| 1. |
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| 2. |
- Hewage, Chandana, et al.
(author)
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Executive functions and child problem behaviors are sensitive to family disruption : a study of children of mothers working overseas
- 2011
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In: Developmental Science. - : Wiley. - 1363-755X .- 1467-7687. ; 14:1, s. 18-25
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Mothers in Sri Lanka are increasingly seeking overseas employment, resulting in disruption of the childcare environment. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of maternal migration on executive function (EF) and behavior, thereby also contributing to the scientific understanding of environmental effects - or more specifically family effects - on children's neurocognitive functioning. A sample of 60 healthy 11-year-old children whose mothers had been working overseas for more than 1 year formed the study group, and a comparison group was recruited from the same schools. Evaluations were made twice over a 1-year interval with regard to the EF components inhibition and working memory as well as teacher ratings of internalizing and externalizing behavior. The children in the study group were found to have poorer EF and higher levels of externalizing behaviors. A composite score of inhibition partially mediated the group effect on externalizing behavior. Current home environment was assessed using the HOME scale, was poorer for the study group and was related to EF, but not to behavior problems. Keeping in mind the correlational nature of the present data, our results were discussed in relation to studies showing cognitive effects of stress.
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| 3. |
- Rodriguez, Alina, et al.
(author)
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A longitudinal study of perceived health during pregnancy : Antecedents and outcomes
- 1999
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In: Journal of Health Psychology. - 1359-1053 .- 1461-7277. ; 4:2, s. 129-147
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Perceived health was studied longitudinally in a sample of 364 nulliparous women. Psychosocial, contextual, and biomedical factors were taken into account to predict medically relevant versus benign symptoms which were then used to predict perceived heal
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| 4. |
- Albertsson-Karlgren, U, et al.
(author)
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Mental disease postpartum: Maternal expectations of and maternal reports of infant temperament
- 1999
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In: NORDIC JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY. - : SCANDINAVIAN UNIVERSITY PRESS. - 0803-9488. ; 53:4, s. 267-274
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In a longitudinal study 14 mentally ill women were compared with a control sample of 24 somatically ill women. Both samples were admitted to the hospital within 6 months after delivery. Another control sample of 76 healthy women was included in the study
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| 5. |
- Andersson, Kerstin, et al.
(author)
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Early temperament and stranger wariness as predictors of social inhibition in 2-year-olds
- 1999
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In: BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY. - : BRITISH PSYCHOLOGICAL SOC. - 0261-510X. ; 17, s. 421-434
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Forty-five infants were followed from age 5 months to 25 months with the aim of studying the stranger wariness phenomenon from a temperamental perspective. Observations and heart rate reactions in a standardized situation of stranger approach, as well as
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| 6. |
- Andréasson, Per, 1963-
(author)
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Emotional Empathy, Facial Reactions, and Facial Feedback
- 2010
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- The human face has a fascinating capability to express emotions. The facial feedback hypothesis suggests that the human face not only expresses emotions but is also able to send feedback to the brain and modulate the ongoing emotional experience. It has furthermore been suggested that this feedback from the facial muscles could be involved in empathic reactions. This thesis explores the concept of emotional empathy and relates it to two aspects concerning activity in the facial muscles. First, do people high versus low in emotional empathy differ in regard to in what degree they spontaneously mimic emotional facial expressions? Second, is there any difference between people with high as compared to low emotional empathy in respect to how sensitive they are to feedback from their own facial muscles? Regarding the first question, people with high emotional empathy were found to spontaneously mimic pictures of emotional facial expressions while people with low emotional empathy were lacking this mimicking reaction. The answer to the second question is a bit more complicated. People with low emotional empathy were found to rate humorous films as funnier in a manipulated sulky facial expression than in a manipulated happy facial expression, whereas people with high emotional empathy did not react significantly. On the other hand, when the facial manipulations were a smile and a frown, people with low as well as high emotional empathy reacted in line with the facial feedback hypothesis. In conclusion, the experiments in the present thesis indicate that mimicking and feedback from the facial muscles may be involved in emotional contagion and thereby influence emotional empathic reactions. Thus, differences in emotional empathy may in part be accounted for by different degree of mimicking reactions and different emotional effects of feedback from the facial muscles.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
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| 9. |
- Berlin, Lisa, et al.
(author)
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Response inhibition, hyperactivity, and conduct problems among preschool children
- 2002
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In: Journal of clinical child and adolescent psychology. - 1537-4416. ; 31:2, s. 242-251
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Investigated the relation among response inhibition, hyperactivity, and conduct problems in a nonclinical sample of 115 preschool children, using 2 different types of go/no-go tasks well as a Stroop-like task. In line with the assumption that hyperactivity is related to disinhibition, the results showed that it was the measures of response inhibition, and not other performance measures, that were related to teacher ratings of hyperactivity. There was also a significant relation between response inhibition and conduct problems. Interestingly, the correlation between response inhibition and conduct problems was not significant when partialling out the effect of hyperactivity, whereas the correlation between inhibition and hyperactivity did remain significant when controlling for conduct problems. Although the association between inhibition, hyperactivity, and conduct problems appeared to be partly different for boys and girls, these differences were not statistically significant.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
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| 16. |
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| 17. |
- Bohlin, Gunilla, et al.
(author)
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Disorganized Attachment and Inhibitory Capacity : Predicting Externalizing Problem Behaviors
- 2012
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In: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0091-0627 .- 1573-2835. ; 40:3, s. 449-458
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of the present study was to investigate whether attachment insecurity, focusing on disorganized attachment, and the executive function (EF) component of inhibition, assessed at age 5, were longitudinally related to general externalizing problem behaviors as well as to specific symptoms of ADHD and Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and callous-unemotional (CU) traits. General externalizing problem behaviors were also measured at age 5 to allow for a developmental analysis. Outcome variables were rated by parents and teachers. The sample consisted of 65 children with an oversampling of children with high levels of externalizing behaviors. Attachment was evaluated using a story stem attachment doll play procedure. Inhibition was measured using four different tasks. The results showed that both disorganized attachment and poor inhibition were longitudinally related to all outcome variables. Controlling for initial level of externalizing problem behavior, poor inhibition predicted ADHD symptoms and externalizing problem behaviors, independent of disorganized attachment, whereas for ASD symptoms no predictive relations remained. Disorganized attachment independently predicted CU traits.
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| 18. |
- BOHLIN, Gunilla, et al.
(author)
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EARLY FEEDING PROBLEMS - IDENTIFICATION BY PARENTS AND HEALTH-CARE PERSONNEL
- 1995
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In: SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WELFARE. - : MUNKSGAARD INT PUBL LTD. - 0907-2055. ; 4:4, s. 238-245
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study investigated the discrepancy between parental reports indicating a high prevalence of feeding problems during infancy and the relatively low identification rate of such cases at child health care centers. Thirty nurses were interviewed about d
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Bohlin, Gunilla, et al.
(author)
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Socio-emotional development : From infancy to young adulthood
- 2009
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 50:6, s. 592-601
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Results from the Uppsala Longitudinal Study (ULS), which started in 1985, are reported in two sections. The first section gives a summary of longitudinal data from infancy to middle childhood (age 9 years; n = 96) concerning predictions of social functioning aspects from the theoretical perspectives of temperament, attachment, and health psychology (social factors). The second section presents the first results emanating from a follow-up when participants were 21 years old (n = 85). The developmental roots of social anxiety symptoms were studied from the same perspectives as above, although with a special focus on the predictive power of the temperament trait of shyness/inhibition. Results for middle childhood outcomes showed that temperament characteristics were relevant for most outcomes, whereas the contribution of attachment was most convincingly shown in relation to social competence and personality. Social factors were found to have moderating functions, but direct effects were also shown, the most interesting perhaps being positive effects of non-parental day care. Results from the 21-year data confirmed the expected predictive relation from shyness/inhibition to symptoms of social anxiety and further showed this relation to be specific; the relation to symptoms of depression did not survive control for social anxiety, although the opposite was true. The broad analysis of predictor associations with social anxiety, showing the relevance of other temperament factors as well as interactive effects, again attested to the need for multi-faceted models to analyze developmental trajectories.
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| 22. |
- Bohlin, Maria, et al.
(author)
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Estimation of the amount of β2-glycoprotein I adsorbed at the inner surface of fused silica capillaries after acidic, neutral and alkaline pretreatment
- 2012
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In: Electrophoresis. - Weinheim, Germany : John Wiley & Sons. - 0173-0835 .- 1522-2683. ; 33:12, s. 1695-1702
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Sample adsorption to the inner surface of fused silica capillaries is a common problem inCE when analyzingmacromolecules and is harmful to the analysis. We previously utilizedthe pH hysteresis effect of fused silica to facilitate electrophoresis of the strongly adsorbingprotein β2gpI in plain-fused silica capillaries at neutral pH. In the present paper, theeffect of different pretreatments of the capillary on the adsorption of the β2-glycoproteinI has been investigated using electroosmosis markers, SDS mobilization, and imagingbased on indirect immunofluorescence microscopy for direct visualization. The amountof β2gpI adsorbed on the surface was probed using all these independent techniques afterelectrophoresis at neutral pH on capillaries pretreated with HCl, background electrolyte(BGE), and NaOH. BGE pretreatment was included as a positive control. We found that80% or more of the starting material was adsorbed to the inner surface of the silicacapillaries during electrophoresis after pretreatment with only BGE or with NaOH, butafter acidic pretreatment the loss was consistently less than 20%. NaOH most efficientlyremoves adsorbed protein between runs. A theoretical calculation of the pH change ofthe BGE showed that electrolysis affects the pH more than the deprotonation of silanolsduring electrophoresis. We conclude that acidic pretreatment of fused silica capillariesdiminishes adsorption of β2gpI by decreasing charge-dependent wall adsorption.
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| 23. |
- Brocki, Karin C., et al.
(author)
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CPT performance, motor activity, and continuous relations to ADHD symptom domains : A developmental study
- 2010
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In: European Journal of Developmental Psychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1740-5629 .- 1740-5610. ; 7:2, s. 178-197
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Using a population-based sample consisting of 401 6- to 12-year-olds, this study examined normative age and sex distributions on motor activity as measured in an actigraphic-based motion tracking system (MTS) and on attention-related functions derived from a Continuous Performance Test (CPT). Specific objectives were to present new knowledge on age-related change in motor activity and to study age effects on changes in motor activity and CPT performance as a function of time on task. Further, continuous relations between the two ADHD symptom domains and CPT performance and motor activity, and importantly, age effects in these relations were examined. CPT performance improved, and level of motor activity decreased with age. Linear associations between the two ADHD symptom domains and several of the CPT and MTS parameters support available research describing the nature of ADHD as a continuous dimension with variable expression throughout the general population. Further, our study is one of the first to provide developmental data using a time on task design, particularly with regard to motor activity. Imperative for ADHD future research are our results showing that age matters in the relation between ADHD behaviours and neuropsychological function.
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| 24. |
- Brocki, Karin C., 1975-, et al.
(author)
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Do Individual Differences in Early Affective and Cognitive Self-Regulation Predict Developmental Change in ADHD Symptoms From Preschool to Adolescence?
- 2019
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In: Journal of Attention Disorders. - : SAGE Publications. - 1087-0547 .- 1557-1246. ; 23:13, s. 1656-1666
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: The role of heterogeneous self-regulation deficits in ADHD has long been emphasized. Yet, longitudinal studies examining distinct self-regulation processes as prospective predictors of developmental change in ADHD symptoms spanning wide developmental periods are scarce. The aim of the current study was to examine affective and cognitive self-regulation as predictors of developmental change in ADHD symptoms from preschool to adolescence in a sample with one third of the children being at risk for developing an ADHD and/or ODD diagnosis.Method: At 5 years laboratory measures for hot and cool executive function (EF) and parental and teacher ratings were used for regulation of positive and negative emotionality. Symptoms of ADHD and ODD were measured at 5 and 13 years using parental and teacher ratings based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed.; DSM-IV).Results: Converging developmental paths in hyperactivity/impulsivity across time were found for those high versus low in early cognitive self-regulation, whereas the development of inattention symptoms diverged across time for those high versus low in early affective self-regulation.Conclusion: These results support the idea that different aspects of self-regulation are important for developmental change in the two separate ADHD symptom domains from preschool to adolescence.
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| 25. |
- Brocki, Karin C., et al.
(author)
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Early concurrent and longitudinal symptoms of ADHD and ODD : Relations to different types of inhibitory control and working memory
- 2007
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In: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. - : Wiley. - 0021-9630 .- 1469-7610. ; 48:10, s. 1033-1041
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate how three different types of inhibitory control - interference control within task, interference control outside task, and prepotent response inhibition - and two types of working memory - verbal and spatial - would relate to early symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), both concurrently and longitudinally. Methods: Seventy-two preschoolers, 1/3 who had been identified as being at risk for developing ADHD and/or ODD, completed neuropsychological tasks designed to measure inhibitory control and working memory. Behavioral symptoms were measured through parental and teacher ratings of the DSM-IV criteria for ADHD and ODD. Results: Our results suggest distinct types of inhibitory control as being good predictors of concurrent and longitudinal symptoms of ADHD, rather than ODD. However, no associations were obtained between working memory and ADHD or ODD symptoms either concurrently or longitudinally. Conclusions: This study emphasizes the need to isolate complex executive processes and break them down into components in order to properly understand the neuropsychological roots involved in ADHD and ODD.
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| 26. |
- Brocki, Karin Cecilia, 1975-
(author)
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Executive Control Processes: Dimensions, Development and ADHD
- 2007
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Deficits in higher order cognitive processes such as inhibitory control and working memory (WM), grouped under the term of executive function (EF), have been shown to constitute one important component of the complex neuropsychology of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The aim of the present thesis was to examine EF in relation to ADHD, with primary focus on structure (i.e., dimensions) and developmental change. Rooted in the developmental and dimensional perspectives of ADHD, which propose that the disorder represents the extreme of or quantitative delays in traits that are present throughout the general population, four studies (I-IV) based on non-clinical and clinical samples of children at different developmental levels were conducted.Together, the results from Study I-IV suggest that inhibitory control and WM are important components of EF in typically developing children as well as in relation to ADHD symptoms. Of particular interest are the findings from Study II, III, and IV, showing that inhibitory control and WM seem to be of different importance depending on the child’s age. More specifically, the non-clinical and clinical studies suggest that inhibitory control and WM are important in predicting ADHD symptoms, with deficits in inhibitory control primarily being associated with ADHD symptoms for preschool and younger elementary school-aged children, whereas deficits in WM are associated with ADHD symptoms for older elementary school-aged children. In conclusion, the results of the present thesis are consistent with Barkley’s (1997) developmental prediction concerning the relation between EF and ADHD, which suggests that impaired inhibitory control is an early developmental precursor to or a factor that “sets the stage” for deficits in more complex EFs such as WM. The home taking message from the present thesis is that age matters not only in the behavioral, but also in the neuropsychological manifestation of ADHD. To our knowledge, these findings are among the first to show that age is an important factor that should be taken into account in future ADHD research, theory, and treatment.
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| 27. |
- Brocki, Karin C., et al.
(author)
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Interrelations Between Executive Function and Symptoms of Hyperactivity/Impulsivity and Inattention in Preschoolers : A Two Year Longitudinal Study
- 2010
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In: Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0091-0627 .- 1573-2835. ; 38:2, s. 163-171
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The present study, including children at risk for developing Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), examined the idea that complex executive functions (EFs) build upon more simple ones. This notion was applied in the study of longitudinal interrelations between core EF components - simple and complex inhibition, selective attention, and working memory (WM) - at age 5 and 6 as well as their predictive relations to ADHD symptoms at age 7. The results showed that simple inhibition and selective attention at age 5 independently predicted complex inhibition and WM at age 6. In addition, EFs primarily predicted symptoms of inattention rather than hyperactivity/impulsivity even at this young age. Finally, age 6 complex inhibition was shown to act as a mediator in the relations between simple inhibition and selective attention at age 5 and symptoms of inattention at age 7. These findings provide novel longitudinal support for the theory that fundamental EF components show a progression with age toward more complex executive control (see Garon et al. Psychological Bulletin 134(1):31-60 2008). Further, complex inhibition, implicating both inhibition and WM, seems to be a particularly strong correlate of ADHD symptoms in young children and should as such be the focus of future studies examining the relation between cognitive function and ADHD symptoms from a developmental perspective.
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| 28. |
- Brocki, Karin C., et al.
(author)
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Working memory in school-aged children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder combined type : Are deficits modality specific and are they independent of impaired inhibitory control?
- 2008
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In: Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1380-3395 .- 1744-411X. ; 30:7, s. 749-759
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study examines differences between children with attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder combined type (ADHD-C) and normal controls on verbal and visuospatial working-memory (WM) tasks. The extent to which WM deficits in children with ADHD-C are independent of impaired inhibitory control was also examined. Two groups of 7- to 12-year-old boys participated in this study. The first group included 31 boys diagnosed with ADHD-C, and the second group included 34 boys without ADHD. Various verbal and visuospatial WM tasks and two inhibitory control tasksprepotent response inhibition and interference controlwere used. Overall, our results suggest impaired verbal and visuospatial WM processes in children with ADHD-C, as well as a lower level of performance on prepotent response inhibition. WM deficits in ADHD have previously been suggested to be particularly salient in the spatial domain, our results instead showed the largest effect for a verbal WM task thought to put heavy load on the executive or attentional control component of the WM system. An interpretation of this finding is that it is variation in terms of difficulty level or load on the executive WM processes, rather than variation in modality (verbal versus visuospatial), that is important in demonstrating WM deficits in ADHD-C. Finally, findings from logistic regression analyses showed that deficits in WM and inhibitory control seem to be semi-independent in children with ADHD-C, at least with regard to the elementary school age.
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| 29. |
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| 30. |
- Dahlman, Sofie, et al.
(author)
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Cognitive abilities of street children : Low-SES Bolivian boys with and without experience of living in the street
- 2013
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In: Child Neuropsychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0929-7049 .- 1744-4136. ; 19:5, s. 540-556
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objectives: This study compared results on cognitive tests measuring nonverbal visualization and reasoning, executive functions, and creativity between 36 boys with experience of living in the street and 31 housed yet socioeconomically equivalent boys, in Bolivia. Results: The street children scored significantly higher on the creativity measure, which is discussed in relation to contextual relevance. No significant differences were found on the other cognitive tests. Time elapsed after living in the street and drug use were strongly associated with cognition, while age was not. Both groups scored below average compared to Western norms. The results are discussed in terms of the cultural relevance of the tests and the impact of socioeconomic status, stress, and stimulation on cognition.
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| 31. |
- Diamantopoulou, Sofia, et al.
(author)
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Impact of executive functioning and symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder on children's peer relations and school performance
- 2007
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In: Developmental Neuropsychology. - 8756-5641 .- 1532-6942. ; 32:1, s. 521-542
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study examined the predictive relations from symptoms of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and executive functioning (EF) to social and school functioning in 112 (62 girls) school children. High levels of teacher and parent ratings of ADHD symptoms at the ages of 8-8 1/2 years, and poor EF measured at the age of 8 1/2, were associated with poor social functioning measured by peer nominations and poor teacher ratings of school functioning at the age of 9 1/2. ADHD symptoms independently predicted social and school functioning, whereas EF independently predicted only school functioning. Interaction effects between ADHD and EF and between EF and gender were found: At high levels of symptoms of inattention, the poorer the EF, the greater the need for special education. At high levels of symptoms of hyperactivity/impulsivity, the poorer the EF, the higher the levels of physical aggression. Girls with poor EF were less accepted by peers than equivalent boys.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Forslund, Tommie, 1983-
(author)
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Disorganized Attachment Representations, Externalizing Behavior Problems, and Socio-Emotional Competences
- 2018
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- Disorganized attachment is a risk-factor for developmental maladaptation in the form of externalizing behavior problems, and for poor development of competences important for socio-emotional functioning. Concerns have however been raised regarding theoretical overextension, and there is consequently a need for multifactorial studies that examine which outcomes disorganized attachment is reliably important for. There is also a lack of research on the mechanisms that mediate the relation between disorganized attachment and externalizing problems. The present thesis therefore examined whether disorganized attachment is a specific risk-factor for symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD) or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), or a non-specific risk factor for both types of problems. Several emotional and cognitive competences were investigated as mediators, with the question of whether disorganized attachment becomes associated with externalizing problems primarily through any specific mechanism, or through multiple mechanisms. Three studies were conducted. Children completed the separation anxiety test for attachment representations and laboratory tasks for distinct competences, and parents and teachers rated emotion regulation and ODD- and ADHD-symptoms. Study I was cross-sectional and found that disorganized attachment contributed specifically to conduct problems when accounting for ADHD-symptoms. However, disorganized attachment did not contribute to ADHD-symptoms when accounting for conduct problems. Study II found that children with disorganized attachment representations show deviations in identification of emotional expressions, in the form of a generally diminished ability to discriminate between expressions rather than in response biases. Study III was (short-term) longitudinal and replicated the results from Study I; disorganized attachment was primarily associated with ODD-symptoms, not ADHD-symptoms. Elevated emotional reactivity and poor regulation, particularly for anger and fear, mediated the relation between disorganized attachment and ODD-symptoms. Taken together, the present findings suggest that disorganized attachment may constitute a specific risk factor for externalizing problems pertaining to anger and aggression, such as oppositionality and misconduct, rather than ADHD-problems. Importantly, the findings caution against ideas of a pathway from disorganized attachment to ADHD-symptoms. The deviations in processing and regulation of anger and fear corroborate Bowlby´s proposal that these emotions are closely connected, central to disorganization, and a potential mediating mechanism in relation to externalizing problems.
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| 35. |
- Forslund, Tommie, 1983-, et al.
(author)
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The Heterogeneity of ADHD Symptoms and Conduct Problems : Cognitive Inhibition, Emotion Regulation, Emotionality and Disorganized Attachment
- 2016
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In: British Journal of Developmental Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0261-510X .- 2044-835X. ; 34:3, s. 371-387
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study examined the contributions of several important domains of functioning to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and conduct problems. Specifically, we investigated whether cognitive inhibition, emotion regulation, emotionality, and disorganized attachment made independent and specific contributions to these externalizing behaviour problems from a multiple pathways perspective. The study included laboratory measures of cognitive inhibition and disorganized attachment in 184 typically developing children (M age = 6 years, 10 months, SD = 1.7). Parental ratings provided measures of emotion regulation, emotionality, and externalizing behaviour problems. Results revealed that cognitive inhibition, regulation of positive emotion, and positive emotionality were independently and specifically related to ADHD symptoms. Disorganized attachment and negative emotionality formed independent and specific relations to conduct problems. Our findings support the multiple pathways perspective on ADHD, with poor regulation of positive emotion and high positive emotionality making distinct contributions to ADHD symptoms. More specifically, our results support the proposal of a temperamentally based pathway to ADHD symptoms. The findings also indicate that disorganized attachment and negative emotionality constitute pathways specific to conduct problems rather than to ADHD symptoms.
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| 36. |
- Forslund, Tommie, et al.
(author)
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The heterogeneity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and conduct problems : Cognitive inhibition, emotion regulation, emotionality, and disorganized attachment
- 2016
-
In: British Journal of Developmental Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0261-510X .- 2044-835X. ; 34:3, s. 371-387
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study examined the contributions of several important domains of functioning to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms and conduct problems. Specifically, we investigated whether cognitive inhibition, emotion regulation, emotionality, and disorganized attachment made independent and specific contributions to these externalizing behaviour problems from a multiple pathways perspective. The study included laboratory measures of cognitive inhibition and disorganized attachment in 184 typically developing children (M age = 6 years, 10 months, SD = 1.7). Parental ratings provided measures of emotion regulation, emotionality, and externalizing behaviour problems. Results revealed that cognitive inhibition, regulation of positive emotion, and positive emotionality were independently and specifically related to ADHD symptoms. Disorganized attachment and negative emotionality formed independent and specific relations to conduct problems. Our findings support the multiple pathways perspective on ADHD, with poor regulation of positive emotion and high positive emotionality making distinct contributions to ADHD symptoms. More specifically, our results support the proposal of a temperamentally based pathway to ADHD symptoms. The findings also indicate that disorganized attachment and negative emotionality constitute pathways specific to conduct problems rather than to ADHD symptoms.
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| 37. |
- Forssman, Linda
(author)
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Attention and the Early Development of Cognitive Control : Infants’ and Toddlers’ Performance on the A-not-B task
- 2012
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Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
- In the first years of life there is a dramatic development of cognitive abilities supporting cognitive control of behavior. This development allows the child to make future-oriented predictions and to increasingly act in a goal-directed manner. The early development of cognitive control is presumably closely tied to the maturation of the attention systems. Further, attentional control processes have been suggested to be the unifying construct underlying cognitive control in both children and adults. The general aim of the present thesis was to further our understanding of the early development of cognitive control. This aim was approached by examining the attention processes underlying cognitive control in infancy and toddlerhood, with a particular focus on age-related improvements in attentional control. This thesis consists of three studies that have used the A-not-B paradigm to investigated infants’ and toddlers’ ability to search for a hidden object or to correctly anticipate the reappearance of a hidden object. The A-not-B paradigm is one of few well-studied paradigms for research on the early development of cognitive control and this paradigm involves conflict resolution and requires a flexible shift of response set to achieve a goal.Study I of this thesis examined individual differences in 10-month-olds’ ability to search for a hidden object in a manual A-not-B task. We investigated the infants’ search behavior, both in terms looking and reaching responses, the relation between individual differences in performance on A and B trials, and also the relation between the two response modalities.Study II used eye tracking and focused on the role of attentional demand on 10- and 12-month-olds’ ability to anticipate the reappearance of a hidden object. This study intended to clarify age-related improvements, particularly in relation to the ability to resist visually distracting information that interfered with the task at hand.Study III also employed an eye tracker to measure 18-month-olds’ predictive eye movements in anticipation of a hidden object under conditions marked by different attention demands. This study not only investigated the toddlers’ ability to overcome a visual distractor, but also their ability to keep a representation in actively in mind over different delays. In addition, the 18-month-olds’ performance was compared to that of an adult group to shed further light on the development of attentional control in children.In conclusion, this thesis demonstrated that important age-related improvements in cognitive control take place by the end of the first year of life and between 12 and 18 months of age. More specifically, with increasing age, the children were able to resolve higher levels of conflict thereby demonstrating improvements in attentional control. In interpreting the present data, we argue that this development is gradual, developing from variable to stable and also that the attentional control process is best described as continuous rather dichotomous in infancy and toddlerhood. Based on our findings, future research should be motivated to examine changes in attentional control processes in relation to the early development of cognitive development.
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| 38. |
- Forssman, Linda, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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Cognitive Functioning and Family Risk Factors in Relation to Symptom Behaviors of ADHD and ODD in Adolescents
- 2012
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In: Journal of Attention Disorders. - : SAGE Publications. - 1087-0547 .- 1557-1246. ; 16:4, s. 284-294
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Objective: In this study, the authors investigated whether ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) behaviors share associations with problems in cognitive functioning and/or family risk factors in adolescence. This was done by examining independent as well as specific associations of cognitive functioning and family risk factors with ADHD and ODD behaviors. Method: A sample of 120 adolescents from the general population was assessed on various cognitive tasks. ADHD and ODD behaviors were measured through parental and teacher ratings based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th edition) criteria. Parents and adolescents provided information regarding measures of family risk factors. Results: The results show that only cognitive functioning was associated with ADHD behaviors, and family risk factors were, independent of cognitive functioning, associated with ODD behaviors. Conclusion: These results suggest that cognitive performance bears a specific significance for ADHD behaviors, whereas family risk factors have specific importance for ODD behaviors.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
- Forssman, Linda, et al.
(author)
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Eighteen-month-olds' ability to make gaze predictions following distraction or a long delay
- 2014
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In: Infant Behavior and Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0163-6383 .- 1879-0453. ; 37:2, s. 225-234
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The abilities to flexibly allocate attention, select between conflicting stimuli, and make anticipatory gaze movements are important for young children's exploration and learning about their environment. These abilities constitute voluntary control of attention and show marked improvements in the second year of a child's life. Here we investigate the effects of visual distraction and delay on 18-month-olds' ability to predict the location of an occluded target in an experiment that requires switching of attention, and compare their performance to that of adults. Our results demonstrate that by 18 months of age children can readily overcome a previously learned response, even under a condition that involves visual distraction, but have difficulties with correctly updating their prediction when presented with a longer time delay. Further, the experiment shows that, overall, the 18-month-olds' allocation of visual attention is similar to that of adults, the primary difference being that adults demonstrate a superior ability to maintain attention on task and update their predictions over a longer time period. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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| 41. |
- Forssman, Linda, 1979-, et al.
(author)
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Independent contributions of cognitive functioning and social risk factors to symptoms of ADHD in two Nordic population-based cohorts
- 2009
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In: Developmental Neuropsychology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 8756-5641 .- 1532-6942. ; 34:6, s. 721-735
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study examined independent contributions of executive functioning (EF), state regulation (SR), and social risk factors to symptom dimensions of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in two cohorts, which included 221 Norwegian children and 294 Finnish adolescents. Independent contributions of EF and SR were shown in the Norwegian cohort and EF contributed independently in the Finnish cohort. When controlling for each symptom dimension, cognitive functioning and social risk factors were differentially associated with inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms. The results show the need to include both social risk factors and cognitive functioning to obtain a better understanding of ADHD symptoms.
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
- Fransson, Mari, et al.
(author)
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Interlinkages between attachment and the Five-Factor Model of personality in middle childhood and young adulthood : a longitudinal approach
- 2013
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In: Attachment & Human Development. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1461-6734 .- 1469-2988. ; 15:2, s. 219-239
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- In this paper, we examine concurrent and prospective links between attachment and the Five-Factor Model (FFM) of personality from middle childhood to young adulthood (n=66). At age 8.5 years, attachment was measured with the Separation Anxiety Test and at 21 years with the Adult Attachment Interview, whereas the personality dimensions were assessed with questionnaires at both time points. The results showed that attachment and personality dimensions are meaningfully related, concurrently and longitudinally. Attachment security in middle childhood was positively related to extraversion and openness, both concurrently and prospectively. Unresolved/disorganized (U/d) attachment was negatively related to conscientiousness and positively related to openness in young adulthood. U/d attachment showed a unique contribution to openness above the observed temporal stability of openness. As attachment security was also associated with openness, the duality of this factor is discussed together with other theoretical considerations regarding attachment theory in relation to the FFM.
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| 45. |
- Fransson, Mari, et al.
(author)
-
Is middle childhood attachment related to social functioning in young adulthood?
- 2016
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In: Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0036-5564 .- 1467-9450. ; 57:2, s. 108-116
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The aim of the present study (N = 69) was to examine whether middle childhood attachment, measured using the Separation Anxiety Test (Slough, Goyette & Greenberg, 1988), predicts aspects of social functioning (social initiative, prosocial orientation, social anxiety, loneliness) in young adulthood. Insecurity-avoidance at age 8.5 years was, as expected, negatively related to social initiative and prosocial orientation, and was also positively related to social anxiety and loneliness at age 21 years. In addition, insecurity-avoidance contributed to developmental change in social anxiety from middle childhood to young adulthood. Contrary to our expectations, the two security scales were generally unrelated to future social functioning. Taken together, these results extend previous research by showing that insecurity-avoidance is related to social functioning also beyond childhood and adolescence, and that it contributes to developmental change in social functioning over time. The scarcity of prospective links for the attachment security scales points to the need for future studies addressing when and why attachment does not contribute to future social functioning.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Frick, Matilda A., et al.
(author)
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The role of sustained attention, maternal sensitivity, and infant temperament in the development of early self-regulation
- 2018
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In: British Journal of Psychology. - : WILEY. - 0007-1269 .- 2044-8295. ; 109:2, s. 277-298
-
Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This study investigated infant predictors of early cognitive and emotional self-regulation from an intrinsic and caregiving environmental perspective. Sustained attention, reactive aspects of infant temperament, and maternal sensitivity were assessed at 10months (n=124) and early self-regulation (including executive functions, EF, and emotion regulation) was assessed at 18months. The results indicated that sustained attention predicted early EF, which provide empirical support for the hierarchical framework of EF development, advocating early attention as a foundation for the development of cognitive self-regulation. Maternal sensitivity and surgency predicted emotion regulation, in that infants of sensitive mothers showed more regulatory behaviours and a longer latency to distress, whereas high levels of surgency predicted low emotion regulation, suggesting both the caregiving environment and temperament as important in the development of self-regulation. Interaction effects suggested high sustained attention to be a protective factor for children of insensitive mothers, in relation to emotion regulation. In addition, high levels of maternal sensitivity seemed to foster development of emotion regulation among children with low to medium levels of sustained attention and/or surgency. In all, our findings point to the importance of both intrinsic and extrinsic factors in infant development of self-regulation.
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
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| 50. |
- Frick, Matilda, et al.
(author)
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Temperament and Cognitive Regulation During the First 3 Years of Life as Predictors of Inattention and Hyperactivity/Impulsivity at 6 Years
- 2019
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In: Journal of Attention Disorders. - : Sage Publications. - 1087-0547 .- 1557-1246. ; 23:11, s. 1291-1302
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- OBJECTIVE: With a wish to identify early markers of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, we examined effects of temperament and cognitive regulation, during the first 3 years of life, on later inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive behavior.METHOD: Temperament and cognitive regulation were assessed at 12, 18, 24, and 36 months in 66 typically developing children. Teachers rated inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity at 6 years.RESULTS: Temperamental activity at all studied time points was predictive of later hyperactive/impulsive behavior, thus appearing as a stable marker thereof. Activity at 12 months was also predictive of inattention, whereas temperamental persistence was correlated with inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, but with no independent contributions. No significant relations between cognitive regulation and the outcome measures were found.CONCLUSION: Our findings add to the scarce literature proposing that markers of inattentive and hyperactive/impulsive behavior in early school age can be found within the first years of life, using parental ratings of child temperament.
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