår i: COMeIN: Revista de los Estudios de la Información y de la Comunicación. - Barcelona : Universitat Oberta de Catalunya. - 2014-2226. ; :105
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Hay muchos desafíos con la dataficación de las sociedades contemporáneas. Uno de ellos son los sesgos de diseño de los algoritmos que usan las plataformas digitales. Otro desafío se refiere a los sesgos de los datos que los algoritmos usan para tomar decisiones automatizadas y cómo se usan estas. Tanto el diseño algorítmico como los datos refuerzan la discriminación de los colectivos menos favorecidos, y particularmente de las personas mayores.
|
|
| 21. |
- Rosales, Andrea, et al.
(författare)
-
Digital Ageism : How it operates and approaches to tackling it
- 2023
-
Bok (refereegranskat)abstract
- This anthology contributes to creating awareness on how digital ageism operates in relation to the widely spread symbolic representations of old and young age around digital technologies, the (lack of) representation of diverse older individuals in the design, development, and marketing of digital technologies and in the actual algorithms and datasets that constitute them. It also shows how individuals and institutions deal with digital ageism in everyday life.In the past decades, digital technologies permeated most aspects of everyday life. With a focus on how age is represented and experienced in relation to digital technologies leading to digital ageism, digitalisation’s reinforcement of spirals of exclusion and loss of autonomy of some collectives is explored, when it could be natural for a great part of society and represent a sort of improvement.The book addresses social science students and scholars interested in everyday digital technologies, society and the power struggles about it, providing insights from different parts of the globe. By using different methods and touching upon different aspects of digital ageism and how it plays out in contemporary connected data societies, this volume will raise awareness, challenge power, initiate discussions and spur further research into this field.
|
|
| 22. |
- Rosales, Andrea, et al.
(författare)
-
Digital Ageism in Data Societies
- 2023
-
Ingår i: Digital Ageism. - : Routledge. - 9781003323686 - 9781032271538 ; , s. 1-17
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In data societies, as everyday activities are mediated by digital technologies, individuals are thrown into a digital existence, even if they are not aware of their digital interactions. Digital technologies are not value-free or unbiased. Contemporary discourses about digital natives and late adopters contribute to reinforcing negative stereotypes about older users of digital technologies and influence the design, development, marketing and usage of digital technologies. Such discourses disregard how digital trajectories and personal circumstances influence media use in all stages of everyday life. Hence, occasional digital technology users, and older adults in particular, stand a higher risk of exclusion and loss of autonomy. In this chapter, we briefly introduce ageism and digital ageism in data societies, definitions and previous research as a background and introduction to the following chapters. Our aim is to underline how socio-technical and cultural analyses may contribute to raising awareness about digital ageism in data societies. Only by initiating a discussion may existing power relationships be challenged and contemporary inequalities understood.
|
|
| 23. |
- Rosales, Andrea, et al.
(författare)
-
Perceptions of age in contemporary tech
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Nordicom Review. - : Sciendo. - 1403-1108 .- 2001-5119. ; 42:1, s. 79-91
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This article attends to age stereotypes and ageism in contemporary tech. In academia, little attention has been devoted to this topic. Therefore, we intend to initiate a discussion around ageism in tech by studying perceptions of age in the tech industry. Our study is based on interviews with 18 tech workers around the world of varying age. According to our interviewees, tech workers over 35 are considered old in the tech industry. Older tech workers are expected to become managers, thought to become less interested in new technology, and expected to have more challenges when learning new software. We also look at how tech workers of different age groups experience entrepreneurial values of the company as a playground, staying hungry, and changing the future with technology, and how these values influence their professional careers. We conclude that ageism is reinforced in contemporary tech through several stereotypes related to age.
|
|
| 24. |
|
|
| 25. |
- Russmann, Uta, et al.
(författare)
-
No Interaction on Instagram : Political Parties Use of Instagram in the 2014 Swedish Election Campaign
- 2020
-
Ingår i: <em>Recent Developments in Internet Activism and Political Participation</em>. - Hershey, Pennsylvania : IGI Global. - 9781799847960 - 9781799847977
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This chapter addresses a neglected issue within the field of social media and political communication. It focuses on interaction processes on Instagram asking how political parties used Instagram – a platform that is centered around images – when engaging in interaction with their followers on the platform. The focuses is on political parties’ use of Instagram in the 2014 Swedish national election campaign. This gives an impression of the first attempts of political parties’ use of this communication platform. The quantitative content analysis focuses on Instagram images including their captions and comments (posts) that Swedish parties published four weeks prior to Election Day. The results suggest that not much changes on Instagram compared to other social media platforms: Swedish political parties hardly used Instagram to interact with their followers and the very few interactions taking place did not contribute to the exchange of relevant and substantive information about politics. Interaction and deliberation is also not enhanced by the images.
|
|
