| 1. |
|
|
| 2. |
- Cintas Sanchez, Olivia, 1982, et al.
(författare)
-
Geospatial supply-demand modeling of biomass residues for co-firing in European coal power plants
- 2018
-
Ingår i: GCB Bioenergy. - : Wiley. - 1757-1707 .- 1757-1693. ; 10:11, s. 786-803
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biomass co‐firing with coal is a near‐term option to displace fossil fuels and can facilitate development of biomass conversion and the build‐out of biomass supply infrastructure. A GIS‐based modeling framework (EU‐28, Norway, and Switzerland) is used to quantify and localize biomass demand for co‐firing in coal power plants and agricultural and forest residue supply potentials; supply and demand are then matched based on minimizing the total biomass transport costs (field‐to‐gate). Key datasets (e.g., land cover, land use, wood production) are available at 1,000 m or higher resolution, while some data (e.g., simulated yields) and assumptions (e.g., crop harvest index) have lower resolution and were re‐sampled to allow modeling at 1,000 m resolution. Biomass demand for co‐firing is estimated at 184 PJ in 2020, corresponding to an emissions reduction of 18 Mt CO2. In all countries except Italy and Spain, the sum of the forest and agricultural residues available at less than 300 km from a co‐firing plant exceeds the assessed biomass demand. The total cost of transporting residues to these plants is reduced if agricultural residues can be used, since transport distances are shorter. The total volume of forest residues less than 300 km from a co‐firing plant corresponds to about half of the assessed biomass demand. Almost 70% of the total biomass demand for co‐firing is found in Germany and Poland. The volumes of domestic forest residues in Germany (Poland) available within the cost range 2‐5 (1.5‐3.5) €/GJ biomass correspond to about 30% (70%) of the biomass demand. The volumes of domestic forest and agricultural residues in Germany (Poland) within the cost range 2‐4 (below 2) €/GJ biomass exceed the biomass demand for co‐firing. Half of the biomass demand is located within 50 km from ports, indicating that long‐distance biomass transport by sea is in many instances an option.
|
|
| 3. |
- Cintas Sanchez, Olivia, 1982, et al.
(författare)
-
Geospatial supply-demand modeling of lignocellulosic biomass for electricity and biofuels in the European Union
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Biomass and Bioenergy. - : Elsevier BV. - 1873-2909 .- 0961-9534. ; 144
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bioenergy can contribute to achieving European Union (EU) climate targets while mitigating impacts from current agricultural land use. A GIS-based modeling framework (1000 m resolution) is employed to match biomass supply (forest and agricultural residues, complemented by lignocellulosic energy crops where needed) with biomass demand for either electricity or bio-oil production on sites currently used for coal power in the EU-28, Norway, and Switzerland. The framework matches supply and demand based on minimizing the field-to-gate costs and is used to provide geographically explicit information on (i) plant-gate supply cost; (ii) CO2 savings; and (iii) potential mitigation opportunities for soil erosion, flooding, and eutrophication resulting from the introduction of energy crops on cropland. Converting all suitable coal power plants to biomass and assuming that biomass is sourced within a transport distance of 300 km, would produce an estimated 150 TW h biomass-derived electricity, using 1365 PJ biomass, including biomass from energy crops grown on 6 Mha. Using all existing coal power sites for bio-oil production in 100-MW pyrolysis units could produce 820 PJ of bio-oil, using 1260 PJ biomass, including biomass from energy crops grown on 1.8 Mha. Using biomass to generate electricity would correspond to an emissions reduction of 135 MtCO2, while using biomass to produce bio-oil to substitute for crude oil would correspond to a reduction of 59 MtCO2. In addition, energy crops can have a positive effect on soil organic carbon in most of the analyzed countries. The mitigation opportunities investigated range from marginal to high depending on location.
|
|
| 4. |
- Ahlgren, Erik, 1962, et al.
(författare)
-
Assessing long-term sustainability of district heating systems
- 2012
-
Ingår i: Proceedings EcoBalance Yokohama Nov 20-23 2012.
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Biomass has become the main fuel for district heating (DH) systems in Sweden, and the substitution of biomass for oil during the last decades has led to considerably reduced CO2 emissions within the DH systems. Today, biomass is used both in heat- only boilers and, increasingly, in combined heat-and-power plants. District heating contributes also to increased sustainability through the utilization of industrial waste heat, which substitutes for primary energy use.With increasing pressure on constrained biomass resources and due to the geographical distribution of waste-heat sources, the municipal DH systems need to look for new solutions in order to further reduce their dependency on primary energy sources and enhance their sustainability. An integration of local systems into a regional heat system would allow for utilization of an increasing amount of waste heat, to capture scale effects of biomass combined heat and power plants and also to compensate for load profile differences between the local systems. DH systems are in addition being increasingly integrated with the power system and also with biorefineries through the production of bio transport fuels. Thus, the role of DH systems is becoming increasingly complex. This calls for new tools and methods to assess the sustainability of various possible future options and developments.The aim of the study is to assess the long-term sustainability of different DH developments with a focus on possibilities for integration of local DH systems into a regional system. In order to assess the sustainability in a long-term perspective of future DH options, we combine methods such as energy systems modeling and life cycle assessment in a procedural framework called life cycle sustainability assessment. The energy systems model applied is an optimizing bottom-up model. The study concerns the Vastra Gotaland region of Sweden and our model represents all the municipal DH systems at a detailed level. This presentation will mainly focus on the methodological aspects of the work: on how the different methods can be integrated and applied in a sustainability assessment of future district heating.
|
|
| 5. |
- Cintas Sanchez, Olivia, 1982, et al.
(författare)
-
Carbon balances of bioenergy systems using biomass from forests managed with long rotations: bridging the gap between stand and landscape assessments
- 2017
-
Ingår i: GCB Bioenergy. - : Wiley. - 1757-1707 .- 1757-1693. ; 9:7, s. 1238-1251
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Studies report different findings concerning the climate benefits of bioenergy, in part due to varying scope and use of different approaches to define spatial and temporal system boundaries. We quantify carbon balances for bioenergy systems that use biomass from forests managed with long rotations, employing different approaches and boundary conditions. Two approaches to represent landscapes and quantify their carbon balances - expanding vs. constant spatial boundaries - are compared. We show that for a conceptual forest landscape, constructed by combining a series of time-shifted forest stands, the two approaches sometimes yield different results. We argue that the approach that uses constant spatial boundaries is preferable because it captures all carbon flows in the landscape throughout the accounting period. The approach that uses expanding system boundaries fails to accurately describe the carbon fluxes in the landscape due to incomplete coverage of carbon flows and influence of the stand-level dynamics, which in turn arise from the way temporal system boundaries are defined on the stand level. Modelling of profit-driven forest management using location-specific forest data shows that the implications for carbon balance of management changes across the landscape ( which are partly neglected when expanding system boundaries are used) depend on many factors such as forest structure and forest owners' expectations of market development for bioenergy and other wood products. Assessments should not consider forest-based bioenergy in isolation but should ideally consider all forest products and how forest management planning as a whole is affected by bioenergy incentives - and how this in turn affects carbon balances in forest landscapes and forest product pools. Due to uncertainties, we modelled several alternative scenarios for forest products markets. We recommend that future work consider alternative scenarios for other critical factors, such as policy options and energy technology pathways.
|
|
| 6. |
- Cintas Sanchez, Olivia, 1982
(författare)
-
Land-Use and Climate Effects of Bioenergy: Carbon balances of Swedish forest bioenergy systems – and – Geospatial biomass supply-and-demand matching for Europe
- 2018
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- In order to keep global warming below 2 degrees Celsius, greenhouse gas emissions have to be drastically reduced. Bioenergy can play a role in climate change mitigation by substituting for energy from fossil fuels; however, biomass is a limited resource associated with emissions from land use and land-use change. Climate benefits of using biomass for energy have been called into question, with studies reaching conflicting conclusions. These conflicts can in part be explained by differences in methodological approaches and critical parameters, as well as by differences among the assessed bioenergy systems, e.g., the geographic location and associated land use. This thesis combines five papers to provide a better understanding of the interactions between biomass supply and demand and the implications for land use and for climate change and other environmental impacts. Papers I and II bring together different methodological perspectives to analyze the effects on land use, biomass production, and forest carbon balances of using forest bioenergy. The papers show how the climate benefits of forest bioenergy systems can depend on the scale of the assessment, structure of the forests studied, market prospects for bioenergy and other forest products, and energy system developments. Paper III analyzes the role of the Swedish forest sector in future energy scenarios and in reaching the 2050 goal of climate neutrality. The paper finds that the Swedish forest can make an important contribution by supplying forest fuels and other products while maintaining or enhancing carbon storage in vegetation, soils, and forest products. The results are placed in the context of the 2-degree target by allocating a CO2 emissions budget to Sweden. Paper IV presents a geographical information system modeling framework (1,000 m resolution) for assessing and analyzing the availability and cost of forest and agricultural residues in relation to localized biomass demand for co-firing with coal. The paper shows that using agricultural residues reduces transport distances and thereby transport costs. Paper V extends the modeling framework used in Paper IV to include energy crops in assessing biomass availability and costs in the context of bio-electricity and bio-refineries, and considers potential environmental consequences associated with energy crops. The paper shows that lignocellulosic crops can complement residues and help mitigate a selected number of environmental impacts on agricultural land.
|
|
| 7. |
- Cintas Sanchez, Olivia, 1982
(författare)
-
On the contribution of forest bioenergy to climate change mitigation
- 2016
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have to be drastically reduced to keep global warming below 2 degrees. Bioenergy can play a role in climate change mitigation by substituting for fossil fuels. However, climate benefits associated with forest-based bioenergy are being questioned, and studies arrive at contrasting conclusions, mainly due to diverging methodological choices and assumptions. This thesis combines three papers to bring together different methodological perspectives to improve the assessment and understanding of the contribution of forest bioenergy to climate change mitigation. The thesis concerns carbon balances and GHG-mediated climate effects associated with the use of forest biomass for energy in Sweden. More specifically, the focus is on methodological choices including definition of spatial and temporal system boundaries, and character of forests and forest product markets, e.g., forest owners’ responses to changes in demand for forest products, and how different assessment scales and metrics capture the difference in timing between emission and sequestration of carbon in forests that are managed with long rotations.The results show that the assessed climate benefits of promoting forest bioenergy systems can differ depending on the scale of the assessment, the forest structure, market prospects for bioenergy and other forest products, and energy system developments. Based on these findings, we recommend that assessments intending to support policy-making (i) consider how an increase in bioenergy demand affects the forest carbon stock at the landscape level, i.e., the scale at which forest operations are typically coordinated; (ii) be context-specific rather than feedstock-specific; (iii) consider changes in forest management driven by increased bioenergy demand, which can affect forest carbon stock and climate change mitigation; (iv) combine the assessment with energy system modeling to understand the size and development of bioenergy demand and different technology pathways; and (v) acknowledge short-term vs. long-term benefits, as some bioenergy systems could be associated with initial forest stock losses but great long-term benefits that can be overlooked if the temporal scope is too narrow. The latter is especially relevant when the ultimate goal is a long-term climate target, e.g.., the 2-degree target.This thesis also shows that the Swedish forest sector can make an important contribution to the 2045 goal of climate neutrality, i.e., no net GHG emissions to the atmosphere, by supplying forest fuels and other products while maintaining or enhancing carbon storage in vegetation, soils, and forest products. The results indicate that the neutrality target can only be reached by 2050 if the net carbon balance effect from the forest is considered. Additionally, measures to enhance forest productivity can increase the output of forest products (including bioenergy) and also enhance carbon sequestration in forests and products, reaching net negative emissions earlier. All in all, studies intending to support policy- and decision-making may provide more relevant information if the focus is shifted from assessing individual bioenergy systems to consider all forest products and how forest management planning as a whole is affected by bioenergy incentives - and how this in turn affects carbon balances in forest landscapes and forest product pools. Studies should preferably employ several alternative scenarios for critical factors, including policy options, forest product markets, and energy technology pathways.
|
|
| 8. |
- Cintas Sanchez, Olivia, 1982, et al.
(författare)
-
THE CLIMATE BENEFITS OF INCREASED FOREST BIOENERGY USE IN SWEDEN: EVALUATION AT DIFFERENT SCALES
- 2014
-
Ingår i: World Bioenergy 2014 Proceedings. ; , s. 133-139
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Forest bioenergy has gained attention as an alternative to replace fossil fuels and mitigate climate change; however, in recent years its climate benefit has been questioned. The aim of this paper is to (i) present results from an assessment of the carbon (C) balance for Swedish bioenergy systems that use forest biomass from long-rotation forestry as feedstock; (ii) show how methodological choices and assumptions influence the outcome of the assessment; and (iii) discuss the climate effect of increasing forest harvest for energy use in Sweden. To achieve this purpose, an assessment framework is developed which consists of two linked models: the first one is the Q model, used to quantify the biogenic C balances associated with forest management and the second one is the CAfBio, used to account for forest product flows up to the point when the C is released into the atmosphere. Modeling results depend on many factors, with some important ones being harvest intensity, changes in forest management and the emissions intensity of the baseline scenario, which determines the C savings from using forest products. However, the results of the study support the conclusion that increased use of forest biomass for bioenergy can deliver substantial C savings.
|
|
| 9. |
- Cintas Sanchez, Olivia, 1982, et al.
(författare)
-
The climate effect of increased forest bioenergy use in Sweden: evaluation at different spatial and temporal scales
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Energy and Environment. - : Wiley. - 2041-8396 .- 2041-840X. ; 5:3, s. 351-369
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bioenergy from boreal forests managed for productive purposes (e.g., pulp, timber) is commonly held to offer attractive options for climate change mitigation. However, this view has been challenged in recent years. Carbon balances, cumulative radiative forcing, and average global temperature change have been calculated for a variety of bioenergy management regimes in Swedish forests and the results support the view that an increased use of forest biomass for energy in Sweden can contribute to climate change mitigation, although methodological (e.g. spatial scales) and parameter value choices influence the results significantly. We show that the climate effect of forest-based bioenergy depends on the forest ecosystems and management, including biomass extraction for bioenergy and other products, and how this management changes in response to anticipated market demands; and on the energy system effects, which determine the fossil carbon displacement and other greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation effects of using forest biomass for bioenergy and other purposes. The public and private sectors are advised to consider information from comprehensive analyses that provide insights about energy and forest systems in the context of evolving forest product markets, alternative policy options, and energy technology pathways in their decision-making processes.
|
|
| 10. |
- Cintas Sanchez, Olivia, 1982, et al.
(författare)
-
The potential role of forest management in Swedish scenarios towards climate neutrality by mid century
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Forest Ecology and Management. - : Elsevier BV. - 0378-1127 .- 1872-7042. ; 383:January, s. 73-84
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Swedish climate policy targets net zero greenhouse gases (GHG) by mid-century, with road transport independent of fossil fuels by 2030, requiring far-reaching changes in the way energy is used. Forest management is expected to support carbon sequestration and provide biomass for various uses, including energy. In this paper, we combine two energy scenarios with four forest scenarios and quantify GHG balances associated with energy-use for heat, electricity, and road transport, and with forest management and production, use, and end-of-life management of various forest products, including products for export. The aggregated GHG balances are evaluated in relation to the 2-degree target and an allocated Swedish CO2 budget. The production of biofuels in the agriculture sector is considered but not analyzed in detail.The results suggest that Swedish forestry can make an important contribution by supplying forest fuels and other products while maintaining or enhancing carbon storage in vegetation, soils, and forest products. The GHG neutrality goal is not met in any of the scenarios without factoring in carbon sequestration. Measures to enhance forest productivity can increase output of forest products (including biofuels for export) and also enhance carbon sequestration. The Swedish forest sector can let Sweden reach net negative emissions, and avoid “using up” its allocated CO2 budget, thereby increasing the associated emissions space for the rest of the world.
|
|
| 11. |
|
|
