| 1. |
- Skoglund, Charlotte, et al.
(author)
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and risk for substance use disorders in relatives.
- 2015
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In: Biological Psychiatry. - Philadelphia, USA : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3223 .- 1873-2402. ; 77:10, s. 880-6
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Previous research indicates that attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is highly associated with substance use disorders (SUD). However, these studies have failed to clarify the nature of the overlap. The main aim of this study was to explore whether the overlap between ADHD and SUD could be explained by shared genetic and environmental factors or by harmful effects of ADHD medication.METHODS: We employed a matched cohort design across different levels of family relatedness recorded from 1973-2009. By linking longitudinal Swedish national registers, 62,015 ADHD probands and first-degree and second-degree relatives were identified and matched 1:10 with control subjects without ADHD and their corresponding relatives. Any record of SUD was defined by discharge diagnoses of the International Classification of Diseases or a purchase of any drug used in the treatment of SUD.RESULTS: First-degree relatives of ADHD probands were at elevated risk for SUD (odds ratios 2.2 and 1.8) compared with relatives of control subjects. The corresponding relative risk in second-degree relatives was substantially lower (odd ratios 1.4 and 1.4). The familial aggregation patterns remained similar for first-degree and second-degree relatives after excluding individuals with coexisting disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, and conduct disorder.CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that the co-occurrence of ADHD and SUD is due to genetic factors shared between the two disorders, rather than to a general propensity for psychiatric disorders or harmful effects of ADHD medication.
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| 3. |
- Madsen, T M, et al.
(author)
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Increased neurogenesis in a model of electroconvulsive therapy
- 2000
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In: Biological Psychiatry. - 0006-3223. ; 47:12, s. 1043-1049
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a widely used and efficient treatment modality in psychiatry, although the basis for its therapeutic effect is still unknown. Past research has shown seizure activity to be a regulator of neurogenesis in the adult brain. This study examines the effect of a single and multiple electroconvulsive seizures on neurogenesis in the rat dentate gyrus. METHODS: Rats were given either a single or a series of 10 electroconvulsive seizures. At different times after the seizures, a marker of proliferating cells, Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), was administered to the animals. Subsequently, newborn cells positive for BrdU were counted in the dentate gyrus. Double staining with a neuron-specific marker indicated that the newborn cells displayed a neuronal phenotype. RESULTS: A single electroconvulsive seizure significantly increased the number of new born cells in the dentate gyrus. These cells survived for at least 3 months. A series of seizures further increased neurogenesis, indicating a dose-dependent mechanism. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that generation of new neurons in the hippocampus may be an important neurobiologic element underlying the clinical effects of electroconvulsive seizures.
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| 5. |
- Aardal-Eriksson, Elisabeth, et al.
(author)
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Salivary cortisol and serum prolactin in relation to stress rating scales in a group of rescue workers
- 1999
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In: Biological Psychiatry. - 0006-3223 .- 1873-2402. ; 46:6, s. 850-855
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Rescue service personnel are often exposed to traumatic events as part of their occupation, and higher prevalence rates of psychiatric illness have been found among this group.Methods: In 65 rescue workers, salivary cortisol at 8 am and 10 pm and serum prolactin at 8 am were related to the psychiatric self-rating scale General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) measuring psychiatric health, and the Impact of Events Scale (IES) and Post Traumatic Symptom Scale (PTSS) measuring posttraumatic symptoms.Results: Seventeen percent of the study population scored above the GHQ-28 cut-off limit but none scored beyond the cut-off limit in the IES and PTSS questionnaires. Salivary cortisol concentration at 10 pm correlated with statistical significance to anxiety (p < .005) and depressive symptoms (p < .01) measured with GHQ-28, as well as to posttraumatic symptoms, with avoidance behavior measured with IES (p < .01) and PTSS (p < .005). Two of the rescue workers were followed over time with the same sampling procedure after a major rescue commission.Conclusions: The correlation between evening salivary cortisol and anxiety, depressiveness, and posttraumatic avoidance symptoms indicates that these parameters can be used in screening and follow-up after traumatic stress events.
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| 6. |
- Aardal-Eriksson, Elisabeth, et al.
(author)
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Salivary cortisol, posttraumatic stress symptoms, and general health in the acute phase and during 9-month follow-up
- 2001
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In: Biological Psychiatry. - 0006-3223 .- 1873-2402. ; 50:12, s. 986-993
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Because traumatic events are unpredictable, there are few studies of psychobiological states immediately following such events. Our study aimed to determine the relation of salivary cortisol to psychologic distress immediately after a traumatic event and then during follow-up.Methods: Measurement of morning and evening salivary cortisol and ratings of psychologic distress (using the Impact of Events Scale [IES], the Post Traumatic Symptom Scale, and the General Health Questionnaire) were performed with 31 United Nations soldiers at three time points—5 days and 2 and 9 months—following a mine accident in Lebanon.Results: Five days after the accident, 15 subjects reported substantial posttraumatic distress according to the IES, as well as significantly lower morning and higher evening cortisol levels compared with the low-impact group. Within 9 months, the posttraumatic distress of the high-impact group was reduced, accompanied by an increase in morning and a decrease in evening cortisol levels. There were significant relationships between evening cortisol and all rating scales at the first and third time points.Conclusions: Subclinical posttraumatic stress following an adverse event can be measured biologically via salivary cortisol levels soon after the event.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- Castensson, Anja, et al.
(author)
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Decrease of serotonin receptor 2C in schizophrenia brains identified by high-resolution mRNA expression analysis
- 2003
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In: Biological Psychiatry. - 0006-3223 .- 1873-2402. ; 54:11, s. 1212-1221
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- BACKGROUND: RNA expression profiling can provide hints for the selection of candidate susceptibility genes, for formulation of hypotheses about the development of a disease, and/or for selection of candidate gene targets for novel drug development. We measured messenger RNA expression levels of 16 candidate genes in brain samples from 55 schizophrenia patients and 55 controls. This is the largest sample so far used to identify genes differentially expressed in schizophrenia brains. METHODS: We used a sensitive real-time polymerase chain reaction methodology and a novel statistical approach, including the development of a linear model of analysis of covariance type. RESULTS: We found two genes differentially expressed: monoamine oxidase B was significantly increased in schizophrenia brain (p =.001), whereas one of the serotonin receptor genes, serotonin receptor 2C, was significantly decreased (p =.001). Other genes, previously proposed to be differentially expressed in schizophrenia brain, were invariant in our analysis. CONCLUSIONS:The differential expression of serotonin receptor 2C is particularly relevant for the development of new atypical antipsychotic drugs. The strategy presented here is useful to evaluate hypothesizes for the development of the disease proposed by other investigators.
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| 9. |
- Castensson, Anja, et al.
(author)
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Decrease of serotonin receptor 2C in schizophrenia brains identified by high-resolution mRNA expression analysis
- 2003
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In: Biological Psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 0006-3223 .- 1873-2402. ; 54:11, s. 1212-1221
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: RNA expression profiling can provide hints for the selection of candidate susceptibility genes, for formulation of hypotheses about the development of a disease, and/or for selection of candidate gene targets for novel drug development. We measured messenger RNA expression levels of 16 candidate genes in brain samples from 55 schizophrenia patients and 55 controls. This is the largest sample so far used to identify genes differentially expressed in schizophrenia brains.Methods: We used a sensitive real-time polymerase chain reaction methodology and a novel statistical approach, including the development of a linear model of analysis of covariance type.Results: We found two genes differentially expressed: monoamine oxidase B was significantly increased in schizophrenia brain (p = .001), whereas one of the serotonin receptor genes, serotonin receptor 2C, was significantly decreased (p = .001). Other genes, previously proposed to be differentially expressed in schizophrenia brain, were invariant in our analysis.Conclusions: The differential expression of serotonin receptor 2C is particularly relevant for the development of new atypical antipsychotic drugs. The strategy presented here is useful to evaluate hypothesizes for the development of the disease proposed by other investigators.
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| 11. |
- Engström, Christer, et al.
(author)
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Relationship between prophylactic effect of lithium therapy and family history of affective disorders
- 1997
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In: Biological Psychiatry. - 0006-3223 .- 1873-2402. ; 42:6, s. 425-433
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Lithium therapy response and age of onset (AOO) were studied in 98 patients with bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) who were divided into subgroups depending on type of family history of affective disorders. The highest (33.0 years) and lowest (25.5 years) age of onset were found in nonfamilial patients and in familial patients with a first-degree relative of BPAD, respectively. Nonfamilial patients showed the best response to lithium. There were 0.9 episodes/year off lithium compared to 0.3 episodes/year on lithium (an 88% decrease). A poorer response (a 71% decrease; a reduction from 1.39 episodes per year off lithium to 0.65 on lithium) was found in familial patients with a first-degree relative of BPAD. Differences in serum lithium values between the groups could not explain the observed differences. Thus, familial patients showed a more severe manifestation of the disease with an earlier AOO and a lower prophylactic effect of lithium.
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| 19. |
- Gustafsson, Lennart
(author)
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Inadequate cortical feature maps : a neural circuit theory of autism
- 1997
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In: Biological Psychiatry. - 0006-3223 .- 1873-2402. ; 42:12, s. 1138-1147
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The autistic syndromes are caused by neurological dysfunctions. The capacity of autistic individuals to form representations of previous sensory impressions, useful for the processing of present information, is impaired. Self-organizing feature maps are mathematical models of cortical feature maps and may be used to simulate cortical processing. Dysfunctional self-organization, resulting in disability to extract features from stimuli, is proposed as a neural circuit theory of autism. The nature and a possible cause of dysfunction self-organization are examined. It is shown that impaired feature detection is valid for explaining the memory function in autism, the lack of drive for central coherence according to Frith's theory of autism, and a number of impairments from the diagnostic criteria. Unequal levels of impairment of different cortical feature maps can account for the typically uneven intelligence profile of autistic individuals. Excessive inhibitory lateral feedback synaptic connection strengths are presented as one factor impairing the development of feature maps. Strong or excessive inhibitory lateral feedback synaptic connection strengths also cause high sensory discrimination and abnormal sensory responses, both documented in autism. A neural circuit theory for autism has been presented. For a proof of this neural circuit theory neurological investigations are required.
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| 23. |
- Humble, Mats, 1952-, et al.
(author)
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Reactivity of serotonin in whole blood : relationship with drug response in obsessive-compulsive disorder
- 2001
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In: Biological Psychiatry. - New York, USA : Elsevier. - 0006-3223 .- 1873-2402. ; 49:4, s. 360-368
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder responds almost only to potent serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Previous studies have suggested a relation between serotonergic function and clinical outcome in serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.Methods: In a randomized, double-blind trial, comparing clomipramine, paroxetine, and a placebo in obsessive-compulsive disorder, serotonin levels in whole blood (WB-5-HT) were measured at baseline, after 1 week, and after 4 weeks of treatment and related to clinical outcome in 36 patients.Results: In patients treated with serotonin reuptake inhibitors there was a pronounced decrease of WB-5-HT, variable after 1 week and uniformly maximal after 4 weeks. The decrease of WB-5-HT after 1 week of serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment correlated negatively with clinical outcome after 12 weeks (r = -.61, p =.0006); hence, patients with slower WB-5-HT reactivity eventually responded better to treatment. Baseline WB-5-HT, but not WB-5-HT reactivity, was related to season. Depression, autistic traits, and previous serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment predicted nonresponse.Conclusions: A fast decrease of WB-5-HT was associated with poor clinical outcome. This may be related to faster serotonin efflux from platelets, which has previously been linked to autism. Further studies are necessary to identify the underlying mechanism and discern whether serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced WB-5-HT decrease is clinically useful.
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| 24. |
- Johansson, Carolina, et al.
(author)
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Seasonal affective disorder and the G-protein beta-3-subunit C825T polymorphism
- 2004
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In: Biological Psychiatry. - New York : Elsevier. - 0006-3223 .- 1873-2402. ; 55:3, s. 317-319
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins) have been implicated in affective disorders, with reports of altered signal transduction and G-protein levels. Association with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) has been found for the higher activity T-allele of the G-protein beta-3-subunit C825T polymorphism.Methods. European SAD patients (n = 159) and matched controls (n = 159) were genotyped for the C825T. Seasonality and diurnal preference were investigated in subsets of the material (n = 177 and 92, respectively).Results. We found no association between C825T and SAD (chi(2) = .09, p = .96) or seasonality (F = 1.76, p = .18). There was some evidence for an effect on diurnal preference but only in the control group (n = 46, t = - 2.8, Bonferroni corrected p = .045).Conclusions: These results suggest that the G-protein beta-3-subunit 825 T-allele does not play a major role in susceptibility to seasonal affective disorder in the population studied.
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| 42. |
- Wadenberg, Marie-Louise, et al.
(author)
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Suppression of conditioned avoidance behavior by the local application of (-)sulpiride into the ventral, but not the dorsal, striatum of the rat.
- 1990
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In: Biological Psychiatry. - 0006-3223 .- 1873-2402. ; 28:4, s. 297-307
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The local application of (−)sulpiride, 200 ng side−1, into the nucleus accumbens produced a suppression of conditioned avoidance behavior in male rats, 10 and 90 min after injection. The decrease in avoidance behavior was accompained by a decrease in motor activity, as evidenced by changes in the number of intertrial crosses. When injected into the dorsolateral neostriatum, or the amygdala, (−)sulpiride produced a suppression of conditioned avoidance behavior at the 90-min time interval only. Considering diffusion from the injection site, as indicated by an increase in local dopamine turnover [(DO-PAC+HVA) DA−1], the effects obtained in the dorsolateral neostriatum, and possibly also the amygdala, 90 min after injection could be due to diffusion to the nucleus accumbens. The local application of (-) sulpiride into the posterior neostriatum, or into the prefrontal cortex, produced no statistically significant effect on conditioned avoidance behavior 10 or 90 min after injection. It is concluded that the performance of conditioned avoidance behavior in the rat is critically dependent on an intact dopaminergic neurotransmission in the nucleus accumbens or adjacent areas of the ventral striatum.
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| 43. |
- Åkefeldt, Arne, et al.
(author)
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Cerebrospinal fluid monoamines in Prader-Willi syndrome.
- 1998
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In: Biological Psychiatry. - 0006-3223. ; 44:12, s. 1321-1328
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The behavioral phenotype of Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) suggests hypothalamic dysfunction and altered neurotransmitter regulation. The purpose of this study was to examine whether there was any difference in the concentrations of monoamine metabolites in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in PWS and non-PWS comparison cases. Methods: The concentration of monoamine metabolites in CSF was determined in 13 children and adolescents with PWS diagnosed on clinical and genetic criteria. The concentrations were compared with those from 56 comparison cases in healthy and other contrast groups. Results: The concentrations of dopamine and particularly serotonin metabolites were increased in the PWS group. The differences were most prominent for 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid. The increased concentrations were found in all PWS cases independently of age, body mass index, and level of mental retardation. Conclusions: The findings implicate dysfunction of the serotonergic system and possibly also of the dopamine system in PWS individuals, and might help inform future psychopharmacologic studies.
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| 44. |
- Abé, Christoph, et al.
(author)
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Longitudinal Cortical Thickness Changes in Bipolar Disorder and the Relationship to Genetic Risk, Mania, and Lithium Use.
- 2020
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In: Biological psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2402 .- 0006-3223. ; 87:3, s. 271-281
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Bipolar disorder (BD) is a highly heritable psychiatric disorder characterized by episodes of manic and depressed mood states and associated with cortical brain abnormalities. Although the course of BD is often progressive, longitudinal brain imaging studies are scarce. It remains unknown whether brain abnormalities are static traits of BD or result from pathological changes over time. Moreover, the genetic effect on implicated brain regions remains unknown.Patients with BD and healthy control (HC) subjects underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging at baseline (123 patients, 83 HC subjects) and after 6 years (90 patients, 61 HC subjects). Cortical thickness maps were generated using FreeSurfer. Using linear mixed effects models, we compared longitudinal changes in cortical thickness between patients with BD and HC subjects across the whole brain. We related our findings to genetic risk for BD and tested for effects of demographic and clinical variables.Patients showed abnormal cortical thinning of temporal cortices and thickness increases in visual/somatosensory brain areas. Thickness increases were related to genetic risk and lithium use. Patients who experienced hypomanic or manic episodes between time points showed abnormal thinning in inferior frontal cortices. Cortical changes did not differ between diagnostic BD subtypes I and II.In the largest longitudinal BD study to date, we detected abnormal cortical changes with high anatomical resolution. We delineated regional effects of clinical symptoms, genetic factors, and medication that may explain progressive brain changes in BD. Our study yields important insights into disease mechanisms and suggests that neuroprogression plays a role in BD.
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| 45. |
- Abé, Christoph, et al.
(author)
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Longitudinal Structural Brain Changes in Bipolar Disorder: A Multicenter Neuroimaging Study of 1232 Individuals by the ENIGMA Bipolar Disorder Working Group.
- 2022
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In: Biological psychiatry. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2402 .- 0006-3223. ; 91:6, s. 582-592
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with cortical and subcortical structural brain abnormalities. It is unclear whether such alterations progressively change over time, and how this is related to the number of mood episodes. To address this question, we analyzed a large and diverse international sample with longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical data to examine structural brain changes over time in BD.Longitudinal structural MRI and clinical data from the ENIGMA (Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta Analysis) BD Working Group, including 307 patients with BD and 925 healthy control subjects, were collected from 14 sites worldwide. Male and female participants, aged 40 ± 17 years, underwent MRI at 2 time points. Cortical thickness, surface area, and subcortical volumes were estimated using FreeSurfer. Annualized change rates for each imaging phenotype were compared between patients with BD and healthy control subjects. Within patients, we related brain change rates to the number of mood episodes between time points and tested for effects of demographic and clinical variables.Compared with healthy control subjects, patients with BD showed faster enlargement of ventricular volumes and slower thinning of the fusiform and parahippocampal cortex (0.18
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