| 1. |
- Murari, A., et al.
(författare)
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A control oriented strategy of disruption prediction to avoid the configuration collapse of tokamak reactors
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature Communications. - 2041-1723 .- 2041-1723. ; 15:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of thermonuclear fusion consists of producing electricity from the coalescence of light nuclei in high temperature plasmas. The most promising route to fusion envisages the confinement of such plasmas with magnetic fields, whose most studied configuration is the tokamak. Disruptions are catastrophic collapses affecting all tokamak devices and one of the main potential showstoppers on the route to a commercial reactor. In this work we report how, deploying innovative analysis methods on thousands of JET experiments covering the isotopic compositions from hydrogen to full tritium and including the major D-T campaign, the nature of the various forms of collapse is investigated in all phases of the discharges. An original approach to proximity detection has been developed, which allows determining both the probability of and the time interval remaining before an incoming disruption, with adaptive, from scratch, real time compatible techniques. The results indicate that physics based prediction and control tools can be developed, to deploy realistic strategies of disruption avoidance and prevention, meeting the requirements of the next generation of devices.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
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| 5. |
- Abel, I, et al.
(författare)
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Overview of the JET results with the ITER-like wall
- 2013
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Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1741-4326 .- 0029-5515. ; 53:10, s. 104002-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Following the completion in May 2011 of the shutdown for the installation of the beryllium wall and the tungsten divertor, the first set of JET campaigns have addressed the investigation of the retention properties and the development of operational scenarios with the new plasma-facing materials. The large reduction in the carbon content (more than a factor ten) led to a much lower Z(eff) (1.2-1.4) during L- and H-mode plasmas, and radiation during the burn-through phase of the plasma initiation with the consequence that breakdown failures are almost absent. Gas balance experiments have shown that the fuel retention rate with the new wall is substantially reduced with respect to the C wall. The re-establishment of the baseline H-mode and hybrid scenarios compatible with the new wall has required an optimization of the control of metallic impurity sources and heat loads. Stable type-I ELMy H-mode regimes with H-98,H-y2 close to 1 and beta(N) similar to 1.6 have been achieved using gas injection. ELM frequency is a key factor for the control of the metallic impurity accumulation. Pedestal temperatures tend to be lower with the new wall, leading to reduced confinement, but nitrogen seeding restores high pedestal temperatures and confinement. Compared with the carbon wall, major disruptions with the new wall show a lower radiated power and a slower current quench. The higher heat loads on Be wall plasma-facing components due to lower radiation made the routine use of massive gas injection for disruption mitigation essential.
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| 6. |
- Romanelli, F, et al.
(författare)
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Overview of the JET results
- 2011
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Ingår i: Nuclear Fusion. - : IOP Publishing. - 1741-4326 .- 0029-5515. ; 51:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Since the last IAEA Conference JET has been in operation for one year with a programmatic focus on the qualification of ITER operating scenarios, the consolidation of ITER design choices and preparation for plasma operation with the ITER-like wall presently being installed in JET. Good progress has been achieved, including stationary ELMy H-mode operation at 4.5 MA. The high confinement hybrid scenario has been extended to high triangularity, lower ρ*and to pulse lengths comparable to the resistive time. The steady-state scenario has also been extended to lower ρ*and ν*and optimized to simultaneously achieve, under stationary conditions, ITER-like values of all other relevant normalized parameters. A dedicated helium campaign has allowed key aspects of plasma control and H-mode operation for the ITER non-activated phase to be evaluated. Effective sawtooth control by fast ions has been demonstrated with3He minority ICRH, a scenario with negligible minority current drive. Edge localized mode (ELM) control studies using external n = 1 and n = 2 perturbation fields have found a resonance effect in ELM frequency for specific q95values. Complete ELM suppression has, however, not been observed, even with an edge Chirikov parameter larger than 1. Pellet ELM pacing has been demonstrated and the minimum pellet size needed to trigger an ELM has been estimated. For both natural and mitigated ELMs a broadening of the divertor ELM-wetted area with increasing ELM size has been found. In disruption studies with massive gas injection up to 50% of the thermal energy could be radiated before, and 20% during, the thermal quench. Halo currents could be reduced by 60% and, using argon/deuterium and neon/deuterium gas mixtures, runaway electron generation could be avoided. Most objectives of the ITER-like ICRH antenna have been demonstrated; matching with closely packed straps, ELM resilience, scattering matrix arc detection and operation at high power density (6.2 MW m-2) and antenna strap voltages (42 kV). Coupling measurements are in very good agreement with TOPICA modelling. © 2011 IAEA, Vienna.
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| 7. |
- Alberdi, A., et al.
(författare)
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Dynamic characterisation of different magneto-sensitive natural rubbers for application in vibration isolation
- 2010
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Ingår i: Proceedings of ISMA 2010 - International Conference on Noise and Vibration Engineering, including USD 2010. - : Katholieke Universiteit Leuven. - 9789073802872 ; , s. 227-231
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dynamic properties of magneto-sensitive natural rubber components were experimentally studied. Different magneto-sensitive rubbers were manufactured, consisting of irregularly shaped micron-sized iron particles embedded in a natural rubber matrix, and the influence of the hardness of the matrix material and the particle volume concentration were analyzed. Vibration isolators consisting of magneto-sensitive elastomers promise to have more functionality than conventional isolators as they can change their dynamic stiffness rapidly, continuously and reversibly under the application of an external magnetic field. Experimental measurements on MS components show that a better performance may be obtained at applications where small amplitudes are required, using soft matrix materials and with concentration close to a critical particle volume fraction.
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| 8. |
- Alberdi-Muniain, Ane, et al.
(författare)
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An experimental study of magneto-sensitive natural rubber components applied in a vibration isolation system
- 2009
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Ingår i: CONSTITUTIVE MODELS FOR RUBBER VI. - London : Taylor & Francis. - 9780415563277 ; , s. 99-104
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effectiveness of magneto-sensitive natural rubber components applied in a vibration isolation system is experimentally investigated, where influences of excitation position, amplitude, frequency and magnetic field are examined. The magneto-sensitive elastomer consists of micron-sized, irregularly shaped iron particles blended in soft natural rubber at a concentration close to the critical particle volume fraction, shown to be the most favorable composition for optimum behaviour. A rigid aluminium mass supported on four vibration isolators is excited by an electro-dynamic shaker. Each component of this vibration isolation system is composed of two thin, square shaped, symmetrically positioned magneto-sensitive elements excited in simple shear with a magnetic field applied perpendicularly to the motion by an electromagnet. The magnetic field is varied by applying different intensities through the coil. The excitation position is either on the centre or on the edge of the surface of the mass, using step-sine excitation of various amplitudes in the frequency range of 0 to 300 Hz. The results show that it is possible to use magneto-sensitive rubber for vibration control purposes.
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| 9. |
- Alberdi-Muniain, Ane, et al.
(författare)
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Direct energy flow measurement in magneto-sensitive vibration isolator systems
- 2012
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Ingår i: Journal of Sound and Vibration. - : Elsevier. - 0022-460X .- 1095-8568. ; 331:9, s. 1994-2006
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The effectiveness of highly nonlinear, frequency, amplitude and magnetic field dependent magneto-sensitive natural rubber components applied in a vibration isolation system is experimentally investigated by measuring the energy flow into the foundation. The energy flow, including both force and velocity of the foundation, is a suitable measure of the effectiveness of a real vibration isolation system where the foundation is not perfectly rigid. The vibration isolation system in this study consists of a solid aluminium mass supported on four magneto-sensitive rubber components and is excited by an electro-dynamic shaker while applying various excitation signals, amplitudes and positions in the frequency range of 20-200 Hz and using magneto-sensitive components at zero-field and at magnetic saturation. The energy flow through the magneto-sensitive rubber isolators is directly measured by inserting a force transducer below each isolator and an accelerometer on the foundation close to each isolator. This investigation provides novel practical insights into the potential of using magneto-sensitive material isolators in noise and vibration control, including their advantages compared to traditional vibration isolators. Finally, nonlinear features of magneto-sensitive components are experimentally verified.
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| 10. |
- Alberdi-Muniain, Ane, et al.
(författare)
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Indirect energy flow measurement in magneto-sensitive vibration isolator systems
- 2013
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Ingår i: Applied Acoustics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0003-682X .- 1872-910X. ; 74:4, s. 575-584
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The indirect energy flow measurement method is extended to cover highly nonlinear, frequency, amplitude and magnetic field dependent magneto-sensitive natural rubber isolators applied in a real vibration isolation system. Energy flow is an effective measure of vibration isolation while being a single quantity that considers both force and velocity. The use of the indirect technique is of interest while requiring only accelerometers since it is usually difficult to directly measure the force in a real application. The vibration isolation system is composed of four magneto-sensitive rubber isolators that are inserted under a vibrating source consisting of a solid aluminium mass excited by an electro-dynamic shaker. Magneto-sensitive rubber isolators are more useful than conventional rubber isolators since the dynamic stiffness varies with the application of an external magnetic field, thus resulting in more effective vibration isolation. Various approximations regarding the indirect technique are investigated, concluding that average stiffness of magneto-sensitive isolators can be used and auto-spectrum of the foundation velocity ignored. In addition, various error analyses are performed. Finally, the indirect measurement of the energy flow is validated by direct measurements, showing very good agreement.
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| 11. |
- Alberdi-Muniain, Ane, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of carbon black and plasticisers on dynamic properties of isotropic magnetosensitive natural rubber
- 2012
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Ingår i: Plastics, rubber and composites. - 1465-8011 .- 1743-2898. ; 41:7, s. 310-317
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The dynamic shear modulus of magnetosensitive (MS) natural rubber composites is experimentallystudied, where influences of carbon black, plasticiser and iron particle concentrations areinvestigated at various dynamic shear strain amplitudes and external magnetic fields within thelower structure borne frequency range. The iron particles embedded in natural rubber areirregularly shaped and randomly distributed; the plasticisers simplify the iron particle blendingprocess, while carbon black reduces the production costs and improves the mechanicalproperties. The results show that the relative MS effect on the shear modulus magnitude increaseswith increased plasticiser and iron particle concentration and decreases with increased carbonblack concentration. Furthermore, their relative contributions are quantified. Consequently, thestudy provides a basis for optimising the composition of MS natural rubber to meet a variety ofrequirements, including those of vibration isolation, a promising application area for MS materials.
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| 12. |
- Alberdi-Muniain, Ane, 1983-
(författare)
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Magneto-sensitive elastomers in vibration isolation
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vibration isolators made of rubber are used in numerous engineeringapplications to isolate structures from undesirable effects of vibrations.However, once a vibration isolator is installed in an application, it is not possible to modify its characteristics to adjust to changing conditions. An alternative to obtain more adaptive characteristics is touse magneto-sensitive (MS) elastomers. MS elastomers are a type of smart material consisting of an elastomer matrix, such as natural or synthetic rubber, to which iron particles are added displaying properties that vary rapidly, continuously and reversibly by applying an external magnetic field.The aim of this thesis is to investigate the possibility to use MS natural rubber in vibration isolation.Firstly, dynamic shear properties of MS natural rubber are experimentally studied at various frequencies, dynamic amplitudes and magnetic fields. In addition, the influence on the dynamic properties of adding carbon black and plasticisers to MS rubber is investigated. Carbon black is the most popular reinforcing filler that rubber usually contains in engineering applications to improve mechanical properties where as plasticisers simplify the filler blending process.Furthermore, the effectiveness of MS rubber applied in a vibration isolation system is experimentally investigated by measuring the energy flow into the foundation. The energy flow, including both force and velocity of the foundation, is a suitable measure of the effectiveness of a real vibration isolation system where the foundation is not perfectly rigid. The vibration isolation system in this study consists of a solid aluminium mass excitedby an electro-dynamic shaker and mounted upon four nonlinear frequency,amplitude and magnetic field dependent MS isolators being connected to a relatively stiff foundation. The energy flow through the MS isolators is directly measured by inserting a force transducer below each isolator andan accelerometer on the foundation close to each isolator. MS isolators are shown to be more useful than conventional rubber isolators since the dynamic stiffness varies with the application of an external magnetic field,thus resulting in more effective vibration isolation. In addition, the indirect technique is employed to measure the energy flow while requiring only accelerometers since it is usually difficult to directly measure the force in a real application. The indirect technique is validated by direct measurements.Finally, a model of the energy flow through the nonlinear frequency,amplitude and magnetic field dependent MS isolators is developed for the tested vibration isolation system. Vibration isolators are usually only a small connecting component within a more complex system. Hence, simple discrete models are frequently used to characterise the frequency and dynamic amplitude dependence of rubber. Recently, a model of this type has been modified to include magneto-sensitivity and thus model MS rubber. In this study, this novel MS rubber model is incorporated into the full system to model the MS isolators while the foundation is characterised by its driving-point and transfer inertances at and between the connection points.The energy flow model results are compared to those of measurements,showing good agreement. The developed energy flow model provides a basis to design vibration isolator systems made of MS isolators.
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| 13. |
- Alberdi-Muniain, Ane, et al.
(författare)
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Modelling energy flow through magneto-sensitive vibration isolators
- 2013
-
Ingår i: International Journal of Engineering Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0020-7225 .- 1879-2197. ; 65, s. 22-39
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A highly nonlinear model of the energy flow in a magneto-sensitive (MS) vibration isolation system is developed where it is possible to investigate the influences of MS rubber material parameters; magnetic field strength; MS isolator dimension and position; excitation force magnitude, position and frequency; engine mass, inertia and dimension and, finally, foundation inertance. The MS vibration isolation system consists of an engine modelled by a solid mass, excited by a vertical force and mounted upon four MS isolators being connected to a relatively stiff foundation characterised by its driving-point and transfer inertances at and between the connection points. The energy flow into the foundation is the most appropriate indicator of the effectiveness of a real vibration isolation system while considering both foundation velocity and force. The MS isolator model applied is a nonlinear MS rubber model including frequency, dynamic amplitude and magnetic field dependence. The energy flow model results are compared to those of measurements, showing good agreement. Finally, parameter studies are carried out. The developed energy flow model provides a basis for designing MS vibration isolation systems to meet specific requirements.
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| 14. |
- Blanco, Blas, et al.
(författare)
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Distributed support modelling for vertical track dynamic analysis
- 2018
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Ingår i: Vehicle System Dynamics. - : Taylor & Francis. - 0042-3114 .- 1744-5159. ; 56:4, s. 529-552
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The finite length nature of rail-pad supports is characterised by a Timoshenko beam element formulation over an elastic foundation, giving rise to the distributed support element. The new element is integrated into a vertical track model, which is solved in frequency and time domain. The developed formulation is obtained by solving the governing equations of a Timoshenko beam for this particular case. The interaction between sleeper and rail via the elastic connection is considered in an analytical, compact and efficient way. The modelling technique results in realistic amplitudes of the pinned-pinned' vibration mode and, additionally, it leads to a smooth evolution of the contact force temporal response and to reduced amplitudes of the rail vertical oscillation, as compared to the results from concentrated support models. Simulations are performed for both parametric and sinusoidal roughness excitation. The model of support proposed here is compared with a previous finite length model developed by other authors, coming to the conclusion that the proposed model gives accurate results at a reduced computational cost.
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| 15. |
- Blanco, Blas, et al.
(författare)
-
Distributed support modelling for vertical track dynamic analysis
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The finite length nature of rail-pad supports is characterised by a Timoshenko beam element formulation over an elastic foundation, giving rise to the distributed support element (TEEF). The new element is integrated into a vertical track model, which is solved in frequency and time domain. The developed formulation is obtained by solving the governing equations of a Timoshenko beam for this particular case. The interaction between sleeper and rail via the elastic connection is considered in an analytical, compact and efficient way. The modelling technique results in realistic amplitudes of the ‘pin-pin’ vibration mode and, additionally, it leads to a smooth evolution of the contact force temporal response and to reduced amplitudes of the rail vertical oscillation, as compared to the results from concentrated connection support models. Simulations are performed for both parametric and sinusoidal roughness excitation. The model of support proposed here is compared with a previous finite length model developed by other authors, coming to the conclusion that the proposed model gives accurate results at a reduced computational cost.
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| 16. |
- Blanco, Blas, et al.
(författare)
-
Implementation of Timoshenko element local deflection for vertical track modelling
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A vertical track model suitable for the study of the dynamic response and the interaction between wheel and rail in the time domain is developed by using Timoshenko beam elements, and its performance is optimized by accounting for the local deflection of these type of elements. Implementation of the local system enables to obtain an accurate description of the contact force in a more computational efficient way than other numerical methods, and it leads to an almost total elimination of the discontinuities caused by the moving nature of the load and the shear incompatibilities introduced by the conventional formulation with Timoshenko beam elements. The work presented here describes both static and dynamic approaches of the local system directly obtained through the resolution of the beam governing equations. Two resolution strategies for the timedomain response are proposed, along with the local system formulation. The first is based on numerical integration of the whole system by introducing a Newmark scheme followed by a Newton–Raphson iterative process. The second resolution strategy is based on a numerical convolution integration, which is able to reduce significantly the computational cost of the simulation. This last resolution methodology together with implementation of the local system approach, join a computationally efficient routine and an accurate description of the track dynamic, which are valuable features for dynamics simulations. The results are validated by comparison with those from previous works.
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| 17. |
- Blanco, Blas, et al.
(författare)
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Implementation of Timoshenko element local deflection for vertical track modelling
- 2019
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Ingår i: Vehicle System Dynamics. - : TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD. - 0042-3114 .- 1744-5159. ; 57:10, s. 1421-1444
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A vertical track model suitable for the study of the dynamic response and the interaction between wheel and rail in the time domain is developed by using Timoshenko beam elements, and its performance is optimised by accounting for the local deflection of these type of elements. Implementation of the local system enables one to obtain an accurate description of the contact force in a more computationally efficient way than other numerical methods, and it leads to an almost total elimination of the discontinuities caused by the local displacement underestimation and the shear incompatibilities introduced by the conventional formulation with Timoshenko beam elements. The work presented here describes both static and dynamic approaches of the local system directly obtained through the resolution of the beam governing equations. The dynamic approach guarantees the shear rotation continuity and describes accurately the track frequency content. The method is tested for parametric excitation, in which it ensures the smoothness of the response. Secondly, it is tested for short-pitch corrugated rails, where overestimation of the contact force is avoided with a reduced model size when compared with conventional Timoshenko element formulation. The results are validated by comparison with those from previous studies.
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| 18. |
- Blanco, B., et al.
(författare)
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On the correction of rail accelerations predicted by numerical track models based on Timoshenko beam theory
- 2021
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Ingår i: Vehicle System Dynamics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0042-3114 .- 1744-5159. ; , s. 1-25
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Rail accelerations can be used on the defect detection and health monitoring of railway vehicle and track components; therefore, mathematical models that predict this response are of interest for reproducing its behaviour in a wide range of situations. The numerical track models based on the Timoshenko beam theory introduce a non-physical response, which is especially noticeable in the rail accelerations. It is due to the lack of dynamic convergence of the Timoshenko finite element (FE). This paper addresses this phenomenon employing an enhanced formulation of the Timoshenko FE that includes internal degrees of freedom (iDoF). The iDoF shape functions are derived from the Timoshenko beam dynamic governing equations. Firstly, the formulation is presented, and its performance is compared with a similar Timoshenko FE formulation. Secondly, the proposal is assessed in the dynamic modelling of railway track structures. The use of iDoF efficiently corrects the non-physical response of rail accelerations by improving the FE dynamic convergence. Subsequently, a filtering criterion for accelerations is proposed, which removes the remaining non-physical response while guaranteeing the conservation of coherent frequency content. Finally, practical cases are simulated for which the proposed methodology is proved to be more efficient and reliable than the standard approach.
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| 19. |
- Blanton, Michael R., et al.
(författare)
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Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV : Mapping the Milky Way, Nearby Galaxies, and the Distant Universe
- 2017
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Ingår i: Astronomical Journal. - : IOP Publishing Ltd. - 0004-6256 .- 1538-3881. ; 154:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We describe the Sloan Digital Sky Survey IV (SDSS-IV), a project encompassing three major spectroscopic programs. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment 2 (APOGEE-2) is observing hundreds of thousands of Milky Way stars at high resolution and. high signal-to-noise ratios in the near-infrared. The Mapping Nearby Galaxies at Apache Point Observatory (MaNGA) survey is obtaining spatially resolved spectroscopy for thousands of nearby galaxies (median z similar to 0.03). The extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey (eBOSS) is mapping the galaxy, quasar, and neutral gas distributions between z similar to 0.6 and 3.5 to constrain cosmology using baryon acoustic oscillations, redshift space distortions, and the shape of the power spectrum. Within eBOSS, we are conducting two major subprograms: the SPectroscopic IDentification of eROSITA Sources (SPIDERS), investigating X-ray AGNs. and galaxies in X-ray clusters, and the Time Domain Spectroscopic Survey (TDSS), obtaining spectra of variable sources. All programs use the 2.5 m Sloan Foundation Telescope at the. Apache Point Observatory; observations there began in Summer 2014. APOGEE-2 also operates a second near-infrared spectrograph at the 2.5 m du Pont Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, with observations beginning in early 2017. Observations at both facilities are scheduled to continue through 2020. In keeping with previous SDSS policy, SDSS-IV provides regularly scheduled public data releases; the first one, Data Release 13, was made available in 2016 July.
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| 20. |
- Erenchun, A., et al.
(författare)
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Model of an elevator system to characterize the influence of the isolator on the vibration transmission
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings International Conference on Noise and Vibration Engineering (ISMA2020) / International Conference on Uncertainty in Structural Dynamics (USD). - : KU Leuven. ; , s. 2715-2729
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vibrations are a common issue in elevator installations, where a drive machine that holds and pulls the cabin and the counterweight composes the electromechanical system. In order to reduce the space needed by the installation, nowadays the drive machine is usually mounted upon a frame that is fixed to the guide rails. Therefore, vibration transmission can occur through the machine to the cabin or even to the building. With the purpose of reducing this vibration transmission, the use of isolators under the machine is a widely employed solution. These isolators are often selected just taking into account the static loads, due to the lack of information about the dynamic behavior of the system. The present research develops a theoretical model of an elevator system to study the influence of the isolators on vibration transmission.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- García Tárrago, Maria-José, et al.
(författare)
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An effective engineering formula for torsion stiffness of rubber bush including amplitude dependence
- 2005
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Ingår i: Constitutive Models for Rubber IV. - 0415383463 - 9780415383462 ; , s. 319-323
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Effective engineering formula for torsion stiffness of a long rubber bush in the frequency domain including amplitude dependence is presented. The classical theory of elasticity is the tool used to find this relation between torque and torsion angle in the frequency domain and by assuming an equivalent amplitude strain for the whole bushing. The complex value of the shear modulus to be inserted into the stiffness formula is calculated by applying a separable elastic, viscoelastic and friction rubber model to that equivalent strain.
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| 23. |
- García Tárrago, Maria-José, et al.
(författare)
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Frequency and amplitude dependence of the axial and radial stiffness of carbon-black filled rubber bushings
- 2007
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Ingår i: Polymer testing. - : Elsevier BV. - 0142-9418 .- 1873-2348. ; 26:5, s. 629-638
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The frequency and amplitude dependent dynamic behavior of carbon-black filled rubber bushings is experimentally investigated for a commercially available bushing in the axial and radial directions. Based on measurement observations, models for the axial and radial dynamic stiffness of rubber bushings are developed. The amplitude dependence-referred to as the Fletcher-Gent effect and mainly caused by the presence of carbon-black fillers in the rubber-is included in the analytical models by means of equivalent shear moduli, which result from applying a separable elastic, viscoelastic and friction material model to equivalent strains of the non-homogeneous strain states inside the bushing when subjected to axial or radial deflections. Good correlations between measurements and the axial and radial models at amplitudes of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.5 mm from 5 to 155 Hz-when the material parameters are achieved from axial measurements at 0.1 mm-prove the accuracy of both stiffness models.
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| 24. |
- García Tárrago, Maria-José, et al.
(författare)
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Torsion stiffness of a rubber bushing : a simple engineering design formula including amplitude dependence
- 2007
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Ingår i: Journal of Strain Analysis for Engineering Design. - 0309-3247 .- 2041-3130. ; 42:1, s. 13-21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An engineering design formula for the torsion stiffness of a filled rubber bushing in the frequency domain, including the amplitude dependence, is presented. It is developed by applying a novel separable elastic, viscoelastic, and friction material model to an equivalent strain of the strain state inside the bushing, thus leading to an equivalent shear modulus that is inserted into an analytical formula for the torsion stiffness. The rubber model is the result of extending the force-displacement relation established in a sound rubber component model to the stress-strain level. Unlike other simplified methods, this procedure takes into account the variation in the properties inside the bushing owing to non-homogeneous strain states. Moreover, as this formula depends on the bushing geometry in addition to the material properties, it is a fast engineering tool to design the most suitable rubber bushing to fulfil user requirements. Furthermore, it is shown-by dividing the considered bushing into several slices, consequently each equivalent shear modulus is closer to the true value - that the approach of working with only one equivalent shear modulus for the whole bushing is accurate enough.
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| 25. |
- Gil-Negrete, N., et al.
(författare)
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A Nonlinear Rubber Material Model Combining Fractional Order Viscoelasticity and Amplitude Dependent Effects
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of applied mechanics. - : ASME International. - 0021-8936 .- 1528-9036. ; 76:1, s. 1-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A nonlinear rubber material model is presented, where influences of frequency and dynamic amplitude are taken into account through fractional order viscoelasticity and plasticity, respectively. The problem of simultaneously modeling elastic, viscoelastic, and friction contributions is removed by additively splitting them. Due to the fractional order representation mainly, the number of parameters of the model remains low, rendering an easy fitting of the values from tests on material samples. The proposed model is implemented in a general-purpose finite element (FE) code. Since commercial FE codes do not contain any suitable constitutive model that represents the full dynamic behavior of rubber compounds (including frequency and amplitude dependent effects), a simple approach is used based on the idea of adding stress contributions from simple constitutive models: a mesh overlay technique, whose basic idea is to create a different FE model for each material definition (fractional derivative viscoelastic and elastoplastic), all with identical meshes but with different material definition, and sharing the same nodes. Fractional-derivative viscoelasticity is implemented through user routines and the algorithm for that purpose is described, while available von Mises' elastoplastic models are adopted to take rate-independent effects into account. Satisfactory results are obtained when comparing the model results with tests carried out in two rubber bushings at a frequency range up to 500 Hz, showing the ability of the material model to accurately describe the complex dynamic behavior of carbon-black filled rubber compounds.
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| 26. |
- Gil-Negrete, N., et al.
(författare)
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A simplified methodology to predict the dynamic stiffness of carbon-black filled rubber isolators using a finite element code
- 2006
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Ingår i: Journal of Sound and Vibration. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-460X .- 1095-8568. ; 296:05-apr, s. 757-776
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A new and different approach to the inclusion of the amplitude-dependent effect, known as the Fletcher-Gent effect or Payne effect, in a linear viscoelastic rubber material model is presented to predict the dynamic stiffness of filled rubber isolators using a finite element (FE) code. The technique is based on providing a linear viscoelastic model with the adequate material data set, once the dynamic strain amplitude, to which the rubber mount is subjected, is estimated. A generalized Zener model is adopted to describe the frequency-dependent behaviour of the material through the use of hereditary integrals. The dynamic strain amplitude dependence is not modelled through any friction model or plasticity theory, as usually is in literature. It is introduced by considering the frequency-dependent properties of the compound at an adequate strain value, which enforces the estimation of an equivalent strain value. As a first approximation, a quasi-static value is used as the reference value at which material properties should be provided to the linear viscoelastic model. The technique works directly in frequency domain, the dynamic stiffness of the bushing being directly obtained. The methodology is applied to evaluate the dynamic stiffness of a real bushing in working conditions with very satisfactory results. Despite the assumptions made, especially regarding the estimation of the equivalent strain amplitude value, errors of the predictions fall within the limits usually accepted by rubber manufacturers.
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| 27. |
- Gil-Negrete, N., et al.
(författare)
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Dynamic stiffness prediction of filled rubber mounts : Comparison between a fractional derivative viscoelastic-elastoplastic model and a simplified procedure
- 2005
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Ingår i: Constitutive Models for Rubber IV. - 0415383463 - 9780415383462 ; , s. 479-485
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A time domain non-linear model is presented to predict the dynamic stiffness of rubber isolators using a FE code. The problem of simultaneously modelling elastic, viscoelastic and friction contributions is removed by additively splitting them. Viscoelastic response is modelled via a fractional derivative model, while amplitude dependency is considered through Coulomb friction elements. Nevertheless, determination of the dynamic stiffness takes long time and requires large amount of memory, as well as the estimation of the transfer function between applied excitation and resulting forces at different frequency and amplitude values. This is why a frequency domain simplified procedure is also proposed to obtain the dynamic stiffness. The technique is based on providing a generalized Maxwell model with the adequate material data set, once the dynamic strain amplitude, to which the mount is subjected, is estimated from quasi-static strain values. The methodology has proved to be efficient and easy to be applied.
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| 29. |
- Mendia-Garcia, I., et al.
(författare)
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A survey on the modelling of air springs–secondary suspension in railway vehicles
- 2022
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Ingår i: Vehicle System Dynamics. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0042-3114 .- 1744-5159. ; 60:3, s. 835-864
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The air spring is the main part of the secondary suspension of passenger railway vehicles. The aim of this paper is to review existing modelling techniques for air springs in order to check if challenges set in the past decade for available models have been met. The advantages and disadvantages of different air spring models (phenomenological/mechanical, thermodynamic, analytic, FEM) are summarised and discussed from the point of view of: model accuracy, multiphysics interaction, influence of structural and material non-linearities, obtention of parameters, frequency range and the balance between accuracy and computational effort. The first conclusion is that current research is mainly focused on the vertical behaviour with less attention paid to the lateral performance. Moreover, it is concluded that further research is needed to include non-linearities of the bellow and to consider fluid-structural interaction; this would allow improving the model of vertical behaviour and evaluating better the lateral performance of the pneumatic system. FEM models might be an interesting tool that allows performing a more complete analysis of air springs (combining different physics, including material non-linearities, considering the real shape of the bellow and reinforcing fibres, etc) favouring the comfort analysis and including the lateral dynamics of the air spring.
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