| 1. |
- Borisov, Vladislav, et al.
(författare)
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Tuning skyrmions in B20 compounds by 4d and 5d doping
- 2022
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Ingår i: Physical Review Materials. - : American Physical Society (APS). - 2475-9953. ; 6:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Skyrmion stabilization in novel magnetic systems with the B20 crystal structure is reported here, primarily based on theoretical results. The focus is on the effect of alloying on the 3d sublattice of the B20 structure by substitution of heavier 4d and 5d elements, with the ambition to tune the spin-orbit coupling and its influence on magnetic interactions. State-of-the-art methods based on density functional theory are used to calculate both isotropic and anisotropic exchange interactions. Significant enhancement of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction is reported for 5d-doped FeSi and CoSi, accompanied by a large modification of the spin stiffness and spiralization. Micromagnetic simulations coupled to atomistic spin-dynamics and ab initio magnetic interactions reveal the spin-spiral nature of the magnetic ground state and field-induced skyrmions for all these systems. Especially small skyrmions similar to 50 nm are predicted for Co0.75Os0.25Si, compared to similar to 148 nm for Fe0.75Co0.25Si. Convex-hull analysis suggests that all B20 compounds considered here are structurally stable at elevated temperatures and should be possible to synthesize. This prediction is confirmed experimentally by synthesis and structural analysis of the Ru-doped CoSi systems discussed here, both in powder and in single-crystal forms.
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| 2. |
- Camisasca, Gaia, et al.
(författare)
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Radial distribution functions of water : Models vs experiments
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 151:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We study the temperature behavior of the first four peaks of the oxygen-oxygen radial distribution function of water, simulated by the TIP4P/2005, MB-pol, TIP5P, and SPC/E models and compare to experimental X-ray diffraction data, including a new measurement which extends down to 235 K [H. Pathak et al., J. Chem. Phys. 150, 224506 (2019)]. We find the overall best agreement using the MB-pol and TIP4P/2005 models. We observe, upon cooling, a minimum in the position of the second shell simulated with TIP4P/2005 and SPC/E potentials, located close to the temperature of maximum density. We also calculated the two-body entropy and the contributions coming from the first, second, and outer shells to this quantity. We show that, even if the main contribution comes from the first shell, the contribution of the second shell can become important at low temperature. While real water appears to be less ordered at short distance than obtained by any of the potentials, the different water potentials show more or less order compared to the experiments depending on the considered length-scale.
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| 3. |
- Camisasca, Gaia, et al.
(författare)
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Translational and rotational dynamics of high and low density TIP4P/2005 water
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AMER INST PHYSICS. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 150:22
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use molecular dynamics simulations using TIP4P/2005 to investigate the self- and distinct-van Hove functions for different local environments of water, classified using the local structure index as an order parameter. The orientational dynamics were studied through the calculation of the time-correlation functions of different-order Legendre polynomials in the OH-bond unit vector. We found that the translational and orientational dynamics are slower for molecules in a low-density local environment and correspondingly the mobility is enhanced upon increasing the local density, consistent with some previous works, but opposite to a recent study on the van Hove function. From the analysis of the distinct dynamics, we find that the second and fourth peaks of the radial distribution function, previously identified as low density-like arrangements, show long persistence in time. The analysis of the time-dependent interparticle distance between the central molecule and the first coordination shell shows that particle identity persists longer than distinct van Hove correlations. The motion of two first-nearest-neighbor molecules thus remains coupled even when this correlation function has been completely decayed. With respect to the orientational dynamics, we show that correlation functions of molecules in a low-density environment decay exponentially, while molecules in a local high-density environment exhibit bi-exponential decay, indicating that dynamic heterogeneity of water is associated with the heterogeneity among high-density and between high-density and low-density species. This bi-exponential behavior is associated with the existence of interstitial waters and the collapse of the second coordination sphere in high-density arrangements, but not with H-bond strength.
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| 4. |
- Cisneros, Gerardo Andres, et al.
(författare)
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Modeling Molecular Interactions in Water : From Pairwise to Many Body Potential Energy Functions
- 2016
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Ingår i: Chemical Reviews. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0009-2665 .- 1520-6890. ; 116:13, s. 7501-7528
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Almost 50 years have passed from the first computer simulations of water, and a large number of molecular models have been proposed since then to elucidate the unique behavior of water across different phases. In this article, we review the recent progress in the development of analytical potential energy functions that aim at correctly representing many-body effects. Starting from the many-body expansion of the interaction energy, specific focus is on different classes of potential energy functions built upon a hierarchy of approximations and on their ability to accurately reproduce reference data obtained from state-of-the-art electronic structure calculations and experimental measurements. We show that most recent potential energy functions, which include explicit short-range representations of two-body and three-body effects along with a physically correct description of many-body effects at all distances, predict the properties of water from the gas to the condensed phase with unprecedented accuracy, thus opening the door to the long-sought universal model capable of describing the behavior of water under different conditions and in different environments.
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| 5. |
- Friebel, Daniel, et al.
(författare)
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In situ x-ray probing reveals the importance of surface platinum oxide formation in fuel cell catalysis
- 2011
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Ingår i: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1463-9076 .- 1463-9084. ; 13:1, s. 262-266
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at the Pt L3 edge is a useful probe for Pt–O interactions at polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) cathodes. We show that XAS using the high energy resolution fluorescence detection (HERFD) mode, applied to a well-defined monolayer Pt/Rh(111) sample where the bulk penetrating hard X-rays probe only surface Pt atoms, provides a unique sensitivity to structure and chemical bonding at the Pt-electrolyte interface. Ab initio multiple-scattering calculations using the FEFF code and complementary extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) results indicate that the commonly observed large increase of the white-line at high electrochemical potentials on PEMFC cathodes originates from platinum oxide formation, whereas previously proposed chemisorbed oxygen-containing species merely give rise to subtle spectral changes.
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| 6. |
- Harada, Yoshihisa, et al.
(författare)
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Selective Probing of the OH or OD Stretch Vibration in Liquid Water Using Resonant Inelastic Soft-X-Ray Scattering
- 2013
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 111:19, s. 193001-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- High-resolution O 1s resonant inelastic x-ray scattering spectra of liquid H2O, D2O, and HDO, obtained by excitation near the preedge resonance show, in the elastic line region, well-separated multiple vibrational structures corresponding to the internal OH stretch vibration in the ground state of water. The energy of the first-order vibrational excitation is strongly blueshifted with respect to the main band in the infrared or Raman spectra of water, indicating that water molecules with a highly weakened or broken donating hydrogen bond are correlated with the preedge structure in the x-ray absorption spectrum. The vibrational profile of preedge excited HDO water is well fitted with 50% +/- 20% greater OH-stretch contribution compared to OD, which strongly supports a preference for OH being the weakened or broken H-bond in agreement with the well-known picture that D2O makes stronger H-bonds than H2O. Accompanying path-integral molecular dynamics simulations show that this is particularly the case for strongly asymmetrically H-bonded molecules, i.e., those that are selected by preedge excitation.
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| 7. |
- Huang, Congcong, et al.
(författare)
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Increasing correlation length in bulk supercooled H2O, D2O and NaCl solution determined from small angle x-ray scattering
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 133:13, s. 134504-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using small angle x-ray scattering, we find that the correlation length of bulk liq. water shows a steep increase as temp. decreases at subzero temps. (supercooling) and that it can, similar to the thermodn. response functions, be fitted to a power law. This indicates that the anomalous properties of water are attributable to fluctuations between low- and high-d. regions with rapidly growing av. size upon supercooling. The substitution of H2O with D2O, as well as the addn. of NaCl salt, leads to substantial changes of the power law behavior of the correlation length. Our results are consistent with the proposed existence of a liq.-liq. crit. point in the deeply supercooled region but do not exclude a singularity-free model
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Huang, Congcong, et al.
(författare)
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Wide-angle X-ray diffraction and molecular dynamics study of medium-range order in ambient and hot water
- 2011
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Ingår i: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1463-9076 .- 1463-9084. ; 13:44, s. 19997-20007
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We have developed wide-angle X-ray diffraction measurements with high energy-resolution and accuracy to study water structure at three different temperatures (7, 25 and 66 degrees C) under normal pressure. Using a spherically curved Ge crystal an energy resolution better than 15 eV has been achieved which eliminates influence from Compton scattering. The high quality of the data allows for a reliable Fourier transform of the experimental data resolving shell structure out to similar to 12 angstrom, i.e. 5 hydration shells. Large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using the TIP4P/2005 force-field reproduce excellently the experimental shell-structure in the range 4-12 angstrom although less agreement is seen for the first peak in the intermolecular pair-correlation function (PCF). The Shiratani-Sasai Local Structure Index [J. Chem. Phys. 104, 7671 (1996)] identifies a tetrahedral minority giving the intermediate-range oscillations in the O-O PCF and a disordered majority providing a more featureless background in this range. The current study supports the proposal that the structure of liquid water, even at high temperatures, can be described in terms of a two-state fluctuation model involving local structures related to the high-density and low-density forms of liquid water postulated in the liquid-liquid phase transition hypothesis.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
- Leetmaa, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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Diffraction and IR/Raman Data do not Prove Tetrahedral Water
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 129:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use the reverse Monte Carlo modeling technique to fit two extreme structure models for water to available x-ray and neutron diffraction data in q space as well as to the electric field distribution as a representation of the OH stretch Raman spectrum of dilue HOD in D2O; the internal geometries were fitted to a quantum distribution. Forcing the fit to maximize the number of hydrogen (H) bonds results in a tetrahedral model with 74% double H-bond donors (DD) and 21% single donors (SD). Maximizing instead the number of SD species gives 81% SD and 18% DD, while still reproducing the experimental data and losing only 0.7–1.8 kJ/mole interaction energy. By decomposing the simulated Raman spectrum we can relate the models to the observed ultrafast frequency shifts in recent pump-probe measurements. Within the tetrahedral DD structure model the assumed connection between spectrum position and H-bonding indicates ultrafast dynamics in terms of breaking and reforming H bonds while in the strongly distorted model the observed frequency shifts do not necessarily imply H-bond changes. Both pictures are equally valid based on present diffraction and vibrational experimental data. There is thus no strict proof of tetrahedral water based on these data. We also note that the tetrahedral structure model must, to fit diffraction data, be less structured than most models obtained from molecular dynamics simulations.
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| 12. |
- Leetmaa, Mikael, et al.
(författare)
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SpecSwap-RMC : A novel reverse Monte Carlo approach using a discrete set of local configurations and pre-computed properties
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Physics. - : IOP Publishing. - 0953-8984 .- 1361-648X. ; 22:13, s. 135001-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a novel approach to reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) modeling, SpecSwap-RMC, specifically applicable to structure modeling based on properties that require significant computer time to evaluate. In this approach pre-computed property data from a discrete set of local configurations are used and the configuration space is expressed in this basis. Atomistic moves are replaced with swap moves of contributions to a sample set representing the state of the simulated system. We demonstrate the approach by fitting jointly and separately the EXAFS signal and x-ray absorption spectrum (XAS) of ice Ih using a SpecSwap sample set of 80 configurations from a library of 1382 local structures with associated pre-computed spectra. As an additional demonstration we compare SpecSwap and FEFFIT fits of EXAFS data on crystalline copper, finding excellent agreement. SpecSwap-RMC thus extends RMC structure modeling to any property that can be computed from a structure irrespective of computational expense, but at the cost of a reduced configuration space. The method is general enough that it can be applied to any sets of computed properties, not necessarily limited to structure determination.
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| 13. |
- Pathak, Harshad, et al.
(författare)
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The structural validity of various thermodynamical models of supercooled water
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : American Institute of Physics (AIP). - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 145:13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The thermodynamic response functions of water exhibit an anomalous increase upon cooling that becomes strongly amplified in the deeply supercooled regime due to structural fluctuations between disordered and tetrahedral local structures. Here, we compare structural data from recent x-ray laser scattering measurements of water at 1 bar and temperatures down to 227 K with structural properties computed for several different water models using molecular dynamics simulations. Based on this comparison, we critically evaluate four different thermodynamic scenarios that have been invoked to explain the unusual behavior of water. The critical point-free model predicts small variations in the tetrahedrality with decreasing temperature, followed by a stepwise change at the liquid-liquid transition around 228 K at ambient pressure. This scenario is not consistent with the experimental data that instead show a smooth and accelerated variation in structure from 320 to 227 K. Both the singularity-free model and ice coarsening hypothesis give trends that indirectly indicate an increase in tetrahedral structure with temperature that is too weak to be consistent with experiment. A model that includes an apparent divergent point (ADP) at high positive pressure, however, predicts structural development consistent with our experimental measurements. The terminology ADP, instead of the commonly used liquid-liquid critical point, is more general in that it focuses on the growing fluctuations, whether or not they result in true criticality. Extrapolating this model beyond the experimental data, we estimate that an ADP in real water may lie around 1500 ± 250 bars and 190 ± 6 K.
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| 14. |
- Perakis, Fivos, et al.
(författare)
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Coherent X-rays reveal the influence of cage effects on ultrafast water dynamics
- 2018
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dynamics of liquid water feature a variety of time scales, ranging from extremely fast ballistic-like thermal motion, to slower molecular diffusion and hydrogen-bond rearrangements. Here, we utilize coherent X-ray pulses to investigate the sub-100 fs equilibrium dynamics of water from ambient conditions down to supercooled temperatures. This novel approach utilizes the inherent capability of X-ray speckle visibility spectroscopy to measure equilibrium intermolecular dynamics with lengthscale selectivity, by measuring oxygen motion in momentum space. The observed decay of the speckle contrast at the first diffraction peak, which reflects tetrahedral coordination, is attributed to motion on a molecular scale within the first 120 fs. Through comparison with molecular dynamics simulations, we conclude that the slowing down upon cooling from 328 K down to 253 K is not due to simple thermal ballistic-like motion, but that cage effects play an important role even on timescales over 25 fs due to hydrogen-bonding.
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Sellberg, Jonas A., et al.
(författare)
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Ultrafast X-ray probing of water structure below the homogeneous ice nucleation temperature
- 2014
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0028-0836 .- 1476-4687. ; 510:7505, s. 381-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Water has a number of anomalous physical properties, and some of these become drastically enhanced on supercooling below the freezing point. Particular interest has focused on thermodynamic response functions that can be described using a normal component and an anomalous component that seems to diverge at about 228 kelvin (refs 1-3). This has prompted debate about conflicting theories(4-12) that aim to explain many of the anomalous thermodynamic properties of water. One popular theory attributes the divergence to a phase transition between two forms of liquid water occurring in the 'no man's land' that lies below the homogeneous ice nucleation temperature (T-H) at approximately 232 kelvin(13) and above about 160 kelvin(14), and where rapid ice crystallization has prevented any measurements of the bulk liquid phase. In fact, the reliable determination of the structure of liquid water typically requires temperatures above about 250 kelvin(2,15). Water crystallization has been inhibited by using nanoconfinement(16), nanodroplets(17) and association with biomolecules(16) to give liquid samples at temperatures below T-H, but such measurements rely on nanoscopic volumes of water where the interaction with the confining surfaces makes the relevance to bulk water unclear(18). Here we demonstrate that femtosecond X-ray laser pulses can be used to probe the structure of liquid water in micrometre-sized droplets that have been evaporatively cooled(19-21) below TH. We find experimental evidence for the existence of metastable bulk liquid water down to temperatures of 227(-1)(+2) kelvin in the previously largely unexplored no man's land. We observe a continuous and accelerating increase in structural ordering on supercooling to approximately 229 kelvin, where the number of droplets containing ice crystals increases rapidly. But a few droplets remain liquid for about a millisecond even at this temperature. The hope now is that these observations and our detailed structural data will help identify those theories that best describe and explain the behaviour of water.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Wikfeldt, Kjartan Thor, et al.
(författare)
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Enhanced small-angle scattering connected to the Widom line in simulations of supercooled water
-
Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present extensive simulation results on the TIP4P/2005 water model and show that it displays significantly enhanced small-angle scattering in the supercooled regime. The simulations exhibit a Widom line (TW), emanating from a liquid-liquid critical point (LLCP) in the supercooled region; TW is characterized by a maximal Ornstein-Zernike correlation length and strong small-angle scattering. The good agreement between the simulated small-angle scattering and recent experimental SAXS data [Huang et al., J. Chem. Phys. 133, 134504 (2010)] thus provides indirect evidence for the existence of a Widom line in supercooled water; both the LLCP and singularity-free (SF) scenarios are however consistent with the presence of TW. Simulations performed at 1, 1,000 and 1,500 bar show an increasing abruptness of a high-density (HDL) to low-density (LDL) liquid crossover associated with crossing TW, while simulations at 2,000 bar show a very gradual transition at lower temperatures indicating that the critical pressure (whether at T=0, as in the SF scenario, or above as in the LLCP scenario) is below 2,000 bar in this simulation model. Maxima in the isothermal compressibility and negative thermal expansion coefficient nearly coincide with TW at 1, 1,000 and 1,500 bar. Analysis of the tetrahedrality parameter Q reveals that the HDL-LDL structural transition is very sharp at 1,000 and 1,500 bar, and that structural fluctuations become strongly coupled to density fluctuations upon approaching TW. Furthermore, the tetrahedrality distribution becomes bimodal at ambient temperatures, an observation that possibly provides a link between the HDL-LDL transition and the structural bimodality in liquid water indicated by x-ray spectroscopic techniques.
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| 20. |
- Wikfeldt, Kjartan Thor, et al.
(författare)
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Liquid water structure from X-ray spectroscopy and simulations
- 2012
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Ingår i: Complex Materials in Physics and Biology. - : IOS Press. - 9781614990703 - 9781614990710 ; , s. 165-186
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper deals with insights into the structure of liquid water obtained from X-ray spectroscopies, diffraction, small-angle scattering and molecular dynamics simulations. From a large collaborative effort by experimentalists and theoreticians to understand liquid water, a picture consistent with thermodynamic models proposing a transition between high-density and low-density liquid states in the supercooled region has evolved. Through the observation of two coexisting structural motifs in the X-ray spectroscopies even in ambient water, a connection is established between the anomalous properties in the supercooled regime to the behavior of water at higher temperatures. Diffraction data are shown to be inconclusive regarding the local structures found in the liquid, but experimental extended X-ray absorption fine structure data are shown to contain new information regarding the hydrogen bonding network. Lastly, small-angle X-ray scattering data showing an increasing correlation length upon supercooling suggest, combined with simulations, that a liquid-liquid critical point is present in the deeply supercooled regime.
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| 21. |
- Wikfeldt, Kjartan Thor, et al.
(författare)
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On the Range of Water Structure Models Compatible with X-ray and Neutron Diffraction Data
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Physical Chemistry B. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-6106 .- 1520-5207. ; 113:18, s. 6246-6255
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We use the reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) method to critically evaluate the structural information content of diffraction data on bulk water by fitting simultaneously or separately to X-ray and neutron data; the O-H and H-H, but not the O-O, pair-correlation functions (PCFs) are well-described by the neutron data alone. Enforcing at the same time different H-bonding constraints, we generate four topologically different structure models of liquid water, including a simple mixture model, that all equally well reproduce the diffraction data. Although earlier work [Leetmaa, M.; et al. J. Chem. Phys. 2008, 129, 084502] has focused on tetrahedrality in the H-bond network in liquid water, we show here that, even for the O-O-O three-body correlation, tetrahedrality is not strictly defined by the data. We analyze how well two popular MD models (TIP4P-pol2 and SPC/E) reproduce the neutron data in q-space and find differences in important aspects from the experiment. From the RMC fits, we obtain pair-correlation functions (PCFs) that are in optimal agreement with the diffraction data but still show a surprisingly strong variability both in position and height of the first intermolecular (H-bonding) O-H peak. We conclude that, although diffraction data impose important constraints on the range of possible water structures, additional data are needed to narrow the range of possible structure models.
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| 22. |
- Wikfeldt, Kjartan Thor, et al.
(författare)
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Oxygen-oxygen correlations in liquid water : Addressing the discrepancy between diffraction and EXAFS using a novel multiple –data set fitting technique
- 2010
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 132:10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The first peak of the oxygen-oxygen pair-correlation function (O-O PCF) is a critical measure of the first coordination shell distances in liquid water. Recently, a discrepancy has been uncovered between diffraction and extended x-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) regarding the height and position of this peak, where EXAFS gives a considerably more well-defined peak at a shorter distance compared with diffraction results. This discrepancy is here investigated through a new multiple data set structure modeling technique, SpecSwap-RMC, based on the reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) method. Fitting simultaneously to both EXAFS and a diffraction-based O-O PCF shows that, even though the reported EXAFS results disagree with diffraction, the two techniques can be reconciled by taking into account a strong contribution from the focusing effect originating from nearly linear hydrogen bonds. This many-body contribution, which is usually neglected in RMC modeling of EXAFS data, is included in the fits by precomputing and storing EXAFS signals from real-space multiple-scattering calculations on a large number of unique water clusters. On the other hand, fitting also the O-O PCF from diffraction is seen to enhance the amount of structural disorder in the joint fit. Thus, both nearly linear hydrogen bonds and local structural disorder are important to reproduce diffraction and EXAFS simultaneously. This work also illustrates a few of many possible uses of the SpecSwap-RMC method in modeling disordered materials, particularly for fitting computationally demanding techniques and combining multiple data sets.
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| 23. |
- Wikfeldt, Kjartan Thor, 1981-
(författare)
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Structure, Dynamics and Thermodynamics of Liquid Water : Insights from Molecular Simulations
- 2011
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Water is a complex liquid with many unusual properties. Our understanding of its physical, chemical and biological properties is greatly advanced after a century of dedicated research but there are still many unresolved questions. If answered, they could have important long-term consequences for practical applications ranging from drug design to water purification. This thesis presents results on the structure, dynamics and thermodynamics of liquid water. The focus is on theoretical simulations applied to interpret experimental data from mainly x-ray and neutron scattering and spectroscopy techniques. The structural sensitivity of x-ray and neutron diffraction is investigated using reverse Monte Carlo simulations and information on the pair-correlation functions of water is derived. A new method for structure modeling of computationally demanding data sets is presented and used to resolve an inconsistency between experimental extended x-ray absorption fine-structure and diffraction data regarding oxygen-oxygen pair-correlations. Small-angle x-ray scattering data are modeled using large-scale classical molecular dynamics simulations, and the observed enhanced scattering at supercooled temperatures is connected to the presence of a Widom line emanating from a liquid-liquid critical point in the deeply supercooled high pressure regime. An investigation of inherent structures reveals an underlying structural bimodality in the simulations connected to disordered high-density and ordered low-density molecules, providing a clearer interpretation of experimental small-angle scattering data. Dynamical anomalies in supercooled water observed in inelastic neutron scattering experiments, manifested by low-frequency collective excitations resembling a boson peak, are investigated and found to be connected to the thermodynamically defined Widom line. Finally, x-ray absorption spectra are calculated for simulated water structures using density functional theory. An approximation of intra-molecular zero-point vibrational effects is found to significantly improve the relative spectral intensities but a structural investigation indicates that the classical simulations underestimate the amount of broken hydrogen bonds.
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| 24. |
- Wikfeldt, Thor Kjartan, et al.
(författare)
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Enhanced small-angle scattering connected to the Widom line in simulations of supercooled water
- 2011
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Ingår i: Journal of Chemical Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-9606 .- 1089-7690. ; 134:21, s. 214506-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present extensive simulations on the TIP4P/2005 water model showing significantly enhanced small-angle scattering (SAS) in the supercooled regime. The SAS is related to the presence of a Widom line (TW) characterized by maxima in thermodynamic response functions and Ornstein-Zernike correlation length. Recent experimental small-angle x-ray scattering data [Huang et al., J. Chem. Phys. 133, 134504 (2010)] are excellently reproduced, albeit with an increasing temperature offset at lower temperatures. Assuming the same origin of the SAS in experiment and model this suggests the existence of a Widom line also in real supercooled water. Simulations performed at 1000 bar show an increased abruptness of a crossover from dominating high-density (HDL) to dominating low-density (LDL) liquid and strongly enhanced SAS associated with crossing TW, consistent with a recent determination of the critical pressure of TIP4P/2005 at 1350 bar. Furthermore, good agreement with experimental isothermal compressibilities at 1000, 1500, and 2000 bar shows that the high pressure supercooled thermodynamic behavior of water is well described by TIP4P/2005. Analysis of the tetrahedrality parameter Q reveals that the HDL-LDL structural transition is very sharp at 1000 bar, and that structural fluctuations become strongly coupled to density fluctuations upon approaching TW. Furthermore, the tetrahedrality distribution becomes bimodal at ambient temperatures, an observation that possibly provides a link between HDL-LDL fluctuations and the structural bimodality in liquid water indicated by x-ray spectroscopic techniques. Computed x-ray absorption spectra are indeed found to show sensitivity to the tetrahedrality parameter.
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| 25. |
- Wikfeldt, Thor Kjartan, et al.
(författare)
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Spatially inhomogeneous bimodal inherent structure of simulated liquid water
- 2011
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Ingår i: Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1463-9076 .- 1463-9084. ; 13:44, s. 19918-19924
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the supercooled regime at elevated pressure two forms of liquid water, high-density (HDL) and low-density (LDL), have been proposed to be separated by a coexistence line ending at a critical point, but a connection to water at ambient conditions has been lacking. Here we perform large-scale molecular dynamics simulations and demonstrate that the underlying potential energy surface gives a strictly bimodal characterization of the molecules at all temperatures and pressures, including the biologically and technologically important ambient regime, as spatially inhomogeneous either LDL- or HDL-like with a 3 : 1 predominance for HDL under ambient conditions. The Widom line in the supercooled regime, where maximal structural fluctuations take place, coincides with a 1 : 1 distribution. Although our results are based on molecular dynamics force-field simulations the close agreement with recent analyses of experimental X-ray spectroscopy and scattering data indicates a unified description also of real liquid water covering supercooled to ambient conditions.
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