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| 29. |
- Aad, G., et al.
(författare)
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The ATLAS Experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider
- 2008
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Ingår i: Journal of Instrumentation. - 1748-0221. ; 3:S08003
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The ATLAS detector as installed in its experimental cavern at point 1 at CERN is described in this paper. A brief overview of the expected performance of the detector when the Large Hadron Collider begins operation is also presented.
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| 30. |
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| 31. |
- Alin, Christina Kaijser, et al.
(författare)
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Wearing an Activating Spinal Orthosis and Physical Training in Women With Osteoporosis and Back Pain : A Postintervention Follow-Up Study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation. - : Elsevier Inc.. - 2590-1095. ; 3:4
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To assess the duration of benefits on back pain and back extensor strength in women with osteoporosis who had previously participated in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) involving either exercise or wearing a spinal orthosis.Design: A 6-month postintervention follow-up of women who were involved in the interventions in the RCT.SettingThe study was conducted in a primary health care center in Stockholm, Sweden.ParticipantsIn this follow-up study 31 women participated in the spinal orthosis group, and 31 women participated in the exercise group, with a median age of 76 years in both groups (N=62). All women were diagnosed as having osteoporosis, had back pain with or without vertebral fracture, and were 60 years or older, which were the inclusion criteria in the RCT.Interventions: The participants received no controlled supervision. The spinal orthosis group was asked to wear the orthosis, and the training group was asked to follow an exercise program for another 6 months voluntarily.Main Outcome Measures: Back extensor strength was measured with a computerized device; back pain was estimated by the visual analog scale and by Borg CR-10.
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| 32. |
- Brynolf, Selma, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Review of electrofuel feasibility—prospects for road, ocean, and air transport
- 2022
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Ingår i: Progress in Energy. - : IOP Publishing. - 2516-1083. ; 4:4, s. 042007-042007
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To meet climate targets the emissions of greenhouse gases from transport need to be reduced considerably.Electrofuels (e-fuels) produced from low-CO2 electricity, water, and carbon (or nitrogen) are potential low-climate-impact transportation fuels. The purpose of this review is to provide a technoeconomic assessment of the feasibility and potential of e-fuels for road, ocean, and air transport.The assessment is based on a review of publications discussing e-fuels for one or more transport modes. For each transport mode, (a) e-fuel options are mapped, (b) cost per transport unit (e.g. vehicle km) and carbon abatement costs are estimated and compared to conventional options, (c) prospects and challenges are highlighted, and (d) policy context is described.Carbon abatement costs for e-fuels (considering vehicle cost, fuel production and distribution cost) are estimated to be in the range 110–1250 € tonne−1 CO2 with e-gasoline and e-diesel at the high end of the range.The investigated combined biofuel and e-fuels production pathways (based on forest residues and waste) are more cost-competitive than the stand-alone e-fuel production pathways, but the global availability of sustainable biomass is limited making these pathways more constrained.While the potential for e-fuels to decarbonize the transport sector has been discussed extensively in the literature, many uncertainties in terms of production costs, vehicle costs and environmental performance remain. It is too early to rule out or strongly promote particular e-fuels for different transport modes. For e-fuels to play a significant role in transportation, their attractiveness relative to other transport options needs to be improved. Incentives will be needed for e-fuels to be cost-effective and increased clarity on how e-fuels are linked to existing policies is needed.
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| 33. |
- Brynolf, Selma, 1984, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable fuels for shipping
- 2022
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Ingår i: Sustainable Energy Systems on Ships: Novel Technologies for Low Carbon Shipping. ; , s. 403-428
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The International Maritime Organization (IMO) aims to reduce the total annual greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from international shipping by at least 50% by 2050 compared to 2008 and to phase them out as soon as possible. Decarbonized shipping represents a considerable challenge since the GHG emissions are estimated to increase by 2050 in several scenarios [1]. Decarbonization of shipping is important and urgent, but at the same time it is also important to make sure that other environmental impacts and sustainability concerns will not increase as a result. It is important to have a wide systems perspective when searching for solutions so that a sustainable shipping industry can be reached considering environmental, social, and economic dimensions and following the UN Sustainable Development Goals. This chapter starts by defining fuel, energy carriers, and primary energy sources in Section 9.2 followed by a description of the main primary energy sources that can be used to produce sustainable shipping fuels in Section 9.3 and potential energy carriers for ships in Section 9.4. Section 9.5 describes some of the pros and cons of different future fuels for shipping against technical, environmental, economic, and other criteria. Final reflections on how to choose future fuels are presented in Section 9.6.
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| 34. |
- Brynolf, Selma, et al.
(författare)
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Sustainable fuels for shipping
- 2022
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Ingår i: Sustainable Energy Systems on Ships. - : Elsevier. ; , s. 403-428
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
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| 35. |
- Bucardo, Filemon, et al.
(författare)
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Genetic susceptibility to symptomatic norovirus infection in Nicaragua. : norovirus susceptibility in Nicaragua
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of medical virology. - : Wiley. - 1096-9071 .- 0146-6615. ; 81:4, s. 728-35
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Host genetic resistance to Norovirus (NoV) has been observed in challenge and outbreak studies in populations from Europe, Asia, and USA. In this study, we have investigated if histo-blood group antigens can predict susceptibility to diarrhea caused by NoV in Nicaragua, Central America, and if this can be reflected in antibody-prevalence and titer to NoV among individuals with different histo-blood group antigen phenotypes. Investigation of 28 individuals infected with NoV and 131 population controls revealed 6% of non-secretors in the population and nil non-secretors among patients infected with NoV, suggesting that non-secretors may be protected against NoV disease in Nicaragua. Surprisingly, 25% of the population was Lewis negative (Le(a-b-)). NoV infections with genogroup I (GI) and GII occurred irrespective of Lewis genotype, but none of the Lewis a positive (Le(a + b-)) were infected. The globally dominating GII.4 virus infected individuals of all blood groups except AB (n = 5), while the GI viruses (n = 4) infected only blood type O individuals. Furthermore, O blood types were susceptible to infections with GI.4, GII.4, GII.7, GII.17, and GII.18-Nica viruses, suggesting that secretors with blood type O are susceptible (OR = 1.52) and non-secretors resistant. The overall antibody-prevalence to NoV GII.3 VLP was 62% with the highest prevalence among blood type B carriers (70%) followed by A (68%) and O (62%). All four investigated individuals carrying blood type AB were antibody-negative. Among secretors, 63% were antibody-positive compared to 33% among non-secretors (P = 0.151). This study extends previous knowledge about the histo-blood group antigens role in NoV disease in a population with different genetic background than North American and European.
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| 36. |
- Carlsson, Beatrice, et al.
(författare)
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The G428A nonsense mutation in FUT2 provides strong but not absolute protection against symptomatic GII.4 Norovirus infection. : Novel GII.4 disease pattern
- 2009
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Ingår i: PloS one. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 4:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In November 2004, 116 individuals in an elderly nursing home in El Grao de Castellón, Spain were symptomatically infected with genogroup II.4 (GII.4) norovirus. The global attack rate was 54.2%. Genotyping of 34 symptomatic individuals regarding the FUT2 gene revealed that one patient was, surprisingly, a non-secretor, hence indicating secretor-independent infection. Lewis genotyping revealed that Lewis-positive and negative individuals were susceptible to symptomatic norovirus infection indicating that Lewis status did not predict susceptibility. Saliva based ELISA assays were used to determine binding of the outbreak virus to saliva samples. Saliva from a secretor-negative individual bound the authentic outbreak GII.4 Valencia/2004/Es virus, but did not in contrast to secretor-positive saliva bind VLP of other strains including the GII.4 Dijon strain. Amino acid comparison of antigenic A and B sites located on the external loops of the P2 domain revealed distinct differences between the Valencia/2004/Es and Dijon strains. All three aa in each antigenic site as well as 10/11 recently identified evolutionary hot spots, were unique in the Valencia/2004/Es strain compared to the Dijon strain. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of symptomatic GII.4 norovirus infection of a Le(a+b-) individual homozygous for the G428A nonsense mutation in FUT2. Taken together, our study provides new insights into the host genetic susceptibility to norovirus infections and evolution of the globally dominating GII.4 viruses.
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| 37. |
- Grahn, Elin, et al.
(författare)
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Crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of a lectin from the mushroom Marasmius oreades
- 2004
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Ingår i: Acta Crystallographica Section D: Biological Crystallography. - 1399-0047 .- 0907-4449. ; 60:11, s. 2038-2039
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Marasmius oreades agglutinin (MOA) recognizes blood group B oligosaccharides. This mushroom lectin belongs to the ricin superfamily and is currently the only lectin known with exclusive specificity for Galα1,3Gal-structures, as occur in the subterminally fucosylated blood group B epitope Galα1,3(Fucα1,2)Galβ1,4GlcNAc (MOA's preferred ligand) or without fucosylation in the xenotransplantation epitope. MOA has been co-crystallized with the linear blood group B trisaccharide Galα1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAc using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion technique at room temperature. MOA crystals were grown in the presence of ammonium formate and HEPES buffer. A 3.0 Å data set has been collected. Preliminary analysis of the X-ray data is consistent with space group P3 1 or P3 2 and unit-cell parameters a = b = 105, c = 113 Å, with two dimers per asymmetric unit. © 2004 International Union of Crystallography.
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| 38. |
- Grahn, Elin M., 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Structural Characterization of a Lectin from the Mushroom Marasmius oreades in Complex with the Blood Group B Trisaccharide and Calcium
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Molecular Biology. - Amsterdam : Academic Press. - 0022-2836 .- 1089-8638. ; 390:3, s. 457-466
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- MOA (Marasmius oreades agglutinin), a lectin isolated from fruiting bodies of the mushroom M. oreades, specifically binds nonreducing terminal Galα(1,3)Gal carbohydrates, such as that which occurs in the xenotransplantation epitope Galα(1,3)Galβ(1,4)GlcNAc and the branched blood group B determinant Galα(1,3)[Fucα(1,2)]Gal. Here, we present the crystal structure of MOA in complex with the blood group B trisaccharide solved at 1.8 Å resolution. To our knowledge, this is the first blood-group-B-specific structure reported in complex with a blood group B determinant. The carbohydrate ligand binds to all three binding sites of the N-terminal β-trefoil domain. Also, in this work, Ca2+ was included in the crystals, and binding of Ca2+ to the MOA homodimer altered the conformation of the C-terminal domain by opening up the cleft containing a putative catalytic site.
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| 39. |
- Grahn, Elin, et al.
(författare)
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New crystal structures of human glutathione transferase A1-1 shed light on glutathione binding and the conformation of the C-terminal helix.
- 2006
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Ingår i: Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. - 0907-4449. ; 62:Pt 2, s. 197-207
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Human glutathione transferase A1-1 is a well studied enzyme, but despite a wealth of structural and biochemical data a number of aspects of its catalytic function are still poorly understood. Here, five new crystal structures of this enzyme are described that provide several insights. Firstly, the structure of a complex of the wild-type human enzyme with glutathione was determined for the first time at 2.0 angstroms resolution. This reveals that glutathione binds in the G site in a very similar fashion as the glutathione portion of substrate analogues in other structures and also that glutathione binding alone is sufficient to stabilize the C-terminal helix of the protein. Secondly, we have studied the complex with a decarboxylated glutathione conjugate that is known to dramatically decrease the activity of the enzyme. The T68E mutant of human glutathione transferase A1-1 recovers some of the activity that is lost with the decarboxylated glutathione, but our structures of this mutant show that none of the earlier explanations of this phenomenon are likely to be correct. Thirdly, and serendipitously, the apo structures also reveal the conformation of the crucial C-terminal region that is disordered in all previous apo structures. The C-terminal region can adopt an ordered helix-like structure even in the apo state, but shows a strong tendency to unwind. Different conformations of the C-terminal regions were observed in the apo states of the two monomers, which suggests that cooperativity could play a role in the activity of the enzyme.
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| 40. |
- Grahn, Elin
(författare)
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RNA-protein interactions in the bacteriophage MS2
- 2001
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The bacteriophage MS2 coat protein interacts specifically with a 19 nucleotide long hairpin formed within the viral RNA genome. In the current work the structural details of this interaction have been examined using X-ray crystallography of complexes where the RNA hairpin sequence has been varied.The requirements for binding of this hairpin to the coat protein have been examined by studying the structures of longer and shorter hairpin variants. The results show that a hairpin as short as eight nucleotides in length can bind and form a stable complex with the protein. The important -5 position, which is a uracil in the wild type complex, interacts with the protein both by stacking onto a tyrosine side chain and by forming a hydrogen bond to an asparagine side chain. The structure of an RNA hairpin containing a pyridin-4-one base at the -5 position in complex with the coat protein shows a different binding than in all other studied complexes so far. The -6 base in this complex is stacked onto the tyrosine side chain instead of the -5 base. The explanation for this different behaviour has been proposed to be the changed electrostatic properties of the pyridin-4-one base. This result shows the importance of combining biochemical studies with structural studies. Other variant bases, both natural and non-natural have also been incorporated at the -5 position and they all bind to the coat protein in a way similar to the wild-type uracil. This is true also for the larger purine bases which have been previously found by biochemical methods to bind about 100 times weaker than wild type hairpin.Two of the other positions in the RNA hairpin which have been shown to be important for binding have also been varied and the complexes have been structurally studied. The -7 base is not involved in any interaction with the protein, still the identity of this base is important for binding. A pyrimidine at this position does, however, bind to the coat protein and the structure of this complex has been determined. The bulged out base at position -10 has also been varied. The results show that when the -10 base is changed to a guanine, the sequence of the hairpin stem also has to be changed in order to keep a unique conformation needed to obtain an interpretable electron density map when using X-ray crystallography.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Grahn, Michal, 1989-
(författare)
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Incumbent Renomination : Accountability and Gender Bias
- 2019
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Party recruiters in proportional-representation (PR) systems are forced to do what their majoritarian counterparts are not: they need to rank-order all their candidates on the party ballots based on whom they most wish to get elected. Consequently, new candidates and incumbents alike compete for a limited number of electable ballot slots. This means that incumbent legislators in PR settings are far from guaranteed an electable spot on the party ballot, but instead need to go through a new selection round ahead of every election. This dissertation offers a pioneering study of incumbent renomination in flexible-list PR settings. The aim is to investigate whether incumbents’ electoral and legislative performance forms the basis of the selection criteria used by party recruiters when renomination decisions are made. The dissertation relies on a wide array of unique data, including a panel dataset of all Czech legislators elected in seven consecutive elections between 1996 and 2017 as well as rich elite-interview and participant-observation data collected in the Slovak parliament. The three essays that comprise this dissertation broadly focus on two dimensions of incumbent renomination: accountability and gender bias. Essay I critically examines the potential role incumbent renomination plays in fostering individual accountability in PR systems where party accountability looms large. Empirical tests show that the candidates placed in non-electable ballot spots who succeed in attracting a large number of votes are indeed rewarded with a more electable ballot spot in the next election. Essays II and III examine whether incumbent renomination can provide the cure for the chronic underrepresentation of women in politics by offering an avenue where party selectors’ stereotypical views of women’s unsuitability for a political career can be challenged. The results disprove this expectation and show that female incumbents in both established and new parties get different returns on their electoral and legislative performance when renomination decisions are made. It is further shown that female incumbents continue to face structural constraints that limit their ability to excel in tasks that form the backbone of incumbents’ evaluation at renomination. Taken together, this dissertation demonstrates that the study of incumbent renomination can offer an indispensable contribution to the debates on accountability, delegation and representation in democratic systems.
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| 43. |
- Hansson, Julia, et al.
(författare)
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Review of electrofuel feasibility - cost and environmental impact
- 2022
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Ingår i: Progress in Energy. - Stockholm : IOP Publishing. - 2516-1083. ; A:2595
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electrofuels, fuels produced from electricity, water, and carbon or nitrogen, are of interest assubstitutes for fossil fuels in all energy and chemical sectors. This paper focuses on electrofuels for transportation, where some can be used in existing vehicle/vessel/aircraft fleets and fueling infrastructure.The aim of this study is to review publications on electrofuels and summarize costs and environmental performance. A special case, denoted as bio-electrofuels, involves hydrogen supplementing existing biomethane production (e.g. anaerobic digestion) to generate additional or different fuels. We use costs, identified in the literature, to calculate harmonized production costs for a range of electrofuels and bio-electrofuels.Results from the harmonized calculations show that bio-electrofuels generally have lower costs than electrofuels produced using captured carbon. Lowest costs are found for liquefied bio-electro-methane, bio-electro-methanol, and bio-electro-dimethyl ether. The highest cost is for electro-jet fuel. All analyzed fuels have the potential for long-term production costs in the range 90–160 € per MWh. Dominant factors impacting production costs are electrolyzer and electricity costs, the latter connected to capacity factors (CFs) and cost for hydrogen storage. Electrofuel production costs also depend on regional conditions for renewable electricity generation, which are analyzed in sensitivity analyses usingcorresponding CFs in four European regions.Results show a production cost range forelectro-methanol of 76–118 € per MWh depending on scenario and region assuming an electrolyzer CAPEX of 300–450 € per kWelec and CFs of 45%–65%. Lowest production costs are found in regions with good conditions for renewable electricity, such as Ireland and western Spain. The choice of system boundary has a large impact on the environmental assessments. The literature is not consistent regarding the environmental impact from different CO2 sources. The literature, however, points to the fact that renewable energy sources are required to achieve low global warming impact over the electrofuel life cycle.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Kaijser Alin, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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Effect of treatment on back pain and back extensor strength with a spinal orthosis in older women with osteoporosis: a randomized controlled trial
- 2019
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Ingår i: ARCHIVES OF OSTEOPOROSIS. - : SPRINGER LONDON LTD. - 1862-3522 .- 1862-3514. ; 14:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The treatment effect of an activating spinal orthosis on back pain and back extensor strength was compared to a training group and to a control group. Between the groups, there was no significant difference in back pain, back extensor strength, or kyphosis index after the 6months of treatment.PurposeThe aim of this study was to study the effect of treatment with an activating spinal orthosis on back pain, back extensor strength, and kyphotic index. Our hypothesis was that an activating spinal orthosis may be an alternative treatment to decrease back pain and increase back extensor strength.MethodsA total of 113 women aged 60years with back pain and osteoporosis, with or without vertebral fractures, were randomized to three groups: a spinal orthosis group, an equipment training group, and a control group. All three groups were examined at baseline and followed up after 3 and 6months. Statistical analyses were performed with a mixed model for repeated measures according to intention to treat (ITT) and per protocol (PP).ResultsA total of 96 women completed the study. Between the groups, there was no significant difference in baseline characteristics. Comparison between groups showed no significant difference in back pain, back extensor strength, or kyphosis index at the follow-up after 6months according to ITT and PP analyses. Analysis in each group showed that the back extensor strength had increased by 26.9% in the spinal orthosis group, by 22.1% in the exercise training group and by 9.9% in the control group.ConclusionsSix months treatment by an activating spinal orthosis showed no significant difference in back pain, back extensor strength, or kyphosis index between the three groups. In the spinal orthosis group, present back pain decreased slightly and back extensor strength increased by 26.9% which indicates that the spinal orthosis may become an alternative training method.Clinicaltrials.com ID: NCT03263585
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| 47. |
- Kanchiralla, Fayas Malik, 1989, et al.
(författare)
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Life-Cycle Assessment and Costing of Fuels and Propulsion Systems in Future Fossil-Free Shipping
- 2022
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Ingår i: Environmental Science and Technology. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0013-936X .- 1520-5851. ; 56:17, s. 12517-12531
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Future ships need to operate with low or possibly zero greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions while ensuring low influence on other environmental impacts and that the operation is economically feasible.This study conducts a life-cycle evaluation of potential decarbonization solutions involving selected energy carriers (electrolytic hydrogen, electro-ammonia, electro-methanol, and electricity) in different propulsion system setups (engines, fuel cells, and carbon capture technologies) in terms of environmental impact and costs.The results of the study show that the assessed decarbonization options are promising measures to reduce maritime GHG emissions with low-carbon-intensive electricity.The same order of GHG reduction is shown to be possible independent of the propulsion system and energy carrier used onboard.However, the carbon abatement cost ranges from 300 to 550 €/tCO2eq, and there is a trade-off with environmental impacts such as human toxicity (cancer and non-cancer effects) and freshwater ecotoxicity mainly linked with the wind infrastructure used for electricity production.Electro-ammonia in fuel cells is indicated to be effective in terms of the carbon abatement cost followed by the so-called HyMethShip concept.The higher abatement cost of all options compared to current options indicates that major incentives and policy measures are required to promote the introduction of alternative fuel and propulsion systems.
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- Malmgren, Elin, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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The environmental performance of a fossil-free ship propulsion system with onboard carbon capture – a life cycle assessment of the HyMethShip concept
- 2021
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Ingår i: Sustainable Energy & Fuels. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 2398-4902. ; 5:10, s. 2753-2770
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The climate impact caused by the shipping industry has increased over the past decades despite attempts toimprove the energy efficiency of vessels and lower induced emissions. A tool in reducing climate and otherenvironmental impacts is new low emissions propulsion technologies. These new technologies need toreduce harmful emissions not only in the tailpipe but also over the entire life cycle. This study uses lifecycle assessment to investigate the life cycle environmental impact of a propulsion concept currentlyunder development: the HyMethShip concept. The HyMethShip concept combines electro-methanolenergy storage, an onboard pre-combustion carbon capture system, and a dual fuel internal combustionengine. The concept aims for an almost closed CO2 loop by installing CO2 capture onboard.The CO2 isunloaded in port and converted into electro-methanol which is used to fuel the ship again. This is madepossible by a pre-combustion process converting electro-methanol to hydrogen and CO2. Theassessment is conducted from well-to-propeller and focuses on ship operation in the North Sea in 2030.The results indicate that this technology could be an alternative to reduce the climate impact fromshipping.The results show a lower impact on acidification, climate change, marine eutrophication,particulate matter, photochemical ozone formation, and terrestrial eutrophication compared to internalcombustion engines run on either marine gas oil (0.1% sulphur content), biogenic methanol, fossilmethanol, or electro-methanol. Electricity with low climate and environmental impact is likely requiredto achieve this, and low NOx emissions from combustion processes need to be maintained. A potentialtrade-off is higher toxicity impacts from the HyMethShip concept compared to most other options, dueto metal needs in wind power plants.
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| 50. |
- Malmgren, Elin, 1992, et al.
(författare)
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The HyMethShip Concept: An investigation of system design choices and vessel operation characteristics influence on life cycle performance
- 2020
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Ingår i: Proceedings of 8th Transport Research Arena TRA 2020.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- One potential method to decarbonize the maritime transport sector is by using onboard carbon capture technologies. One such potential future propulsion system is the "HyMethShip - Hydrogen-Methanol Ship propulsion system using onboard pre-combustion carbon capture" concept. In this study we use life cycle assessment to analyse the impact of system design choices on the overall environmental performance of the system. Using the HyMethShip on a vessel is shown to lower climate impact compared to today’s conventional propulsion technologies. The runtime of the carbon capture system and hydrogen leakage are indicated as the main influencers to the environmental performance besides overall system efficiency. The cost of the HyMethShip system is higher than today’s liquid fossil fuel options, but lower than when electro-methanol is used in a conventional engine without applying the HyMethShip concept.
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