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1.
  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al. (author)
  • Acute injuries resulting from accidents involving powered mobility devices (PMDs)-Development and outcomes of PMD-related accidents in Sweden
  • 2019
  • In: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-9588 .- 1538-957X. ; 20:5, s. 484-491
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Objective: Powered mobility devices (PMDs) are commonly used as aids for older people and people with disabilities, subgroups of vulnarable road users (VRUs) who are rarely noted in traffic safety contexts. However, the problem of accidents involving PMD drivers has been reported in many countries where these vehicles have become increasingly popular.The aim of this study is to extract and analyze national PMD-related accident and injury data reported to the Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition (STRADA) database. The results will provide valuable insight into the risks and obstacles that PMD drivers are exposed to in the traffic environment and may contribute to improving the mobility of this group in the long term.Methods: The current study is based on data from 743 accidents and 998 persons. An analysis was performed on a subset of data (N=301) in order to investigate the development of accidents over a period of 10 years. Thereafter, each accident in the whole data set was registered as either single (N=427) or collision (N=315).Results: The results show that there was a 3-fold increase in the number of PMD-related accidents reported to STRADA during the period 2007-2016.With regard to single accidents, collisions, as well as fatalities, the injury statistics were dominated by males. Single accidents were more common than collisions (N=427 and N=316, respectively) and the level of injury sustained in each type of accident is on par. The vast majority of single accidents resulted in the PMD driver impacting the ground (87%), due to either PMD turnover (71%) or the driver falling out of the PMD (16%). The reason for many of the single accidents was a difference in ground level (34%, typically a curb).Cars, trucks, or buses were involved in 67% of collision events; these occured predominantly at junctions or intersections (70%).Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 3+ injuries were dominated by hip and head injuries in both single accidents and collision events.Conclusions: The present study shows that further research on PMD accidents is required, with regard to both single accidents and collision events. To ensure that appropriate decisions are made, future work should follow up on injury trends and further improve the quality of PDM-related accident data. Improved vehicle stability and design, increased usage of safety equipment, proper training programs, effective maintenance services, and development of a supporting infrastructure would contribute to increased safety for PMD drivers.
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2.
  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al. (author)
  • Rollator related pedestrian single accidents and collision events in Sweden
  • 2022
  • In: Traffic Safety Research (TSR). - : Lund University. - 2004-3082. ; 2
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Rollators (four-wheel walkers in USA; zimmer frames in UK) are commonly used as mobility aids for the elderly and people with a variety of disabilities. Pedestrian rollator users are a sub-group of Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs), although this group is rarely recognised in traffic safety contexts. The aim of this study is to extract and analyse rollator related pedestrian accident and injury data in Sweden. The results will provide valuable insight into the risks and obstacles rollator users are exposed to in the traffic environment and may in the long term contribute to improving the mobility of this group. The current study is based on data from 2,020 accidents involving 2,305 persons extracted from the Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition (STRADA) database. For consistency reasons, a subset of data (N = 745) was analysed in order to investigate the development of accidents over a period of 10 years. Thereafter, each accident in the whole data set was registered as either single or collision. The results show that the number of rollator accidents in Sweden increased by approximately 80% during 2007–2016. Females dominate the injury statistics of single accidents, collisions, as well as fatal outcome, which may be due to exposure and/or differences in physical characteristics. Single accidents are much more common than collisions (n=1,668 and n=352, respectively) and the injury consequences are at least as serious. Data from the present study have revealed that the frequency of minor injuries (ISS 1–3) is 4.3 times, moderate (ISS 4–8) 6.0 times and serious injuries (ISS 9–15) 8.9 times higher in single accidents than in collisions. Fatal injuries are, however, more common in collision events (33 in comparison to 8). The vast majority of single accidents (99%) was due to falls. Many of the single accidents (29%) were caused by ground level differences (typically a curb) or due to surface conditions (19%). Collisions involved cars, trucks or buses in 91% of cases, occurring predominantly in car parks (31%) and on (zebra) crossings (30%). In 54% of cases the vehicles reversed into the rollator. Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) 3+ injuries were dominated by head (36%) and torso (33%) injuries in collision events, and hip fractures (71%) in single accidents. The present study shows that further research into rollator user related accidents, both single accidents and collision events, is required. In order to introduce appropriate measures, future work should follow up on accident and injury developments and further improve the quality of mobility aid related accident data in general. Improved stability and design, proper training programmes, effective maintenance services, development of a supporting infrastructure would contribute to increased safety for rollator users.
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3.
  • Henje, Catharina, 1960-, et al. (author)
  • Obstacles and risks in the traffic environment for users of powered wheelchairs in Sweden
  • 2021
  • In: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 159
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Objective: According to the European Union, fatal road accidents involving Vulnerable Road Users (VRUs) are equal in proportion to fatal car road accidents (46%). VRUs include individuals with mobility challenges such as the elderly and Powered Wheelchair (PWC) users. The aim of this interdisciplinary qualitative study was to identify obstacles and risks for PWC users by exploring their behaviour and experiences in traffic environments.Methods: Videos and in-depth interviews with 13 PWC users aged 20–66 were analysed for this study. The interviews and videos, which include real-life outdoor observations, originate from a qualitative study exploring experiences of PWC use on a daily basis in Sweden. Underlying causal factors to identified risks and obstacles were identified, based on human, vehicle (PWC) and environmental factors in accordance with the Haddon Matrix.Results: The results show significant potential for improvement within all three perspectives of the Haddon Matrix used in the analysis. Participants faced and dealt with various obstacles and risks in order to reach their destination. For example, this includes uneven surfaces, differences in ground levels, steep slopes, as well as interactions with other road users and the influence of weather conditions, resulting in PWC users constantly accommodating and coping with the shortcomings of the vehicle and the environment.Conclusions: There are still major challenges with regard to preventing obstacles and risks in the traffic environment for PWC users. To discern PWC users in traffic accident and injury data bases, a start would be to register type of aid used for persons involved in an accident. Furthermore, to emphasise PWC users’ role as VRUs, it may also be advantageous to describe them as drivers rather than users when navigating the traffic environment. Given the limited sample, further research covering more data from a broader perspective would be beneficial. By incorporating emerging knowledge of PWC users’ prerequisites and needs, and including them in research and traffic planning, the society will grow safer and more inclusive, and become better prepared for meeting future demands on accessibility from an aging population.
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4.
  • Osvalder, Anna-Lisa, 1961, et al. (author)
  • Older Children’s Sitting Postures, Behaviour and Comfort Experience during Ride – A Comparison between an Integrated Booster Cushion and a High-Back Booster
  • 2013
  • In: Proceedings 2013 IRCOBI Conference, 11-13 September, Gothenburg, Sweden. - 2235-3151. ; , s. 882-885
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Sitting postures and comfort experience were analysed from six children aged 7-9 (131-145 cm) seated on an Integrated Booster Cushion (IBC) and a high-back Booster (hbB) during 1 hour on-road drives respectively. Data was collected from video recordings, questionnaires and interviews. When seated on the IBC the most frequent posture was with the entire back and shoulders against the backrest and the head upright. On the hbB, the shoulders were seldom against the backrest. The most frequent lateral sitting posture for both boosters was upright with the seat belt in contact with the neck or mid-shoulder. Moderate and extreme forward and lateral postures occurred occasionally. A positive attitude was found towards the IBC due to possibilities to move freely, the soft seat cushion and the absence of torso supports, but the short seat cushion created some inconvenience. The hbB was perceived hard, created a locked-in feeling and felt unpleasant due to movements when changing postures. The combination of objective and subjective measures provided valuable information regarding children’s sitting behaviour. It is obvious that children do not always sit as in crash tests. Their activities and perceived discomfort influenced the selection of sitting posture and seat belt positions.
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5.
  • Westergren, Hans, et al. (author)
  • Sex-based differences in pain distribution in a cohort of patients with persistent post-traumatic neck pain
  • 2018
  • In: Disability and Rehabilitation. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0963-8288 .- 1464-5165. ; 40:9, s. 1085-1091
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Objectives: To analyze a cohort of 745 consecutive patients referred to a regional specialist clinic for evaluation of post-traumatic neck pain during a five-year period. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study of baseline assessments performed by multi-professional rehabilitation teams according to a standardized checklist. Results: The cohort contained nearly twice as many females as males (64% versus 36%). The type of injury did not differ between sexes. Of the entire cohort, 38% were diagnosed with widespread pain, 50% with regional pain, and 12% with local pain. The pain distribution among the females was 43% widespread, 48% regional, and 9% local, and corresponding figures among males were 29%, 53%, and 18%. Longer time between trauma and assessment did not affect pain distribution among the men, but a tendency towards more widespread pain was observed among the women. Discussion: The importance of "female sex" as risk factor for the development of persistent pain after neck trauma needs to be discussed further. The high frequency of regional and widespread pain among patients with persistent neck pain after trauma calls for both multidisciplinary assessments and treatment strategies. The relationships between different pain distribution patterns, disability, activity, and psychological factors need to be studied further.Implications for rehabilitationPatients suffering from pain and disability after neck trauma constitute a significant proportion of patients with persistent pain.The importance of the risk factor “female sex" should be further discussed in the development of persistent pain after neck trauma.The high frequency of regional and widespread pain among patients with persistent neck pain after trauma calls both for multidisciplinary assessments and treatment strategies.The relationships between different pain distribution patterns, disability, activity, and psychological factors need to be studied further.
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6.
  • Amin, Khabat, et al. (author)
  • Injury Reducing Effect of GSHP-Heated Pedestrian Paths
  • 2024
  • In: International Ground Source Heat Pump Association-Research Conference. ; , s. 227-235
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In Sweden, falls amongst pedestrians during wintertime, due to slipping on ice and snow, is a costly and growing problem. Using data on pedestrian falls from four Swedish cities, the injury-reducing effect of heated surfaces was studied. The results indicate that heated surfaces have a significant injury-reducing effect especially in cities with more ice and snow. Currently, district heating is used as a heat source and at an increasing cost. By using GSHP systems as a heat source, the cost could be considerably lowered, and in this way secure the further use and expansion of heated pedestrian paths.
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7.
  • Carlsson, Anna, et al. (author)
  • Identification of a susceptibility locus for migraine with and without aura on 6p12.2-p21.1
  • 2002
  • In: Neurology. - : Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. - 0028-3878 .- 1526-632X. ; 59:11, s. 1804-1807
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Migraine is the most common type of chronic episodic headache. To find novel susceptibility genes for familial migraine with and without aura, a genomewide screen was performed in a large family from northern Sweden. Evidence of linkage was obtained on chromosome 6p12.2-p21.1, with a maximum two-point lod score of 5.41 for marker D6S452. The patients with migraine shared a common haplotype of 10 Mb between markers D6S1650 and D6S1960.
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8.
  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966 (author)
  • Addressing Female Whiplash Injury Protection - A Step Towards 50th Percentile Female Rear Impact Occupant Models
  • 2012
  • Doctoral thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Whiplash Associated Disorder (WAD) – commonly denoted whiplash injury – to vehicle occupants involved in collisions, is of worldwide concern. These injuries occur at relatively low velocity changes, typically between 10–25 km/h, and in all impact directions. Rear impacts are, however, the most common in the accident statistics. Since the mid-1960´s, statistical data has shown that females have up to three times higher risk of sustaining whiplash injuries than males, in similar crash conditions. The overall objective was to improve the understanding of why females are at greater risk of sustaining whiplash injuries in rear impacts, compared to males. Two rear impact studies involving ~50th percentile female and male volunteers were carried out. In both studies, response corridors for ~50th percentile females were generated and compared to previously published response corridors for 50th percentile males. Additionally, the Neck Injury Criterion (NIC) values, head-to-head restraint distances and contact times were compared between female and male volunteers. Thereafter, a 50th percentile female rear impact dummy Finite Element (FE) model, EvaRID V1.0, was developed from an existing BioRID II model. The anthropometry and mass distribution of the 50th percentile female were specified based on published data. Its mechanical response was evaluated with data from one of the volunteer studies. Finally, a scaled-down rear impact dummy prototype – BioRID50F – was developed using modified BioRID II dummy components. The scaled-down dummy was representative of a 50th percentile female in mass and key dimensions and intended to function as a representative seat loading device. The BioRID50F was evaluated against new volunteer test results from low-speed rear impact sled tests including female volunteers close to a 50th percentile female in size. A series of rear impact tests with the BioRID50F were performed in four different seats from four different car models. The results were compared to previously performed BioRID tests in equivalent setup.It was found that the overall biofidelity of the EvaRID V1.0 was acceptable at low velocity changes (7 km/h). A general stiffness reduction in EvaRID V1.0 of 30 percent compared to the BioRID II, proved to be a promising first iteration. However, further improvements are of the EvaRID V1.0 as well as BioRID II models are required with regards to the stiffness of the thoracic spine. The results from the rear impact test series comprising volunteers and the BioRID50F supported the findings from earlier publications, indicating that there may be characteristic differences in the rear impact dynamic seat back interaction between males and females. A mechanical or computational model of a 50th percentile female would be an important complement to the existing 50th percentile male BioRID II occupant models when evaluating seat performance. These models can be used, not only as a tool when designing protective systems, but also in the process of further evaluation and development of injury criteria.
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9.
  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al. (author)
  • Anthropometric Specifications, Development, and Evaluation of EvaRID : A 50th Percentile Female Rear Impact Finite Element Dummy Model
  • 2014
  • In: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1538-9588 .- 1538-957X. ; 15:8, s. 855-865
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Objectives: Whiplash-associated disorders (WADs), or whiplash injuries, due to low-severity vehicle crashes are of great concern in motorized countries and it is well established that the risk of such injuries is higher for females than for males, even in similar crash conditions. Recent protective systems have been shown to be more beneficial for males than for females. Hence, there is a need for improved tools to address female WAD prevention when developing and evaluating the performance of whiplash protection systems. The objective of this study is to develop and evaluate a finite element model of a 50th percentile female rear impact crash test dummy.Methods: The anthropometry of the 50th percentile female was specified based on literature data. The model, called EvaRID (female rear impact dummy), was based on the same design concept as the existing 50th percentile male rear impact dummy, the BioRID II. A scaling approach was developed and the first version, EvaRID V1.0, was implemented. Its dynamic response was compared to female volunteer data from rear impact sled tests.Results: The EvaRID V1.0 model and the volunteer tests compared well until ~250 ms of the head and T1 forward accelerations and rearward linear displacements and of the head rearward angular displacement. Markedly less T1 rearward angular displacement was found for the EvaRID model compared to the female volunteers. Similar results were received for the BioRID II model when comparing simulated responses with experimental data under volunteer loading conditions. The results indicate that the biofidelity of the EvaRID V1.0 and BioRID II FE models have limitations, predominantly in the T1 rearward angular displacement, at low velocity changes (7 km/h). The BioRID II model was validated against dummy test results in a loading range close to consumer test conditions (EuroNCAP) and lower severity levels of volunteer testing were not considered.The EvaRID dummy model demonstrated the potential of becoming a valuable tool when evaluating and developing seats and whiplash protection systems. However, updates of the joint stiffness will be required to provide better correlation at lower load levels. Moreover, the seated posture, curvature of the spine, and head position of 50th percentile female occupants needs to be established and implemented in future models.
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12.
  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al. (author)
  • Design and Evaluation of the Initial 50th Percentile Female Prototype Rear Impact Dummy, BioRID P50F–Indications for the need of an additional dummy size
  • 2021
  • In: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-4185. ; 9
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The objective of this study was to present the design of a prototype rear impact crash test dummy, representing a 50th percentile female, and compare its performance to volunteer response data. The intention was to develop a first crude prototype as a first step toward a future biofidelic 50th percentile female rear impact dummy. The current rear impact crash test dummy, BioRID II, represents a 50th percentile male, which may limit the assessment and development of whiplash protection systems with regard to female occupants. Introduction of this new dummy size will facilitate evaluation of seat and head restraint (HR) responses in both the average sized female and male in rear impacts. A 50th percentile female rear impact prototype dummy, the BioRID P50F, was developed from modified body segments originating from the BioRID II. The mass and rough dimensions of the BioRID P50F is representative of a 50th percentile female. The prototype dummy was evaluated against low severity rear impact sled tests comprising six female volunteers closely resembling a 50th percentile female with regard to stature and mass. The head/neck response of the BioRID P50F prototype resembled the female volunteer response corridors. The stiffness of the thoracic and lumbar spinal joints remained the same as the average sized male BioRID II, and therefore likely stiffer than joints of an average female. Consequently, the peak rearward angular displacement of the head and T1, and the rearward displacement of the T1, were lesser for the BioRID P50F in comparison to the female volunteers. The biofidelity of the BioRID P50F prototype thus has some limitations. Based on a seat response comparison between the BioRID P50F and the BioRID II, it can be concluded that the male BioRID II is an insufficient representation of the average female in the assessment of the dynamic seat response and effectiveness of whiplash protection systems.
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13.
  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al. (author)
  • Dynamic kinematic responses of female volunteers in rear impacts and comparison to previous male volunteer tests
  • 2011
  • In: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-9588 .- 1538-957X. ; 12:4, s. 347-357
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Objectives: The objective was to quantify dynamic responses of 50th percentile females in rear impacts and compare to those from similar tests with males. The results will serve as a basis for future work with models, criteria, and safety systems.Methods: A rear impact sled test series with 8 female volunteers was performed at velocity changes of 5 and 7 km/h. The following dynamic response corridors were generated for the head, T1 (first thoracic vertebra) and head relative to T1: (1) accelerations in posterior-anterior direction, (2) horizontal and vertical displacements, (3) angular displacements for 6 females close to the 50th percentile in size. Additionally, the head-to-head restraint distance and contact time and neck injury criterion (NIC) were extracted from the data set. These data were compared to results from previously performed male volunteer tests, representing the 50th percentile male, in equivalent test conditions. T-tests were performed with the statistical significance level of.05 to quantify the significance of the parameter value differences for the males and females.Results: At 7 km/h, the females showed 29 percent earlier head-to-head restraint contact time (p =.0072); 27 percent shorter horizontal rearward head displacement (p =.0017); 36 percent narrower head extension angle (p =.0281); and 52 percent lower NIC value (p =.0239) than the males in previous tests. This was mainly due to 35 percent shorter initial head-to-head restraint distance for the females (p =.0125). The peak head acceleration in the posterior-anterior direction was higher and occurred earlier for the females.Conclusions: The overall result indicated differences in the dynamic response for the female and male volunteers. The results could be used in developing and evaluating a mechanical and/or mathematical average-sized female dummy model for rear impact safety assessment. These models can be used as a tool in the design of protective systems and for further development and evaluation of injury criteria. © 2011 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.
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15.
  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al. (author)
  • Dynamic Responses of Female Volunteers in Rear Impact Sled Tests at Two Head Restraint Distances
  • 2021
  • In: Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-4185. ; 9
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The objective of this study was to assess the biomechanical and kinematic responses of female volunteers with two different head restraint (HR) configurations when exposed to a low-speed rear loading environment. A series of rear impact sled tests comprising eight belted, near 50th percentile female volunteers, seated on a simplified laboratory seat, was performed with a mean sled acceleration of 2.1 g and a velocity change of 6.8 km/h. Each volunteer underwent two tests; the first test configuration, HR10, was performed at the initial HR distance ∼10 cm and the second test configuration, HR15, was performed at ∼15 cm. Time histories, peak values and their timing were derived from accelerometer data and video analysis, and response corridors were also generated. The results were separated into three different categories, HR10C (N = 8), HR15C (N = 6), and HR15NC (N= 2), based on: (1) the targeted initial HR distance [10 cm or 15 cm] and (2) whether the volunteers’ head had made contact with the HR [Contact (C) or No Contact (NC)] during the test event. The results in the three categories deviated significantly. The greatest differences were found for the average peak head angular displacements, ranging from 10° to 64°. Furthermore, the average neck injury criteria (NIC) value was 22% lower in HR10C (3.9 m2/s2), and 49% greater in HR15NC (7.4 m2/s2) in comparison to HR15C (5.0 m2/s2). This study supplies new data suitable for validation of mechanical or mathematical models of a 50th percentile female. A model of a 50th percentile female remains to be developed and is urgently required to complement the average male models to enhance equality in safety assessments. Hence, it is important that future protection systems are developed and evaluated with female properties taken into consideration too. It is likely that the HR15 test configuration is close to the limit for avoiding HR contact for this specific seat setup. Using both datasets (HR15C and HR15NC), each with its corresponding HR contact condition, will be possible in future dummy or model evaluation.
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  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966 (author)
  • EvaRID: A 50th Percentile Female Rear Impact Dummy FE Model
  • 2011
  • In: Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine. - 1651-2081 .- 1650-1977. ; Supplement No. 50 (2011), s. 21-
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Introduction: Vehicle crashes causing ‘whiplash injuries’, is of great concern worldwide. These injuries occur at relatively low velocity changes (Δv), typically
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18.
  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al. (author)
  • Fallolyckor bland gångtrafikanter
  • 2015
  • Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Målet med den här studien är:att sammanställa och sprida kunskap om fotgängares fallolyckor (singelolyckor)att kartlägga vad man vet om skadebilder, skademekanismer och toleransnivåeratt studera möjliga (passiva) åtgärder för att reducera risken för allvarlig skada och dödatt föreslå testmetoderStudien har fokuserat på kroppsregionerna höft, handled och huvud. Höftfrakturer och huvudskador tillhör de allvarligaste skadorna som fotgängare kan råka ut för. Exempelvis har ungefär var tredje höftfrakturpatient avlidit inom ett år efter skadan. Handledsfrakturer är mycket vanligt förekommande och drabbar företrädelsevis kvinnor >45 år. Det finns potential att förebygga handledsfrakturer med hjälp av personskydd; däremot verkar underlaget inte ha någon större effekt på skadeutfallet. Både höftfrakturer och huvudskador skulle dock förebyggas med hjälp av både personskydd och/eller genom att installera stötdämpande underlag i fotgängarnas trafikmiljö.
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  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al. (author)
  • Female volunteer motion in rear impact sled tests in comparison to results from earlier male volunteer tests
  • 2008
  • In: 2008 INTERNATIONAL IRCOBI CONFERENCEONTHE BIOMECHANICS OF INJURY17. – 19. September 2008– BERN (Switzerland)PROCEEDINGS. ; , s. 461-464, s. 461-464
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Vehicle related crashes causing neck injuries (whiplash) are costly and common, and injury statistic data shows a larger risk of neck injuries for females than for males. This study aims at investigating differences between female and male dynamic response in rear impacts. Rear impact sled tests with female volunteers were carried out and the results were compared with previously performed tests with males in matching test conditions. The volunteer tests were performed at a change of velocity of 7 km/h. The comparison of the average response of the males and the females and their response corridors showed several differences. The horizontal head acceleration peak value was on average 40% higher and occurred on average 18% earlier for the female volunteers compared to the male volunteers. The NIC value was 45% lower and 30% earlier for the females, probably due to a 27% smaller initial head-to-head restraint distance and thereby a 24% earlier head restraint contact. The results provide characteristic differences between dynamic responses of females and males in low speed rear impacts. These results contribute to the understanding of human dynamic response in rear impacts. In addition, they can be used in the process of future development if numerical and/or mechanical human models for crash testing.
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  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al. (author)
  • High-resolution photoemission from a tunable quantum well: Cu(111)/Na
  • 1997
  • In: Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 2469-9950 .- 2469-9969. ; 56:3, s. 1593 - 1600
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • High-resolution photoemission (ΔE=5 meV) at a low photon energy (3.82 eV) is used to probe discrete quantum-well-type subband states near, below, and above EF for Cu(111) covered with 2 ML or less of Na. A subband characteristic of the monolayer range shifts gradually to lower energy as the coverage is increased, extending below the Fermi level for coverages above 0.85 ML. Combined with previous observations of shifts for filled and empty states the present results show that the Na monolayer has continuously tunable quantum-well state energies. Beyond the monolayer range quantum-well states characteristic of both one and two atomic layers are observed, indicating growth of the second layer via monolayer high islands. A small downshift, by 25 meV, with increasing coverage in the second layer is ascribed to an increase of the island size. Lorentzian photoemission line shapes are observed for well-ordered samples. The linewidth varies linearly with temprature in the probed range (130–295 K) and this is ascribed to the phonon contribution to the width. Structural disorder leads to an asymmetric line, which is Lorentzian on the steeper, low-kinetic-energy side.
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22.
  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966 (author)
  • Initial Studies of Dynamic Responses of Female and Male Volunteers in Rear Impact Tests
  • 2010
  • Licentiate thesis (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Whiplash Associated Disorder (WAD) - commonly denoted whiplash injury - resulting from vehicle impacts, is a worldwide epidemic. These injuries occur at relatively low changes of velocity (typically between 10-25 km/h) and in impacts from all directions. Rear impacts are however the most common in the accident statistics. Since the middle of the 1960s, statistical data has shown that females have up to three times higher risk of sustaining whiplash injuries than males, even under similar crash conditions. Studies have indicated that there may be characteristic differences in the rear impact dynamic response between males and females. The 50th percentile male dummy might thus limit the assessment and development of whiplash prevention systems that adequately protect both male and female occupants. Data from volunteer tests is needed to establish the dynamic response for females and males. Such data is fundamental for developing future occupant mathematical and/or mechanical models for crash safety development and assessment. These models can be used, not only as a tool in the design of protective systems, but also in the process of further evaluation and development of injury criteria.The aim of this study was to quantify the differences in dynamic response between average sized females and males in low-speed rear impacts.Two rear impact volunteer studies were conducted. In the first study, data for the 50th percentile female were extracted from a previously performed rear impact car-to-car crash test series with female and male volunteers at 4 km/h and 8 km/h. In the second study, a sled test series was performed with 50th percentile female volunteers at 5 km/h and 7 km/h. In both studies, response corridors for the female volunteers were generated and compared with previously published corridors for the 50th percentile male. Additionally, the Neck Injury Criterion (NIC) values, head-to-head restraint distances and contact times were compared for the female and male volunteers in both studies.The overall result showed differences between the females and the males in the dynamic response and in the NIC values. For example, the head x-acceleration peaks were on average higher and earlier for the females; the head, T1, and head relative to T1 x-displacement peaks were on average lower and earlier; the initial head-to-head restraint distance was on average smaller for the females, resulting in earlier head-to-head restraint contact time for the females.
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23.
  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al. (author)
  • Krockdocka som testar whiplashskyddet för kvinnor
  • 2014
  • Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Studien har som huvudsyfte att förbättra prototyp-krockdockan BioRID 50F och består av följande delmoment: 1) Uppgradering av huvud 2) Uppgradering av underarmar/händer 3) Uppgradering av underben/fötter 4) Förenklad inmätning av H-punkten 5) Justering av ryggradens kurvatur 6) Justering av ryggradens styvhet 7) Statisk provning av böjstyvhet i överkropp och ryggrad 8) Dynamisk provning för verifiering av dockans bio-fidelitet.Vi fann att:1) Det har skett en avsevärd förbättring av bakåtrotationen i T1-kotan jämfört med BioRID 50F_V1. Viss förbättringspotential kvarstår för att nå genomsnittsnivån för resultat från volontärprov.2) Vi ser även att den horisontella T1-rörelsen relativt släden är något i underkant och detta hänger troligen samman med den låga bakåtrotationen – hade T1 roterat mer bakåt hade även T1 rört sig bakåt.3) En anledning till att vi inte har fått upp rotationen i T1 till den genomsnittliga volontärnivån kan vara att vi har krökt om och rätat upp ryggraden på BioRID 50F_V2, och därmed har T1 redan i startpositionen hamnat i ett läge närmare stolsryggen.4) En annan anledning till att vi inte har fått upp rotationen i T1 tillräckligt kan vara att höjden på T1 inte är samma för BioRID 50F som för 50-percentila kvinnor – uppskattningsvis är den i storleksordningen 2-3 cm för låg. Anledningen till detta ligger i nuvarande konstruktionen av BioRID 50Fs ryggrad som är en lågbudget-modifiering av den manliga krockdockan BioRID II (P3). För att få sitthöjden rätt togs de två nedersta ländkotorna, samt 20 mm av sakrum-kotan, bort. Hela anpassningen av sitthöjden har gjorts på ryggen mellan T1 och pelvis, men ingen anpassning har gjorts när det gäller längden på halsen eller höjden på huvudet. En framtida fullt utvecklad kvinnlig krockdocka behöver byggas med nya komponenter från grunden så att ryggradens sektioner blir exakt anpassade till en genomsnittlig kvinnas mått. Då kommer T1 kotan att få rätt höjd. Ett sådant projekt beräknas dock kosta 15 miljoner kronor. En ytterligare förbättring i nuvarande lågbudget-anda skulle vara att öka höjden på sakrum-kotan 2-3 cm och göra motsvande minskning på halslängden. På så sätt skulle T1 att hamna högre upp relativt stolsryggen, mera representativt för en kvinna och därmed röra sig mer bakåt, närmre nivån i volontärresultaten.
  •  
24.
  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al. (author)
  • Motion of the Head and Neck of Female and Male Volunteers
  • 2010
  • In: IRCOBI Conference – Hanover (Germany). - 9783033025509 ; , s. 29-39
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • In this study indications of differences in motion pattern of females and males have been found. The objective was to quantify dynamic motion responses of female and male volunteers in rear impact tests. Such data can be used as an input in the development process of improved occupant models such as computational models and crash test dummies.High-speed video data from rear impact tests at 4 km/h and 8 km/h with 12 female and 11 male volunteers was analysed. The females in this study had smaller rearward horizontal and angular motions of the head and T1 compared to the males. Furthermore, the females had more pronounced rebound motion.
  •  
25.
  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al. (author)
  • Motion of the Head and Neck of Female and Male Volunteers in Rear Impact Car-to-Car Impacts
  • 2012
  • In: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-9588 .- 1538-957X. ; 13:4, s. 378-387
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Objectives: The objectives of this study were to quantify and compare dynamic motion responses between 50th percentile female and male volunteers in rear impact tests. These data are fundamental for developing future occupant models for crash safety development and assessment.Methods: High-speed video data from a rear impact test series with 21 male and 21 female volunteers at 4 and 8 km/h, originally presented in Siegmund et al. (1997), were used for further analysis. Data from a subset of female volunteers, 12 at 4 km/h and 9 at 8 km/h, were extracted from the original data set to represent the 50th percentile female. Their average height was 163 cm and their average weight was 62 kg. Among the male volunteers, 11 were selected, with an average height of 175 cm and an average weight of 73 kg, to represent the 50th percentile male. Response corridors were generated for the horizontal and angular displacements of the head, T1 (first thoracic vertebra), and the head relative to T1. T-tests were performed with the statistical significance level of.05 to quantify the significance of the differences in parameter values for the males and females.Results: Several differences were found in the average motion response of the male and female volunteers at 4 and 8 km/h. Generally, females had smaller rearward horizontal and angular motions of the head and T1 compared to the males. This was mainly due to shorter initial head-to-head restraint distance and earlier head-to-head restraint contact for the females. At 8 km/h, the female volunteers showed 12 percent lower horizontal peak rearward head displacement (P =.018); 22 percent lower horizontal peak rearward head relative to T1 displacement (P =.018); and 30 percent lower peak head extension angle (P =.001). The females also had more pronounced rebound motion.Conclusions: This study indicates that there may be characteristic differences in the head-neck motion response between 50th percentile males and females in rear impacts. The exclusive use of 50th percentile male rear impact dummies may thus limit the assessment and development of whiplash prevention systems that adequately protect both male and female occupants. The results of this study could be used in the development and evaluation of a mechanical and/or computational average-sized female dummy model for rear impact safety assessment. These models are used in the development and evaluation of protective systems. It would be of interest to make further studies into seat configurations featuring a greater head-to-head restraint distance. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
  •  
26.
  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al. (author)
  • Observation of structure changes for Li/Cu(111) by photoemission from Li core and quantum-well states
  • 1998
  • In: Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 2469-9950 .- 2469-9969. ; 57:20, s. 13192 - 13198
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Via photoemission from discrete quantum-well valence states and the Li 1s core level, three different types of atom rearrangements are observed for Cu(111)/Li. In the monolayer coverage range gradual energy shifts for the core-level as well as a quantum-well state reflect a gradual lateral compression of the Li overlayer as more atoms are adsorbed. The onset of Li substitution and formation of a (2×2) structure when, at RT, monolayer Li coverage is exceeded, is monitored via the disappearance and appearance of quantum-well states characteristic of the adsorbed full monolayer of Li and the part substitutional (2×2) structure, respectively. A splitting of the Li 1s emission peak into a doublet reflects the two different Li sites characteristic of the (2×2) phase. A small energy shift of the quantum-well state (25 meV) indicates that, if it is cooled (170 K), the substitutional structure is unstable with respect to Li adsorption.
  •  
27.
  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al. (author)
  • Oscillatory photoemission cross section for alkali monolayer quantum well states
  • 1996
  • In: Surface Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0039-6028. ; 352-354, s. 656-659
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A strong oscillatory photon energy dependence, observed in the photon energy range between 5 and 26 eV, for the intensity of photoemission peaks due to quantum well states in Na and Cs monolayers on Cu(111) is ascribed to interference between the contributions to the outgoing photoelectron wave from the two tails of the quantum well state.
  •  
28.
  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al. (author)
  • Oscillatory photoemission cross section for simple-metal quantum wells
  • 1995
  • In: Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 2469-9950 .- 2469-9969. ; 52:15, s. 11144 - 11146
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A strong, oscillatory photon energy dependence is observed for the intensity of photoemission peaks due to quantum-well states in Na overlayers on Cu(111). The measurements are made at low photon energies (hν
  •  
29.
  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al. (author)
  • Real World Adjustments of Driver Seat and Head Restraint in Saab 9-3 Vehicles
  • 2017
  • In: Traffic Injury Prevention. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1538-957X .- 1538-9588. ; 18:4, s. 398-405
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • ObjectiveWhiplash-associated disorder (WAD), commonly denoted whiplash injury, is a worldwide problem. These injuries occur at relatively low changes of velocity (typically
  •  
30.
  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al. (author)
  • Review of Child Car Occupant Fatalities in Sweden During Six Decades
  • 2013
  • In: Proceedings: IRCOBI Conference; September 11-13; Gothenburg, Sweden. ; , s. 1-14
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The development of fatal outcome was reviewed based on crash data including all fatally injured 0–14 year old car occupants in Sweden during 1956–2011 and put in relation to general improvements in vehicle and road safety and implementation of restraint systems.The review revealed a substantial decrease in crash‐related fatalities among 0–14 year old car occupants during the past three decades, representing a significant drop of 83% compared to the highest scores in the 1960s–70s. During 1992–2011, a total of 194 crash‐related fatalities were registered; the majority occurred on high‐speed roads. Head injury was a primary cause of death, in a total of 54% of all cases. Two fifths of the crashes involved a single car, while three fifths involved other vehicles. In total, 24% of the children were unrestrained, and 59% of those were ejected during crashes. Among the restrained children, 56% were considered to be appropriately restrained according to Swedish recommendations. Crash severity, complex crash situation, fire and drowning were factors that contributed to the fatal outcome, even though the restraint usage was considered to be optimal.
  •  
31.
  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al. (author)
  • Shifts and widths of metal-overlayer quantum-well states near EF observed by photoemission
  • 1994
  • In: Physical Review B - Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 2469-9950 .- 2469-9969. ; 50:12, s. 8926 - 8929
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Photoelectron energy spectra reveal discrete valence-electron states in the range 0–220 meV above EF for 1–3 atomic layers of Na on Cu(111). Apart from a stepwise dependence on the number of atomic Na layers the energy of the quantum-well states depends in a gradual manner on how full the layer is. The states are as well defined in energy as comparable surface states producing peak widths (50–90 meV), which depend on temperature and coverage.
  •  
32.
  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al. (author)
  • Skadereducerande Effekt av Uppvärmda Trottoarer, Gång- och Cykelstråk
  • 2018
  • Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Nearly two out of three fall crashes with seriously injured pedestrians occur in the winter (December-March), i.e. twice as many pedestrians are seriously injured during these four months compared to the rest of the year. During the winter period (December-March) almost nine out of ten fall crashes are caused in the traffic environment due to slipping on ice/snow.
  •  
33.
  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al. (author)
  • Skadereducerande Effekt av Uppvärmda Trottoarer, Gång- och Cykelstråk - En Inledande Studie
  • 2019
  • Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Nästan två av tre fallolyckor med allvarligt skadade fotgängare sker under vintern; dubbelt så många fotgängare skadas allvarligt under dessa fyra månader jämfört med årets övriga. Under vinterperioden orsakas nästan nio av tio fallolyckor i trafikmiljö av halka pga is/snö. De skador som drabbar fotgängare (och cyklister) på halt underlag behöver i allmänhet betydligt längre vårdtid jämfört med om det inte varit halt. Det finns alltså en stor skadereducerande potential i förbättrad halkbekämpning. Syftet med studien är att: - Kartlägga uppvärmda ytor i stadsmiljön för de största städerna i Sverige - Analysera den skadereducerande effekten av uppvärmda ytor för fotgängare, och (om möjligt) cyklister.
  •  
34.
  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al. (author)
  • Structure changes for Cu(111)/Li observed via discrete quantum well states
  • 1997
  • In: Surface Review and Letters. - 0218-625X. ; 4:6, s. 1233-1237
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Via photoemission in the near UV from discrete quantum well states, four different types of atom rearrangements are observed for Cu(111)/Li. In the monolayer range a gradual energy shift reflects a gradual compression of the Li layer as more atoms are adsorbed. The onset of Li substitution and formation of a (2×2) structure when, at RT, monolayer Li coverage is exceeded is monitored via the appearance of a quantum well state characteristic of the new phase. A small energy shift indicates that, if it is cooled (170 K), the new structure is unstable with respect to Li adsorption. Finally, an energy downshift with increasing coverage observed for a state characteristic of 2 ML Li is ascribed to an increasing area for one-atomic-layer-high islands formed by Li atoms on top of the first full layer.
  •  
35.
  • Carlsson, Anna K, 1966, et al. (author)
  • Valence-Electron Resonances in Alkali-Metal Overlayers Observed via Photoemission Line-Shape Changes
  • 1996
  • In: Physical Review Letters. - 1079-7114 .- 0031-9007. ; 77:2, s. 346 - 349
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Valence-electron resonances for Na overlayers on Ag(111) and Cu(111) are observed by photoemission via line-shape changes for the substrate s,p-band emission in a narrow range of photon energies. The effect is ascribed to interfering contributions to the photoelectron wave from the substrate and the vacuum barrier.
  •  
36.
  •  
37.
  • Chang, Fred, et al. (author)
  • EvaRID: a dummy model representing females in rear end impacts
  • 2010
  • In: Proc. Whiplash 2010, 3rd International Conference, Munich, November 18 – 20, 2010.
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • The Seventh Framework project ADSEAT (Adaptive Seat to Reduce Neck Injuries for Female andMale Occupants) aims at establishing the properties for a model of an average female and toimplement those in a computational model in order to provide an improved tool for the developmentand evaluation of adaptive systems with special focus on protection against whiplash injuries. As suchthe project will result in a computational model of a female, in addition to the male model that alreadyexists, for low severity testing. Both the female and the male model will then be used in be used instudies to design and evaluate adaptive seat systems that provide enhanced neck injury protection.This paper will present the first version of the female dummy model, called EvaRID, as developedduring the first year of the ADSEAT project. Background information on the size selection,anthropometry and the scaling method used will be described. The performance of the EvaRID V1.0release is shown by comparing simulation results with volunteer data.
  •  
38.
  • Develet, Jean-Adrien, et al. (author)
  • Evaluation of the Biofidelity of the BioRID-II and THOR-NT Anthropomorphic Test Devices under Seatbelt Pre-Pretensioner Loading in Stationary Conditions
  • 2013
  • In: 2013 Ohio State University Injury Biomechanics Symposium. ; , s. 1-15
  • Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Pre-pretensioners are active and reversible devices that apply light tension to the seatbelt (less than 300N) which pulls road vehicle occupants rearwards and reduce the backset (head-to-head restraint horizontal distance). This action has been found to have the potential to reduce the number of whiplash injuries in rear impacts. However, pre-pretensioners induced a new load case on current Anthropomorphic Test Devices (ATDs) for which they have not been validated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biofidelity of two 50th percentile male ATDs (BioRID-II and THOR-NT), under pre-pretensioner loading in a stationary environment. A literature review resulted in three testing positions that either occur frequently (backset exceeding recommendations) or have high injury potential (leaning far forward at the driver and front passenger seats). Experiments comprised six volunteer subjects, the BioRID-II and the THOR-NT. Corridors for the head-neck complex kinematics, and interaction of the subjects with the seatbelt, were generated based on data from the volunteer tests and ATD responses were compared to the corridors in terms of amplitude, peak occurrence and shape. For slight out-of-position cases (backset ~80mm), the THOR-NT was found to be close to relaxed volunteers and the BioRID-II to tense volunteers; both were suitable for pre-pretensioner testing. Although the BioRID-II results were closer to the corridors than the THOR-NT results in the far forward leaning positions, neither showed sufficiently large rearward motions and head rotations to fit the corridors. Furthermore, head rotations were problematic for both ATDs in the three test positions. Therefore, construction changes to both the pelvis and occipital joints are suggested in order to improve the biofidelity of BioRID-II and THOR-NT in far forward leaning positions.
  •  
39.
  • Genzel, Jonny, et al. (author)
  • An Open-Source Finite Element Model of a Generic Car Seat: Development and Validation for Low-Severity Rear Impact Evaluations
  • 2022
  • In: Conference proceedings International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury, IRCOBI. - : IRCOBI. - 2235-3151. ; 2022-September, s. 229-242, s. 229-242
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • A Finite Element model of a generic Laboratory Seat was developed to replicate a physical counterpart used in rear-impact volunteer tests. The Laboratory Seat has a simplified design, developed to facilitate replication in computational models. The seat has a flat rigid base and the seatback consists of four horizontal panels attached to side posts by coil springs. The seat model was validated with results from component tests and sled tests, including the Anthropomorphic Test Device, BioRID II. An initial test series was carried out to generate data for component validation: the first set of tests to characterise the coil spring properties; and the second set comprising Impactor Tests on Head Restraint Foam to assess the head restraint material properties. For system level validation, sled tests were conducted both with the empty Laboratory Seat and with the BioRID II. The BioRID II tests were conducted in conjunction with an earlier volunteer test study. Both the component and the sled tests were reproduced in a virtual environment. Good agreement was achieved between the mechanical tests and the computational simulations. The seat model is freely available to use: https://openvt.eu/fem/open-access-laboratory-seat-model.
  •  
40.
  • Lemmen, Paul, et al. (author)
  • Seat Optimisation Considering Reduction of Neck Injuries for Female and Male Occupants – Applications of the EvaRID Model and a Loading Device Representing a 50th Percentile Female
  • 2013
  • In: The 23rd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Seoul (Korea), May 27-30, 2013.
  • Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Neck injury due to low severity vehicle crashes is ofworldwide concern and the injury risk is greater forfemales than males. However, whiplash protectionsystems have shown to be more beneficial for malesthan females. Hence there is a need for improvedtools to address female protection.One objective of the European 7th Framework,project ADSEAT was to develop a finite elementmodel of a rear impact dummy representing femalesfor application in seat optimization studies along withthe BioRID II. In support of this injury risks forfemales were studied revealing target size for thedummy model. Related anthropometric data werederived from literature and dynamic volunteer testscomprising females performed to set biofidelitytargets. On this basis a finite element model representing females was developed and relevant injury criteria and thresholds identified. For the latter use was made of a prototype loading device consisting of a modified BioRID dummy that better matches the female anthropometry.This paper article documents the development of the female whiplash dummy model called EvaRID (Eva female, RID – Rear Impact Dummy) and its application to a series of production seats. The loading device BioRID50F and initial test results are also presented herein.
  •  
41.
  • Linder, Astrid, et al. (author)
  • ADSEAT - Adaptive Seat to Reduce Neck Injuries for Female and Male Occupants
  • 2013
  • In: Accident Analysis and Prevention. - : Elsevier BV. - 0001-4575 .- 1879-2057. ; 60, s. 334-343
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Neck injuries sustained in low severity vehicle crashes are of worldwide concern and the risk is higher for females than for males. The objective of the study was to provide guidance on how to evaluate protective performance of vehicle seat designs aiming to reduce the incidence of neck injuries for female and male occupants. The objective was achieved by reviewing injury risk, establishing anthropometric data of an average female, performing dynamic volunteer tests comprising females and males, and developing a finite element model, EvaRID, of an average female. With respect to injury criteria, it was concluded based on the tests that using NIC (with a lower threshold value) and Nkm (with reduced intercept values) for females would be a suitable starting point. Virtual impact simulations with seats showed that differences were found in the response of the BioRID II and EvaRID models, for certain seats. © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
  •  
42.
  • Linder, Astrid, 1959, et al. (author)
  • ADSEAT - Adaptive Seat to Reduce Neck Injuries for Female and Male Occupants
  • 2012
  • In: Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. - : Elsevier BV. - 1877-0428. ; 48, s. 1907-1922
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Neck injuries due to low severity vehicle crashes are of worldwide concern and the risk is higher for females than for males. The objective of ADSEAT is to provide guidance on how to evaluate the protective performance of vehicle seat designs aiming to reduce the incidence of neck injuries for female and male occupants. The main achievements are: reviewing injury risk, establishing anthropometric data of an average female, performing dynamic volunteer tests comprising females and males, developing a finite element model of an average female and performing sled tests with a scaled down male dummy.
  •  
43.
  • Linder, Astrid, et al. (author)
  • EvaRID : Anthropometric and biomechanical specification of a finite element dummy model of an average female for rear impact testing
  • 2011
  • In: The 22nd International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Washington, D.C., June 13-16, 2011. ; , s. 1-14
  • Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • Neck injury due to low severity vehicle crashes is of worldwide concern and it is well established that the risk of such injuries are higher for females than for males, even in similar crash conditions. In addition, recently developed protective systems have shown to be less protective of females than males. Hence there is a need for improved tools when developing and evaluating the performance of protective systems for occupants.The objective of this study was to develop a finite element model of a 50th percentile female rear impact crash dummy model. The anthropometry of the 50th percentile female was specified based on data found in the scientific published literature and is called EvaRID (Eva - female/RID - Rear Impact Dummy). EvaRID is based on the same design concept as the 50th percentile male rear impact dummy, the BioRID. A first version, EvaRID V1.0, was developed in LSDyna. The dynamic response of EvaRID V1.0 was compared to data from rear impact tests with female volunteers. It was found that it is necessary to further adjust the stiffness of the joints in the spine in order to fully mimic the motion of the volunteers. In future, the EvaRID dummy model has the potential to be a valuable tool when evaluating and developing seats and whiplash protection systems.
  •  
44.
  • Linder, Astrid, et al. (author)
  • Influence of gender, height, weight, age, seated position and collision site related to neck pain symptoms in rear end impacts
  • 2012
  • In: 2012 IRCOBI Conference Proceedings. ; , s. 235-248
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Rear end vehicle collisions can result in occupants suffering neck pain symptoms of varying degree and duration. These injuries are generally called whiplash injuries and they are common and costly. This study analyses the occurance and duration of neck pain symptoms of one particular vehicle make with focus on the influence of occupant specific information. Data collected from a Swedish vehicle make, model year 1993 up to model year 2007 at a maximum of three years old, were analysed. The results from this study show that passengers are more likely than drivers to suffer neck pain symptoms, in crashes that occurred in that particular make of car. No significant differences in risk related to age, gender weight, and height could be identified, except for: Females aged 35-44 had higher risk to have long and medium term neck pain symptoms than males in the same group of age. Males aged >=65 had higher risk to have long and medium term neck pain symptoms than males aged 35-44. Females in group "Braking" had higher risk of any type of neck pain symptoms than males. Where the occupant was seated in the front seat of the carinfluenced the occurance of neck pain symptoms and their duration for both males and females, with passengers posing a higher risk of suffering neck pain symptoms compared to drivers. Of the drivers, 17 percent reported neck pain symptoms compared to 44 percent of the passengers. When grouped into the categories males and females, 15 percent of the male and 19 percent of the female drivers reported neck pain symptoms compared to 44 percent of the male and 43 percent of the female passengers. With respect to the different collision sites, rear end collisions at traffic lights most often resulted in occupants reporting neck pain symptoms. Collisions in roundabouts most often resulted in different impact scenarios and occupants reported suffering neck pain symptoms of mid and long term duration. The result of this study indicates the need for improved understanding of the differences between driver and passenger response in different driving scenarios. In addition, occupant charactersisics should also be studied.
  •  
45.
  • Linder, Astrid, et al. (author)
  • Occupant diversity in modelling and evaluation related to soft tissue neck injuries in low severity impact
  • 2013
  • In: Proceedings of the 16th International Conference Road Safety on Four Continents. - Linköping : Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut.
  • Conference paper (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • It is well established that the risk of soft tissue neck injuries (or whiplash associated disorders) is higher for females than for males, even in similar crash conditions. Injury statistics from the mid 1960´s until today all show that females have a higher risk of sustaining such injury than males, ranging from 1.5 to 3 times higher. These injuries arise in one of the most frequent collision types and thus an important societal issue.Testing and evaluation of automotive systems are essentially determined by crash test dummies representing the 50th percentile male crash test dummy. While this dummy corresponds to a 90th -95th percentile female with regards to stature and mass, it may not be applicable for assessing the biomechanics of females, particularly for injuries resulting from low velocities rear impacts. Females and males have different anthropometry and mass distributions which may influence the interaction of the upper body with the seat backrest and head restraint and thus the injury risk.In this study the anthropometry and mass distribution of an average female was established. The anthropometry of the 50th percentile female for a rear impact crash dummy model was derived from data published in the scientific literature and data available to the consortium. This data was used to develop a finite element model of an average female dummy EvaRID (Eva – Female, RID – Rear Impact Dummy) and a new loading device called BioRID 50F. Both the numerical and physical models were based on the currently available rear impact dummy of an average male, the Biofidelic Rear Impact Dummy (BioRID) II.Volunteer tests involving male and female subjects were performed. Analysis of the volunteer tests resulted in dynamic response corridors that were used in the evaluation of the EvaRID model. Initial evaluations of seat performance were also undertaken with the male and female versions of the BioRID II physical test devices. The results show how the design of the seats are sensitive to the occupant mass distributions and, in some cases, resulted in poorer performance when loaded with a smaller and lighter dummy model. Future safety evaluations need to be adjusted to account for different occupant size and gender.
  •  
46.
  • Lindgren, Stig-Åke, 1950, et al. (author)
  • Coverage-dependent frequency for Li-atom vibrations on Cu(111)
  • 1996
  • In: Physical Review B. - 2469-9969 .- 2469-9950. ; 54:15, s. 10912 - 10916
  • Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Electron-energy-loss spectra recorded for monolayer amounts of Li adsorbed on Cu(111) show a loss peak associated with Li vibrations perpendicular to the substrate. The loss energy shifts from 38 meV at low coverage to 43 meV at 0.3 ML and remains constant for coverages between 0.3 and 0.5 ML. The loss intensity passes a maximum at a Li coverage of 0.15 ML and gradually decreases such that it is difficult to resolve a loss peak at coverages above 0.5 ML. The high loss energy indicates that the adatom resides on the surfaces rather than in substitutional sites. The frequency shift is much too large to be explained by dipole-dipole interactions. The above results are obtained with the evaporation source loaded with the natural Li isotope mixture (92.6% 7Li, 7.4% 6Li). Measurements with 6Li show that the increase of the vibration frequency with increasing coverage is not an isotope effect.
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47.
  • Mendoza-Vazquez, Manuel, 1979, et al. (author)
  • Utvärdering av provmetod som simulerar höftislag hos gångtrafikanter
  • 2017
  • Reports (other academic/artistic)abstract
    • I Sverige registreras knappt 18 000 höftfrakturer per år (Rikshöft 2013). Majoriteten, ca 90%, av alla höftfrakturer orsakas av fallolyckor från stående höjd (Nevitt and Cummings 1993; Parkkari m.fl. 1999. Risken att drabbas av höftfraktur stiger exponentiellt efter 50-årsåldern (Nydegger m.fl. 1991). Risken för höftfraktur kan minskas genom användning av stötdämpande underlag och/eller höftskydd. Utvecklingen av dessa underlag och skydd kräver en provmetod som simulerar fallolyckor med höftislag.Syftet med projektet är att ta fram en provmetod som simulerar höftislag mot marken hos en gångtrafikant som faller omkull (singelolycka). Metoden är avsedd för utvärdering av skyddseffekten hos höftskydd eller annan stötupptagande utrustning/underlag.I projektet gjordes en litteraturstudie för att samla data kring provmetoder avsedda för att utvärdera stötdämpande förmågan hos olika underlag när en människa faller på dem. Från litteraturstudien valdes tre provmetoder, standarden EN1177, standarden EN14808 och IHPRG pendelprov. Standarderna används för att utvärdera stötdämpande förmågan hos underlag på lekplatser (EN1177) och sportbeläggningar (EN14808). IHPRG pendelprovet är ett förslag som en internationell forskargrupp har presenterat för att testa skydd och dämpande golv under höftislag.Provmetoderna och deras provapparater simulerades med hjälp av finita element-metoden (FEM). Alla tre provmetoderna simulerades för att utvärdera tre olika underlag. Med hjälp av en (FEM) humanmodell simulerades ett fall åt sidan på de tre olika underlagen. Resultatet som togs fram med humanmodellen användes som referens för att utvärdera provmetoderna.Alla tre provmetoderna rangordnade underlagen på samma sätt. Skillnaden var att IHPRG pendelprovet och humanmodellen visade liknande relativa skillnader mellan underlagen.Slutsatser=> IHPRG pendelprovet verkar ha bättre förutsättningar att representera en gångtrafikant som faller omkull på marken än standarderna EN1177 och EN14808.=> IHPRG pendelprovet rangordnade stötdämpande förmågan hos tre olika underlag på samma sätt som humanmodellen gjorde, dessutom med liknande relativa skillnader mellan de tre underlagen.=> Som fortsättning till projektet föreslås att ta fram en förenklad geometri (istället för lårbenet) som kan tillverkas i aluminium eller stål och utvärdera den.
  •  
48.
  • Svensson, Mats, 1960, et al. (author)
  • Difference in Female and Male Whiplash Injury Risk – Indications from Seat Testing and From Fluid Dynamics Modelling of Nerve Injury Mechanisms
  • 2016
  • In: Proceeding of the 13th International Forum of Automotive Traffic Safety (INFATS), Hangzhou, China, November 24-26. ; , s. 473-476
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)abstract
    • Whiplash Associated Disorder (WAD) is still one of the most poorly understood traffic injuries.Cervical dorsal root ganglion lesion is a potential cause of WAD. This short communication covers factorsthat potentially contribute to the difference in WAD risk between female and male car occupants in rearimpacts.A prototype female rear impact dummy and the male BioRID II dummy were used. In parallel a 3D modelof the ganglion and the intervertebral bridging veins was developed in CFD software. The T1 x-accelerationwas mostly higher in the female dummy, coinciding with the time of strongest pressure magnitudes.Car seats interacted differently with the female compared the male dummy. Increased early T1acceleration of the female indicates a stronger pressure magnitude in the vertebral canal. Increased pressureswere also found with more female-like neck joint properties.The results points to the need to complete
  •  
49.
  • Svensson, Mats, 1960, et al. (author)
  • Future Accident Scenarios involving Small Electric Vehicles
  • 2014
  • In: International Research Council on the Biomechanics of Injury Conference, IRCOBI 2014; Berlin; Germany; 10 September 2014 through 12 September 2014. - 2235-3151. ; , s. 51-52
  • Conference paper (peer-reviewed)
  •  
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