| 1. |
- Ruilope, LM, et al.
(författare)
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Design and Baseline Characteristics of the Finerenone in Reducing Cardiovascular Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease Trial
- 2019
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Ingår i: American journal of nephrology. - : S. Karger AG. - 1421-9670 .- 0250-8095. ; 50:5, s. 345-356
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- <b><i>Background:</i></b> Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. <b><i>Patients and</i></b> <b><i>Methods:</i></b> The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥25 mL/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 to ≤5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level α = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049.
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| 2. |
- Mullins, N., et al.
(författare)
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Genome-wide association study of more than 40,000 bipolar disorder cases provides new insights into the underlying biology
- 2021
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Ingår i: Nature Genetics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1061-4036 .- 1546-1718. ; 53, s. 817-829
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Bipolar disorder is a heritable mental illness with complex etiology. We performed a genome-wide association study of 41,917 bipolar disorder cases and 371,549 controls of European ancestry, which identified 64 associated genomic loci. Bipolar disorder risk alleles were enriched in genes in synaptic signaling pathways and brain-expressed genes, particularly those with high specificity of expression in neurons of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Significant signal enrichment was found in genes encoding targets of antipsychotics, calcium channel blockers, antiepileptics and anesthetics. Integrating expression quantitative trait locus data implicated 15 genes robustly linked to bipolar disorder via gene expression, encoding druggable targets such as HTR6, MCHR1, DCLK3 and FURIN. Analyses of bipolar disorder subtypes indicated high but imperfect genetic correlation between bipolar disorder type I and II and identified additional associated loci. Together, these results advance our understanding of the biological etiology of bipolar disorder, identify novel therapeutic leads and prioritize genes for functional follow-up studies. Genome-wide association analyses of 41,917 bipolar disorder cases and 371,549 controls of European ancestry provide new insights into the etiology of this disorder and identify novel therapeutic leads and potential opportunities for drug repurposing.
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| 3. |
- Abom, A.E., et al.
(författare)
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Characterization of the metal-insulator interface of field-effect chemical sensors
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 93:12, s. 9760-9768
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The metal-insulator interface of hydrogen-sensitive metal-insulator-semiconductor capacitors, with SiO2 as the insulator and Pt as the metal contact, was discussed. It was found that the difference in hydrogen response between differently prepared devices was explained by a difference in concentration of available adsorption sites. The analysis showed that the concentration of Pt atoms in contact with the oxide affected both the hydrogen response and the metal-oxide adhesion.
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| 4. |
- Eroukhmanoff, F., et al.
(författare)
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Parallelism and historical contingency during rapid ecotype divergence in an isopod
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Evolutionary Biology. - Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom : Wiley-Blackwell. - 1010-061X .- 1420-9101. ; 22:5, s. 1098-1110
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Recent studies on parallel evolution have focused on the relative role of selection and historical contingency during adaptive divergence. Here, we study geographically separate and genetically independent lake populations of a freshwater isopod (Asellus aquaticus) in southern Sweden. In two of these lakes, a novel habitat was rapidly colonized by isopods from a source habitat. Rapid phenotypic changes in pigmentation, size and sexual behaviour have occurred, presumably in response to different predatory regimes. We partitioned the phenotypic variation arising from habitat (selection: 81-94%), lake (history: 0.1-6%) and lake x habitat interaction (unique diversification: 0.4-13%) for several traits. There was a limited role for historical contingency but a strong signature of selection. We also found higher phenotypic variation in the source populations. Phenotype sorting during colonization and strong divergent selection might have contributed to these rapid changes. Consequently, phenotypic divergence was only weakly influenced by historical contingency.
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| 5. |
- Hellgren, N, et al.
(författare)
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Thermal stability of carbon nitride thin films
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Materials Research. - 0884-2914 .- 2044-5326. ; 16:11, s. 3188-3201
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The thermal stability of carbon nitride films, deposited by reactive direct current magnetron sputtering in N-2 discharge, was studied for postdeposition annealing temperatures T-A up to 1000 degreesC. Films were grown at temperatures of 100 degreesC (amorphous structure) and 350 and 550 degreesC (fullerenelike structure) and were analyzed with respect to thickness, composition, microstructure, bonding structure, and mechanical properties as a function of T-A and annealing time. All properties investigated were found to be stable for annealing up to 300 degreesC for long times (> 48 h). For higher T-A, nitrogen is lost from the films and graphitization takes place. At T-A = 500 degreesC the graphitization process takes up to 48 h while at T-A = 900 degreesC it takes less than 2 min. A comparison on the evolution of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron energy loss spectroscopy and Raman spectra during annealing shows that for T-A > 800 degreesC, preferentially pyridinelike N and -C equivalent toN is lost from the films, mainly in the form of molecular N-2 and C2N2, while N substituted in graphite is preserved the longest in the structure. Films deposited at the higher temperature exhibit better thermal stability, but annealing at temperatures a few hundred degrees Celsius above the deposition temperature for long times is always detrimental for the mechanical properties of the films.
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| 6. |
- Lin, N, et al.
(författare)
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In situ scanning tunneling microscopic and spectroscopic investigation of magnetron-sputtered C and CN thin films
- 2000
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Ingår i: Physical Review B. Condensed Matter and Materials Physics. - 1098-0121 .- 1550-235X. ; 61:7, s. 4898-4903
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carbon and carbon nitride films, grown in argon or nitrogen discharges by reactive Jc magnetron sputtering of a graphite target, were characterized by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy. When the growth temperature increased from ambient to 800 degrees C, we observed a topographic evolution of the carbon films from an amorphous to a graphitelike structure, and further to a distorted-graphitic phase with curved and intersecting basal planes, and finally to a surface containing nanotubes and nanodomes. When nitrogen was incorporated into the films, distortion of the graphitic basal planes occurred at a lower temperature compared to the pure carbon case. At temperatures of similar to 200 degrees C and above, regions of a nongraphitic phase, containing a high degree of carbon sp(3) bonds were observed. Spatially resolved tunneling spectroscopic measurements indicated that the band gaps were 0, similar to 0-0.6 eV, and similar to 0.4-2.0 eV for graphitelike structures, the distorted-graphitic phase, and the nongraphitic phase, respectively. Together with ex sial x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy measurements, the results suggest that the incorporation of nitrogen promotes bending of the graphitic basal planes and thereby facilitates the formation of three-dimensional covalently bonded networks with a high degree of sp(3)-coordinated carbon atoms.
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| 7. |
- Abrams, M. B., et al.
(författare)
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A Standards Organization for Open and FAIR Neuroscience : the International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility
- 2021
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Ingår i: Neuroinformatics. - : Springer Nature. - 1539-2791 .- 1559-0089.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- There is great need for coordination around standards and best practices in neuroscience to support efforts to make neuroscience a data-centric discipline. Major brain initiatives launched around the world are poised to generate huge stores of neuroscience data. At the same time, neuroscience, like many domains in biomedicine, is confronting the issues of transparency, rigor, and reproducibility. Widely used, validated standards and best practices are key to addressing the challenges in both big and small data science, as they are essential for integrating diverse data and for developing a robust, effective, and sustainable infrastructure to support open and reproducible neuroscience. However, developing community standards and gaining their adoption is difficult. The current landscape is characterized both by a lack of robust, validated standards and a plethora of overlapping, underdeveloped, untested and underutilized standards and best practices. The International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility (INCF), an independent organization dedicated to promoting data sharing through the coordination of infrastructure and standards, has recently implemented a formal procedure for evaluating and endorsing community standards and best practices in support of the FAIR principles. By formally serving as a standards organization dedicated to open and FAIR neuroscience, INCF helps evaluate, promulgate, and coordinate standards and best practices across neuroscience. Here, we provide an overview of the process and discuss how neuroscience can benefit from having a dedicated standards body.
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| 8. |
- Andrievskii, RA, et al.
(författare)
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Nanoindentation and strain characteristics of nanostructured boride/nitride films
- 2000
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Ingår i: Physics of the solid state. - 1063-7834 .- 1090-6460. ; 42:9, s. 1671-1674
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The hardness, elastic modulus, and elastic recovery of nanostructured boride/nitride films 1-2 mu m thick have been investigated by the nanoindentation technique under the maximum loads over a wide range (from 5 to 100 mN). It is demonstrated that only the hardness parameters remain constant at small loads (5-30 mN). The data obtained are discussed and compared with the parameters determined by other methods. (C) 2000 MAIK "Nauka/Interperiodica".
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| 9. |
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Bolk, J, et al.
(författare)
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Visual-motor integration and fine motor skills at 6½ years of age and associations with neonatal brain volumes in children born extremely preterm in Sweden: a population-based cohort study
- 2018
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Ingår i: BMJ open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 8:2, s. e020478-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This exploratory study aimed to investigate associations between neonatal brain volumes and visual–motor integration (VMI) and fine motor skills in children born extremely preterm (EPT) when they reached 6½ years of age.SettingProspective population-based cohort study in Stockholm, Sweden, during 3 years.ParticipantsAll children born before gestational age, 27 weeks, during 2004–2007 in Stockholm, without major morbidities and impairments, and who underwent MRI at term-equivalent age.Main outcome measuresBrain volumes were calculated using morphometric analyses in regions known to be involved in VMI and fine motor functions. VMI was assessed with The Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual–Motor Integration—sixth edition and fine motor skills were assessed with the manual dexterity subtest from the Movement Assessment Battery for Children—second edition, at 6½ years. Associations between the brain volumes and VMI and fine motor skills were evaluated using partial correlation, adjusted for total cerebral parenchyma and sex.ResultsOut of 107 children born at gestational age <27 weeks, 83 were assessed at 6½ years and 66/83 were without major brain lesions or cerebral palsy and included in the analyses. A representative subsample underwent morphometric analyses: automatic segmentation (n=34) and atlas-based segmentation (n=26). The precentral gyrus was associated with both VMI (r=0.54, P=0.007) and fine motor skills (r=0.54, P=0.01). Associations were also seen between fine motor skills and the volume of the cerebellum (r=0.42, P=0.02), brainstem (r=0.47, P=0.008) and grey matter (r=−0.38, P=0.04).ConclusionsNeonatal brain volumes in areas known to be involved in VMI and fine motor skills were associated with scores for these two functions when children born EPT without major brain lesions or cerebral palsy were evaluated at 6½ years of age. Establishing clear associations between early brain volume alterations and later VMI and/or fine motor skills could make early interventions possible.
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Brenner, B, et al.
(författare)
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Thrombophilia and pregnancy complications
- 2004
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Ingår i: Thromb Haemost. ; 92:4, s. 678-81
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The implications of currently available data on the association of gestational vascular complications with thrombophilia are presented in this consensus report. Screening is recommended for women with the following previous complications: fetal loss including three or more first trimester loss, two or more second trimester loss, or any stillbirth; early, severe or recurrent preeclampsia and severe intrauterine growth restriction. Maternal antithrombotic therapy is currently evaluated in women with thrombophilia and previous complications.
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| 15. |
- Broitman, E., et al.
(författare)
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Carbon nitride films on orthopedic substrates
- 2000
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Ingår i: Diamond and related materials. - 0925-9635 .- 1879-0062. ; 9:12, s. 1984-1991
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The mechanical and tribological properties of carbon nitride (CN(X)) films deposited on orthopedic substrates are presented. CN(X) films were prepared by d.c. reactive magnetron sputtering from a graphite target in N2/Ar plasma. Films were grown on Ni and ZrO2 substrates to a thickness of ~1 µm at a total pressure of 3 mtorr and a substrate temperature of 250°C. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) shows dense and homogeneous films, with 'fullerene-like' micro-structures consisting of curved, frequently intersecting, and highly in-plane oriented basal lattice planes. Nanoindentation measurements revealed a change in the mechanical properties of films treated with three different biological solutions. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed a change in the chemical structure of the treated films. The friction coefficients of CN(X) films against high speed steel (HSS), ZrO2 and Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) balls were evaluated by ball-on-disk tests in dry and lubricated conditions. In the case of dry sliding against a HSS ball, the steady state friction coefficient values are 0.22 for the film on the Ti substrate and 0.26 for the film on the ZrO2 substrate. The friction coefficients under human serum lubrication conditions were below 0.18 for the ZrO2 and UHMWPE balls. An increase in wettability of human plasma on CN(X) films was observed compared to the orthopedic surfaces, which could enhance the retention of synovial fluid on those surfaces, improving the lubrication of the bearings of total joint arthroplasty components during function. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.The mechanical and tribological properties of carbon nitride (CNX) films deposited on orthopedic substrates are presented. CNX films were prepared by d.c. reactive magnetron sputtering from a graphite target in N2/Ar plasma. Films were grown on Ni and ZrO2 substrates to a thickness of approximately 1 µm at a total pressure of 3 mtorr and a substrate temperature of 250 °C. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) shows dense and homogeneous films, with `fullerene-like' microstructures consisting of curved, frequently intersecting, and highly in-plane oriented basal lattice planes. Nanoindentation measurements revealed a change in the mechanical properties of films treated with three different biological solutions. Spectroscopic analysis confirmed a change in the chemical structure of the treated films. The friction coefficients of CNX films against high speed steel (HSS), ZrO2 and Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) balls were evaluated by ball-on-disk tests in dry and lubricated conditions. In the case of dry sliding against a HSS ball, the steady state friction coefficient values are 0.22 for the film on the Ti substrate and 0.26 for the film on the ZrO2 substrate. The friction coefficients under human serum lubrication conditions were below 0.18 for the ZrO2 and UHMWPE balls. An increase in wettability of human plasma on CNX films was observed compared to the orthopedic surfaces, which could enhance the retention of synovial fluid on those surfaces, improving the lubrication of the bearings of total joint arthroplasty components during function.
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| 16. |
- Broitman, E., et al.
(författare)
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Electrical and optical properties of CNx(0=x=0.25) films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering
- 2001
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Ingår i: Journal of Applied Physics. - : AIP Publishing. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 89:2, s. 1184-1190
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The electrical and optical properties of carbon-nitride CNx films (O=x=0.25) deposited by unbalanced reactive magnetron sputtering from a graphite target in mixed Ar/N2 discharges at a substrate temperature of 350°C have been investigated. Pure C films exhibit a dark conductivity at room temperature of 250 O-1 cm-1, which grows up to 250 O-1 cm-1 for CNx films with N content of 20%. For CNx films, temperature-dependent conductivity measurements suggest that two electron conduction processes exist in the investigated temperature range 130
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| 17. |
- Broitman, E, et al.
(författare)
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Letter: Electrical properties of carbon nitride thin films : Role of morphology and hydrogen content
- 2002
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Ingår i: Journal of Electronic Materials. - 0361-5235 .- 1543-186X. ; 31:9, s. 957-961
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The influence of hydrogen content and ambient humidity on the electrical properties of carbon nitride (CNX) films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering from a graphite target in Ar discharges mixed with N-2 and H-2 at a substrate temperature of 350degreesC have been investigated. Carbon films deposited in pure Ar exhibit a dark resistivity at room temperature of similar to4 X 10(-2) Omegacm, while the resistivity is one order of magnitude lower for CN0.25 films deposited in pure N-2, due to their denser morphology. The increasing H-2 fraction in the discharge gas leads to an increased resistivity for all gas mixtures. This is most pronounced for the nitrogen-free films deposited in an Ar/H-2 mixture, where the resistivity increases by over four orders of magnitude. This can be related to a decreased electron mobility as H inhibits the formation of double bonds. After exposure to air, the resistivity increases with time through two different diffusion regimes. The measured electrical properties of the films are related to the apparent film microstructure, bonding nature, and ambient humidity.
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| 18. |
- Broitman, E., et al.
(författare)
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Mechanical and tribological properties of CNx films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering
- 2001
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Ingår i: Wear. - 0043-1648 .- 1873-2577. ; 248:1-2, s. 55-64
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The hardness, elasticity, wear rate and friction coefficient of carbon nitride (CNx) films of defined microstructure and composition are presented. CNx films were deposited by dc reactive magnetron sputtering from a C target in N2/Ar plasma. Films were grown on Si (001), Ni, and HSS substrates to thickness of ~0.5 µm at a total pressure of 3 mTorr with the N2 fraction varied from 0 to 1, and the substrate temperature Ts, varied from ambient to 350°C. The mechanical and tribological properties of the coatings were evaluated by nanoindentation and dry ball-on-disk test. For CNx (0 = x = 0.35) films deposited below 200°C (amorphous structure), the elastic recovery and hardness do not change significantly with increasing N concentration, however, the friction coefficient increases from 0.19 to 0.45, while the coating wear rate is low. For CNx (0 = x = 0.15) films grown at Ts = 350°C, where a transition from a graphite-like to a "fullerene-like" phase occurs, a dramatic increase in hardness and elasticity is observed. Furthermore, the rms surface roughness decreases from 15.0 to 0.4 nm. For 0.15 = x = 0.20, CNx films deposited at Ts = 350°C (fullerene-like phase) exhibit a smooth surface, high hardness and elasticity (~90% recovery), and a coefficient of friction against hard steel of ~0.25. For all substrates, film friction coefficient tends to increase as the nitrogen content in the film is increased. Results also indicate the formation of a transfer layer which improves the tribological properties of the films. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Broitman, E., et al.
(författare)
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Structural and mechanical properties of diamond-like carbon films deposited by direct current magnetron sputtering
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology. A. Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films. - : American Vacuum Society. - 0734-2101 .- 1520-8559. ; 21:4, s. 851-859
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A systematic study of physical properties of sputter-deposited DLC films was performed as a function of flux ratio and ion energy. The energy and flux ions and neutral atoms impinging on the surface of the growing films were deduced from Langmuir probe measurements and theoretical calculations. The bombardment of growing films by the energetic particles led to changes in microstructure and mechanical properties. Results suggest that the presence of defective graphite formed by subplanted C and Ar atoms is the dominant influence on the mechanical properties of the DLC films.
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| 21. |
- Broitman, E., et al.
(författare)
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Structural, electrical, and optical properties of diamondlike carbon films deposited by dc magnetron sputtering
- 2003
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Ingår i: Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films. - : American Vacuum Society. - 0734-2101 .- 1520-8559.
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The electrical and optical properties of diamondlike carbon films deposited by direct current magnetron sputtering on Si substrates at room temperature have been measured as a function of the ion energy (Eion) and ion-to-carbon flux (Jion/JC). The results show that, in the ranges of 5 eV⩽Eion⩽85 eV and 1.1⩽Jion/JC⩽6.8, the presence of defective graphite formed by subplanted C and Ar atoms, voids, and the surface roughness, are the dominant influences on the resistivity and optical absorption
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| 22. |
- Brunell, I.F., et al.
(författare)
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In-situ stress measurement during the deposition of CN x thin films by unbalanced magnetron sputtering; formation of high levels of stress with 28 eV ion irradiation
- 2004
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Ingår i: Philosophical Magazine Letters. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0950-0839 .- 1362-3036. ; 84:6, s. 395-403
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Stress development during growth of CN x films by unbalanced magnetron sputtering has been investigated with an in-situ laser deflection technique. The stress is initially tensile, then it becomes compressive, reaching a maximum of as much as 7 GPa. These are anomalously high stress levels compared with pure carbon, considering the low ion energies (28 eV) and ion-to-neutral arrival rate ratio (<1) employed. This phenomenon is explained by the formation of a fullerene-like microstructure and nitrogen substitution at the growth surface. An accompanying increased reactivity of carbon atoms promotes sp3 bonding or other cross-linking of curved basal planes with resulting film densification.
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| 23. |
- Chatzidionysiou, K., et al.
(författare)
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Effectiveness of a Second Biologic After Failure of a Non-tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitor As First Biologic in Rheumatoid Arthritis
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Rheumatology. - : The Journal of Rheumatology. - 0315-162X .- 1499-2752. ; 48:10, s. 1512-1518
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), evidence regarding the effectiveness of a second biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug (bDMARD) in patients whose first-ever bDMARD was a non-tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi) bDMARD is limited. The objective of this study was therefore to assess the outcome of a second bDMARD (non-TNFi: rituximab [RTX], abatacept [ABA], or tocilizumab [TCZ], separately; and TNFi) after failure of a non-TNFi bDMARD as first bDMARD. Methods. We identified patients with RA from the 5 Nordic biologics registers who started treatment with a non-TNFi as first-ever bDMARD but switched to a second bDMARD. For the second bDMARD, we assessed drug survival (at 6 and 12 months) and primary response (at 6 months). Results. We included 620 patients starting a second bDMARD (ABA 86, RTX 40, TCZ 67, and TNFi 427) following failure of a first non-TNFi bDMARD. At 6 and 12 months after start of their second bDMARD, approximately 70% and 60%, respectively, remained on treatment, and at 6 months, less than one-third of patients were still on their second bDMARD and had reached low disease activity or remission according to the Disease Activity Score in 28 joints. For those patients whose second bMDARD was a TNFi, the corresponding proportion was slightly higher (40%). Conclusion. The drug survival and primary response of a second bDMARD in patients with RA switching due to failure of a non-TNFi bDMARD as first bDMARD is modest. Some patients may benefit from TNFi when used after failure of a non-TNFi as first bDMARD.
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| 24. |
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| 25. |
- Delcoigne, B, et al.
(författare)
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EXPOSURE TO SPECIFIC TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR INHIBITORS AND RISK OF DEMYELINATING AND INFLAMMATORY NEUROPATHY IN PATIENTS WITH INFLAMMATORY ARTHRITIS. A COLLABORATIVE OBSERVATIONAL STUDY ACROSS FIVE NORDIC RHEUMATOLOGY REGISTERS
- 2022
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Ingår i: ANNALS OF THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES. - : BMJ. - 0003-4967 .- 1468-2060. ; 81, s. 41-41
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Though rare, studies have reported increased risk of neurological events including demyelinating disease of CNS (DML), multiple sclerosis (MS), and inflammatory neuropathy (INP) in patients with inflammatory joint disease treated with tumor necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi).1,2 More in-depth investigations are required to elucidate the association between TNFi and neurological events in these patients, especially whether rates differ across type of TNFi mode of action.ObjectivesTo estimate the incidence of neurological events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and spondyloarthritis (SpA, including axial spondyloarthritis and psoriatic arthritis) starting treatment with TNFi across five Nordic countries. To compare the incidence of neurological events in etanercept (ETN)-treated patients to patients treated with other TNFi (oTNFi).MethodsWe defined treatment cohorts of patients initiating TNFi between 2001 through 2018 from clinical rheumatology registers in Denmark (DK), Finland (FI), Iceland (IS), Norway (NO), and Sweden (SE). One patient could contribute to more than one treatment episode. Demographic data (sex, age), co-medication (methotrexate) and clinical variables (CRP, disease duration (<1 year, 1 to 5 years, >5 years) were extracted and used as covariates. We estimated crude incidence rates (IR) for neurological events and subtypes (ICD-10 codes: MS: G35, DML: G35, G36.0, G36.8-9, G37.1, G37.3, G37.5, G37.8-9, H46, H48.1, G04.8-9, INP: G61.0, G61.8-9), all countries pooled. We compared risk of neurological events between patients treated with ETN and oTNFi using Cox regression with time since treatment start, adjusted for the above covariates, robust standard errors, and stratified by country.ResultsWe included 52,682 treatment starts, in 33,885 RA patients (DK 8,259, FI 3,765, IS 723, NO 1353, SE 19,785; 75% women, mean age 56 years) and 46,549 treatment starts in 28,772 SpA patients (DK 7,000, FI 2,885, IS 962, NO 2,684, SE 15,241; 47% women, mean age 45 years).Numbers of DML, MS, INP and all neurological events, person-years (pyrs), and IRs in RA and SpA patients, for the two treatment groups are displayed in Figure 1. IRs for these neurological events showed some variation by diagnosis (RA vs. SpA), with rates of DML (and MS) in SpA patients around two (and three, respectively) times higher than the corresponding rates in RA (p<0.01), but similar rates for INP in RA and SpA patients. Comparing oTNFi to ETN, all Cox regression hazard ratios (HR) were statistically non-significant and close to one, whatever the outcome and the group of patients (Figure 1), with the adjusted HR (95%CI) for developing any neurological event in oTNFi compared to ETN being 1.08 (0.91-1.28) in RA patients and 0.96 (0.78-1.19) in SpA patients.Figure 1.Number of events, pyrs and IRs of DML, MS, INP and all neurological events (NE) in RA and SpA patients, treated with ETN or oTNFi. HRs (95%CI) comparing oTNFi to ETN.ConclusionThe incidences of DML and MS were lower in RA compared to SpA patients, while rates of INP were similar in both patients’ groups. There was no evidence of differences in these rates between ETN and oTNFi. The findings are of importance from a safety perspective for patients starting TNFi.References[1]Kopp T ARD 2020;79(5):566[2]Kunchok A JAMA Neurol 2020;77(8):937AcknowledgementsNordForsk and Foreum partially funded this research project.Disclosure of InterestsBénédicte Delcoigne: None declared, Tine Iskov Kopp Paid instructor for: T. I. Kopp has served on scientific advisory board from Novartis, Consultant of: T. I. Kopp has received support to congress participation from Biogen, Grant/research support from: T. I. Kopp has received support to congress participation from Biogen, Elizabeth Arkema: None declared, Karin Hellgren: None declared, Sella Aarrestad Provan: None declared, Heikki Relas Paid instructor for: Abbvie, Pfizer, Kalle Aaltonen: None declared, Nina Trokovic: None declared, Björn Gudbjornsson Speakers bureau: Novartis _ not related to this work, Consultant of: Novartis _ not related to this work, Gerdur Gröndal: None declared, Eirik kristianslund: None declared, Lene Dreyer Speakers bureau: Speakers bureau: Eli Lilly, Galderma and Janssen, Grant/research support from: Grant from BMS outside the present work, Johan Askling Grant/research support from: AbbVie, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Janssen, Merck, Pfizer, Roche, Samsung Bioepis, Sanofi, and UCB.
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| 26. |
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| 27. |
- Delcoigne, B, et al.
(författare)
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Exposure to specific tumour necrosis factor inhibitors and risk of demyelinating and inflammatory neuropathy in cohorts of patients with inflammatory arthritis: a collaborative observational study across five Nordic rheumatology registers
- 2023
-
Ingår i: RMD open. - : BMJ. - 2056-5933. ; 9:1
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To compare incidences of neuroinflammatory events, including demyelinating disease (DML), inflammatory polyneuropathies (IPN) and multiple sclerosis (MS), in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or spondyloarthritis (SpA; including psoriatic arthritis) starting a tumour necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi), investigating whether monoclonal TNFi antibodies (other TNFis (oTNFis)) confer higher risk than etanercept.MethodsThis is an observational cohort study including patients from the five Nordic countries starting a TNFi in 2001–2020. Time to first neuroinflammatory event was identified through register linkages. We calculated crude incidence rates (cIR) per 1000 person-years and used multivariable-adjusted Cox regression to compare incidences of neuroinflammatory events overall and for DML, IPN and MS with oTNFi versus etanercept. We further examined individual TNFis and indications.Results33 883 patients with RA and 28 772 patients with SpA were included, initiating 52 704 and 46 572 treatment courses, respectively. In RA, we observed 135 neuroinflammatory events (65% DML) with cIR of 0.38 with oTNFi and 0.34 with etanercept. The HR of oTNFi versus etanercept was 1.07 (95% CI 0.74 to 1.54) for any neuroinflammatory event, 0.79 (95% CI 0.51 to 1.22) for DML, 2.20 (95% CI 1.05 to 4.63) for IPN and 0.73 (95% CI 0.34 to 1.56) for MS. In SpA, we observed 179 events (78% DML) with cIR of 0.68 with oTNFi and 0.65 with etanercept. The HR for any neuroinflammatory event, DML, IPN and MS was 1.06 (95% CI 0.75 to 1.50), 1.01 (95% CI 0.68 to 1.50), 1.28 (95% CI 0.61 to 2.69) and 0.94 (95% CI0.53 to 1.69), respectively.ConclusionThe cIRs of neuroinflammatory events are higher in SpA than in RA, but the choice of specific TNFi does not seem to play an important role in the risk of neuroinflammatory events.
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| 28. |
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| 29. |
- Ferraguti, Martina, et al.
(författare)
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Environmental, geographical and time-related impacts on avian malaria infections in native and introduced populations of house sparrows (Passer domesticus), a globally invasive species
- 2023
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Ingår i: Global Ecology and Biogeography. - : Wiley. - 1466-822X .- 1466-8238. ; 32:5, s. 809-823
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim: The increasing spread of vector-borne diseases has resulted in severe health concerns for humans, domestic animals and wildlife, with changes in land use and the introduction of invasive species being among the main possible causes for this increase. We explored several ecological drivers potentially affecting the local prevalence and richness of avian malaria parasite lineages in native and introduced house sparrows (Passer domesticus) populations. Location: Global. Time period: 2002–2019. Major taxa studied: Avian Plasmodium parasites in house sparrows. Methods: We analysed data from 2,220 samples from 69 localities across all continents, except Antarctica. The influence of environment (urbanization index and human density), geography (altitude, latitude, hemisphere) and time (bird breeding season and years since introduction) were analysed using generalized additive mixed models (GAMMs) and random forests. Results: Overall, 670 sparrows (30.2%) were infected with 22 Plasmodium lineages. In native populations, parasite prevalence was positively related to urbanization index, with the highest prevalence values in areas with intermediate urbanization levels. Likewise, in introduced populations, prevalence was positively associated with urbanization index; however, higher infection occurred in areas with either extreme high or low levels of urbanization. In introduced populations, the number of parasite lineages increased with altitude and with the years elapsed since the establishment of sparrows in a new locality. Here, after a decline in the number of parasite lineages in the first 30 years, an increase from 40 years onwards was detected. Main conclusions: Urbanization was related to parasite prevalence in both native and introduced bird populations. In invaded areas, altitude and time since bird introduction were related to the number of Plasmodium lineages found to be infecting sparrows.
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| 30. |
- Garcia, I.A., et al.
(författare)
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How hard is fullerene-like CNx? Some observations from the nanoindentation response of a magnetron-sputtered coating
- 2002
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Ingår i: Philosophical magazine. A. Physics of condensed matter. Defects and mechanical properties. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0141-8610. ; 82:10 SPEC., s. 2133-2147
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Thin fullerene-like CNx coatings deposited on hard substrates (e.g. SiC) show very shallow residual impressions when investigated by nanoindentation at displacements less than the coating thickness. The low work of indentation (i.e. the small area enclosed by the loading and unloading curves) of these materials implies a large amount of recovery of indent depth which is often associated with materials of high hardness. However, analysis of the unloading curves by the Oliver-Pharr method generates hardness values which are usually less than that of silicon. Detailed analysis of the loading curve shows three distinct regimes of behaviour corresponding to behaviour controlled by surface roughness, elastic deformation and plasticity. Measurements of Young's modulus from the elastic part of the loading curve, from the Oliver-Pharr method and from elastic wave measurements are all consistently low. This implies that the material behaves like a very hard rubber which undergoes considerable elastic recovery on unloading but does not have a very high resistance to penetration on loading. The very high H/E values for fullerene-like CNx confirms this view.
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| 31. |
- Grillo, SE, et al.
(författare)
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Monitoring the structural and chemical properties of CNx thin films during in situ annealing in a TEM
- 2001
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Ingår i: European Physical Journal. - 1286-0042 .- 1286-0050. ; 13:2, s. 97-105
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carbon nitride films synthesised by magnetron sputtering at different substrate temperatures have been studied using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) during annealing performed in situ in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The proportion of sp(2) hybridised carbon slightly decreases initially during heating, presumably because of the removal of defects in the structure, whilst it increases at higher temperatures when graphitisation tends to take place, as confirmed by high resolution electron microscopy (HREM). Substantial amounts of nitrogen (up to similar to 80%) are removed following annealing at 1000 degreesC. A corresponding decrease in the pre-peak of the nitrogen spectra suggests that pyridine-like N is released by annealing. As this peak component decreases, a second peak, of weaker intensity, is becoming apparent in the EELS spectra when the films are heated at temperatures above approximately 700 degreesC. The possibility has been suggested that this corresponds to N substituted for C in a graphitic structure, with possibly also some N-2 contributing to the peak.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Guo, JH, et al.
(författare)
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Spectroscopic study of CNx films grown by magnetron sputter deposition
- 1999
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Ingår i: JOURNAL OF ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY AND RELATED PHENOMENA. - : ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV. - 0368-2048. ; 103, s. 551-554
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The electronic structure of carbon nitride films has been studied using soft X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy. Resonant N K-emission spectra show a strong dependence on excitation photon energies and the substrate temperatures, while C K-emissio
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| 34. |
- Hellgren, Fredrika, et al.
(författare)
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Modulation of innate immune response to mRNA vaccination after SARS-CoV-2 infection or sequential vaccination in humans
- 2024
-
Ingår i: JCI Insight. - : American Society for Clinical Investigation (ASCI). - 2379-3708. ; 9:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- mRNA vaccines are likely to become widely used for the prevention of infectious diseases in the future. Nevertheless, a notable gap exists in mechanistic data, particularly concerning the potential effects of sequential mRNA immunization or preexisting immunity on the early innate immune response triggered by vaccination. In this study, healthy adults, with or without documented prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, were vaccinated with the BNT162b2/Comirnaty mRNA vaccine. Prior infection conferred significantly stronger induction of proinflammatory and type I IFN-related gene signatures, serum cytokines, and monocyte expansion after the prime vaccination. The response to the second vaccination further increased the magnitude of the early innate response in both study groups. The third vaccination did not further increase vaccine-induced inflammation. In vitro stimulation of PBMCs with TLR ligands showed no difference in cytokine responses between groups, or before or after prime vaccination, indicating absence of a trained immunity effect. We observed that levels of preexisting antigen-specific CD4 T cells, antibody, and memory B cells correlated with elements of the early innate response to the first vaccination. Our data thereby indicate that preexisting memory formed by infection may augment the innate immune activation induced by mRNA vaccines.
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| 35. |
- Hellgren, Johan, 1965, et al.
(författare)
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Unmet challenges in septoplasty-nordic studies from a uniform healthcare and geographical area
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Frontiers in Surgery. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-875X. ; 9
-
Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- PurposeNasal septoplasty is one of the most common surgical procedures in otorhinolaryngology and optimising both patient selection and the surgery is a challenge. The Nordic countries have similar public healthcare systems and comparable populations in terms of size. MethodsThis is a review of studies of outcome and predictors related to septoplasty from Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, published during the last decade. The aim of this review was to identify areas in need of further research to meet the challenges of septoplasty in the Nordic countries with reference to international data. ResultsPostoperative patient satisfaction at 6-12 months was reported in around 2/3 of the patients and well in line with international data. Patients with more severe symptoms had a higher chance of improvement. Lack of standardisation in patient selection, surgical methods and skills, and follow up procedures, still makes it difficult to explain the 25% failure rate in septoplasty surgery. ConclusionThis review of the Nordic studies from the last decade shows that septoplasty in general is effective in relieving nasal obstruction. There is a need for studies addressing the standardisation of diagnostic tools and algorithms and the systematic and continuous implementation of follow-up of the surgical results at both departmental and personal level. This includes an awareness of how surgical skills in septoplasty are obtained and maintained.
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| 36. |
- Hellgren, K., et al.
(författare)
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Ankylosing Spondylitis, Psoriatic Arthritis, and Risk of Malignant Lymphoma : A Cohort Study Based on Nationwide Prospectively Recorded Data From Sweden
- 2014
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Ingår i: Arthritis & Rheumatology. - : Wiley. - 2326-5191 .- 2326-5205. ; 66:5, s. 1282-1290
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective. Data on lymphoma risk in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are scarce. This study was undertaken to assess the risk of lymphoma in AS and PsA overall and in relation to therapies, including tumor necrosis factor inhibitor (TNFi), for which lymphoma risks are a concern. Methods. Through the Swedish National Patient Register we assembled nationwide prevalence cohorts of patients with AS (n = 8,707) and patients with PsA (n = 19,283) for whom data were obtained between 2001 and 2010. Each cohort member was matched to 5 population comparator subjects. Linkage with the nationwide Cancer Register identified all lymphomas recorded from 2001 to 2010. Through the Swedish Biologics Register (Anti-Rheumatic Therapy in Sweden [ARTIS]), we identified patients exposed to TNFi in the AS cohort (n = 1,908) and the PsA cohort (n = 2,605) before lymphoma diagnosis. Hazard ratios (HRs) for lymphoma were estimated by Cox regression. Crude incidences of lymphoma in TNFi-exposed and TNFi-naive patients were compared. Results. For AS patients, the HR of having lymphoma versus the general population was 0.9 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.5-1.6) (14 lymphomas). For PsA patients, the corresponding HR was 1.2 (95% CI 0.9-1.7) (45 lymphomas). For PsA patients treated with methotrexate and/or sulfasalazine, the HR of having lymphoma was 1.7 (95% CI 1.0-3.1). The numbers and incidence of lymphoma were not materially different in TNFi-exposed versus TNFi-naive AS and PsA patients, although the numbers of lymphomas were small. Conclusion. In contrast to rheumatoid arthritis, the average risks of lymphoma in AS or PsA are not elevated, although increased risks in a subset of PsA patients cannot be excluded. Our findings indicate that TNFi does not affect the risk of lymphoma in AS or in PsA.
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| 37. |
- Hellgren, K., et al.
(författare)
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Cancer risk in patients with spondyloarthritis treated with TNF inhibitors: a collaborative study from the ARTIS and DANBIO registers
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. - : BMJ. - 0003-4967 .- 1468-2060. ; 76:1, s. 105-111
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Safety data on cancer risks following tumour necrosis factor alpha inhibitors (TNFi) in patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA) (here defined as ankylosing spondylitis (AS), undifferentiated spondarthropaties (SpA UNS), psoriatic arthritis (PsA)) are scarce. Our objective was to assess risks for cancer overall and for common subtypes in patients with SpA treated with TNFi compared with TNFi-naive patients with SpA and to the general population. Methods From the Swedish (Anti-Rheumatic Therapy in Sweden (ARTIS)) and Danish (DANBIO) biologics registers, we assembled 8703 (ARTIS=5448, DANBIO=3255) patients with SpA initiating a first TNFi 2001-2011. From the Swedish National Patient and Population Registers we assembled a TNFi-naive SpA cohort (n=28,164) and a Swedish age-matched and sex-matched general population comparator cohort (n=131 687). We identified incident cancers by linkage with the nationwide Swedish and Danish Cancer Registers 2001-2011, and calculated age-standardised and sex-standardised incidence ratios as measures of relative risk (RR). Results Based on 1188 cancers among the TNFi-naive patients with SpA, RR of cancer overall was 1.1 (95% Cl 1.0 to 1.2). Based on 147 cancers among TNFi initiators with SpA, RR versus TNFi-naive was 0.8 (95% CI 0.7 to 1.0) and results were similar for AS and PsA when analysed separately. Site-specific cancer RRs: prostate 0.5 (95% CI 0.3 to 0.8), lung 0.6 (95% CI 0.3 to 1.3), colorectal 1.0 (95% CI 0.5 to 2.0), breast 1.3 (95% Cl 0.9 to 2.0), lymphoma 0.8 (95% CI 0.4 to 1.8) and melanoma 1.4 (95% CI 0.7 to 2.6). Conclusions In patients with SpA, treatment with TNFi was not associated with increased risks of cancer, neither overall nor for the six most common cancer types.
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| 38. |
- Hellgren, Margareta, 1955, et al.
(författare)
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The burden of poor glycaemic control in people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes in Sweden: A health economic modelling analysis based on nationwide data
- 2021
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Ingår i: Diabetes, obesity and metabolism. - : Wiley. - 1462-8902 .- 1463-1326. ; 23:7, s. 1604-1613
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Aim To evaluate the economic and clinical burden associated with poor glycaemic control in Sweden, in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) initiating first-line glucose-lowering therapy. Materials and Methods Population data were obtained from Swedish national registers. Immediate glycaemic control was compared with delays in achieving control of 1 and 3 years, with outcomes projected over 3, 10 and 50 years in the validated IQVIA CORE Diabetes Model. Glycaemic control was defined as glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) targets of 52, 48 and 42 mmol/mol, as recommended in Swedish guidelines, according to age and disease duration. Costs (expressed in 2019 Swedish krona [SEK]) were accounted from a Swedish societal perspective. Results Immediate glycaemic control was associated with population-level cost savings of up to SEK 279 million and SEK 673 million versus delays of 1 and 3 years, respectively, as well as small population-level life expectancy benefits of up to 1305 and 2590 life years gained. Reduced levels of burden were a result of lower incidence and delayed time to onset of diabetes-related complications. Conclusions Even in people with T2D initiating first-line glucose-lowering therapy, the economic burden of poor glycaemic control in Sweden is substantial, but could be reduced by early and effective treatment to achieve glycaemic targets.
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| 39. |
- Hellgren, N., et al.
(författare)
-
Anisotropies in magnetron sputtered carbon nitride thin films
- 2001
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 78:18, s. 2703-2705
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carbon nitride CNx (O=x=0.35) thin films, deposited by reactive dc magnetron sputtering in Ar/N2 discharges have been studied with respect to microstructure using electron microscopy, and elastic modulus using nanoindentation and surface acoustic wave analyses. For growth temperature of 100°C, the films were amorphous, and with an isotropic Young's modulus of ~170-200 GPa essentially unaffected by the nitrogen fraction. The films grown at elevated temperatures (350-550°C) show anisotropic mechanical properties due to a textured microstructure with standing basal planes, as observed from measuring the Young's modulus in different directions. The modulus measured in the plane of the film was ~60-80 GPa, while in the vertical direction the modulus increased considerably from ~25 to ~200 GPa as the nitrogen content was increased above ~15 at. %. © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
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| 40. |
- Hellgren, N., et al.
(författare)
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Effect of chemical sputtering on the growth and structural evolution of magnetron sputtered CNx thin films
- 2001
-
Ingår i: Thin Solid Films. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 382:1-2, s. 146-152
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The growth and microstructure evolution of carbon nitride CNx (0=x=0.35) films, deposited by reactive d.c. magnetron sputtering in Ar/N2 discharges has been studied. The substrate temperature TS varied between 100 and 550 °C, and the N2 fraction in the discharge gas varied from 0 to 100%. It is found that the deposition rate and film morphology show strong dependence on TS and nitrogen fraction. For growth temperature of 100 °C, the films are amorphous, and essentially unaffected by the nitrogen fraction. For TS>200 °C, however, the nitrogen fraction has more significant effect on the growth and structural evolution of the films. The pure carbon films appear porous and have a high surface roughness. For increasing nitrogen fraction the films become denser and the roughness decreases by one order of magnitude. It is suggested that a chemical sputtering process, during which desorption of volatile N2 and CN-species, predominantly C2N2, is important not only for the deposition rate and the nitrogen incorporation, but also for the resulting film structure. The chemical sputtering process becomes more pronounced at elevated temperatures with higher nitrogen fractions.
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
- Hellgren, N., et al.
(författare)
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Growth, structure, and mechanical properties of CNxHy films deposited by dc magnetron sputtering in N2/Ar/H2 discharges
- 2000
-
Ingår i: Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology. A. Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films. - : American Vacuum Society. - 0734-2101 .- 1520-8559. ; 18:5, s. 2349-2358
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Reactive direct current magnetron sputtering was used to deposit the hydrogenated carbon nitride films in mixed nitrogen (N2)/argon (Ar)/ hydrogen (H2) discharges. Growth and structure evolution of films was found to be affected by chemical sputtering effects. The hydrogen were found to be bonded to nitrogen and hydrogen incorporation decreases the elasticity and hardness.
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| 43. |
- Hellgren, N, et al.
(författare)
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Influence of plasma parameters on the growth and properties of magnetron sputtered CNx thin films
- 2000
-
Ingår i: Journal of Applied Physics. - 0021-8979 .- 1089-7550. ; 88:1, s. 524-532
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carbon nitride CNx thin films were grown by unbalanced dc magnetron sputtering from a graphite target in a pure N-2 discharge, and with the substrate temperature T-s kept between 100 and 550 degrees C. A solenoid coil positioned in the vicinity of the substrate was used to support the magnetic field of the magnetron, so that the plasma could be increased near the substrate. By varying the coil current and gas pressure, the energy distribution and fluxes of N-2(+) ions and C neutrals could be varied independently of each other over a wide range. An array of Langmuir probes in the substrate position was used to monitor the radial ion flux distribution over the 75-mm-diam substrate, while the flux and energy distribution of neutrals was estimated through Monte Carlo simulations. The structure, surface roughness, and mechanical response of the films are found to be strongly dependent on the substrate temperature, and the fluxes and energies of the deposited particles. By controlling the process parameters, the film structure can thus be selected to be amorphous, graphite-like or fullerene-like. When depositing at 3 mTorr N-2 pressure, with T-s> 200 degrees C, a transition from a disordered graphite-like to a hard and elastic fullerene-like structure occurred when the ion flux was increased above similar to 0.5-1.0 mA/cm(2). The nitrogen-to-carbon concentration ratio in the films ranged from similar to 0.1 to 0.65, depending on substrate temperature and gas pressure. The nitrogen film concentration did, however, not change when varying the nitrogen ion-to-carbon atom flux ratios from similar to 1 to 20. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S0021-8979(00)00413-8].
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| 44. |
- Hellgren, N., et al.
(författare)
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Nitrogen bonding structure in carbon nitride thin films studied by soft x-ray spectroscopy
- 2001
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 79:26, s. 4348-4350
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Soft x-ray absorption (SXAS) and emission (SXES) spectroscopies were applied to study the nitrogen bonding structure in magnetron sputtered CNx thin films. By comparing with calculated spectra of N in different model systems, N in three main bonding environments can be identified: (i) C equivalent toN bonds, with a sharp SXAS peak at 399.5 eV, (ii) pyridine-like N (i.e., N bonded to two C atoms), with an x-ray absorption resonance at similar to 398.5 eV, and (iii) N substituted in graphite, possibly with one sp(3) carbon as a neighbor (SXAS energy similar to 401 eV). These bondings are present in all CNx films analyzed; however, as shown earlier, the relative intensities between the peaks may vary with the growth conditions. Differences in the coordination of the nearest or second nearest C neighbors only cause slight changes in the peak positions and spectrum shape.
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| 45. |
- Hellgren, Olof, et al.
(författare)
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Global phylogeography of the avian malaria pathogen Plasmodium relictum based on MSP1 allelic diversity
- 2015
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Ingår i: Ecography. - : Wiley. - 1600-0587 .- 0906-7590. ; 38:8, s. 842-850
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Knowing the genetic variation that occurs in pathogen populations and how it is distributed across geographical areas is essential to understand parasite epidemiology, local patterns of virulence, and evolution of host-resistance. In addition, it is important to identify populations of pathogens that are evolutionarily independent and thus free' to adapt to hosts and environments. Here, we investigated genetic variation in the globally distributed, highly invasive avian malaria parasite Plasmodium relictum, which has several distinctive mitochondrial haplotyps (cyt b lineages, SGS1, GRW11 and GRW4). The phylogeography of P. relictum was accessed using the highly variable nuclear gene merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP1), a gene linked to the invasion biology of the parasite. We show that the lineage GRW4 is evolutionarily independent of GRW11 and SGS1 whereas GRW11 and SGS1 share MSP1 alleles and thus suggesting the presence of two distinct species (GRW4 versus SGS1 and GRW11). Further, there were significant differences in the global distribution of MSP1 alleles with differences between GRW4 alleles in the New and the Old World. For SGS1, a lineage formerly believed to have both tropical and temperate transmission, there were clear differences in MSP1 alleles transmitted in tropical Africa compared to the temperate regions of Europe and Asia. Further, we highlight the occurrence of multiple MSP1 alleles in GRW4 isolates from the Hawaiian Islands, where the parasite has contributed to declines and extinctions of endemic forest birds since it was introduced. This study stresses the importance of multiple independent loci for understanding patterns of transmission and evolutionary independence across avian malaria parasites.
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| 46. |
- Hultman, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Cross-linked nano-onions of carbon nitride in the solid phase : Existence of a novel C48N12 aza-fullerene
- 2001
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Ingår i: Physical Review Letters. - 0031-9007 .- 1079-7114. ; 87:22, s. art. no.-225503
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We report a new fullerenelike material consisting of cross-linked nano-onions of C and N. Growth of the onion shells takes place atom by atom on a substrate surface and yields thin solid films during magnetron sputter deposition. Electron microscopy and energy loss spectroscopy show that the core shell contains up to 20 at. % N corresponding to C48N12 aza-fullerene composition. Nanoindentation of this nanostructured material gives high resilience with hardness 7 GPa, Young's modulus 37 GPa, and complete elastic recovery after loading with 0.5 mN to a depth of 75 nm. Total energy calculations show the stability Of C60-2nN2n aza-fullerenes and suggest the existence of a novel C48N12 molecule.
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| 47. |
- Hultman, Lars, et al.
(författare)
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Fullerene-like carbon nitride : A resilient coating material
- 2003
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Ingår i: MRS bulletin. - 0883-7694 .- 1938-1425. ; 28:3, s. 194-202
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Carbon nitride is an emerging material for wear-resistant coatings. The fullerene-like CNx compounds generally exhibit extreme elasticity in combination with a low work of indentation hardness. Yet CNx shows a low-to-moderate resistance to penetration, depending on deposition conditions. Since the deformation energy is predominantly stored elastically, the material possesses an extremely resilient character. This new class of materials consists of sp(2)-coordinated basal planes that are buckled from the incorporation of-pentagons and cross-linked at sp(3)-hybridized C sites, both of which are caused by structural incorporation of nitrogen. Carbon nitride thus deforms elastically due to bending of the structural units. The orientation, radius of curvature of the basal planes, and the degree of cross-linking between them defines the structure and properties of the material. Due to the unique deformation behavior, the hardness requires special care to assess, but can be very high for films with a large degree of cross-linking. This article is a review of the research on CNx films deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering, with examples from our recent work. The findings are significant for the design of fracture-tough materials.
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| 48. |
- Iliadis, Stavros I., et al.
(författare)
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Associations between a polymorphism in the hydroxysteroid (11-beta) dehydrogenase 1 gene, neuroticism and postpartum depression
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Affective Disorders. - : Elsevier BV. - 0165-0327 .- 1573-2517. ; 207, s. 141-147
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: This study examined the association between a single nucleotide polymorphism in the hydroxysteroid (11-beta) dehydrogenase 1 gene and neuroticism, as well as the possible mediatory role of neuroticism in the association between the polymorphism and postpartum depressive symptoms.METHODS: 769 women received questionnaires containing the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at six weeks postpartum and demographic data at pregnancy week 17 and 32 and at six weeks postpartum, as well as the Swedish universities Scales of Personality at pregnancy week 32.RESULTS: Linear regression models showed an association between the GG genotype and depressive symptoms. When neuroticism was introduced in the model, it was associated with EPDS score, whereas the association between the GG genotype and EPDS became borderline significant. A path analysis showed that neuroticism had a mediatory role in the association between the polymorphism and EPDS score.LIMITATIONS: The use of the EPDS, which is a self-reporting instrument.CONCLUSIONS: Neuroticism was associated with the polymorphism and had a mediatory role in the association between the polymorphism and postpartum depression. This finding elucidates the genetic background of neuroticism and postpartum depression.
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| 49. |
- Johansson, M P, et al.
(författare)
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Growth of CNx/BN : C multilayer films by magnetron sputtering
- 2000
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Ingår i: Thin Solid Films. - 0040-6090 .- 1879-2731. ; 360:1-2, s. 17-23
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Symmetric CNx/BN:C multilayer thin films, with nominal compositional modulation periods of ? = 2.5, 5, and 9 nm were deposited by unbalanced dual cathode magnetron sputtering from C (graphite) and B4C targets in an Ar/N2 (60/40) discharge. The multilayers and single-layer of the constituent CNx and BN:C compounds were grown to a total thickness of 0.5 µm onto Si(001) substrates held at 225°C and a negative floating potential of approx. 30 V (Ei = 24 eV). Layer characterizations were performed by TEM, X-ray reflectivity, RBS, and nanoindentation measurements. Results show that CN0.33 and BN:C (35, 50, and 15 at.% of B, N, and C, respectively) layers were prepared at the above conditions. It is suggested that all films exhibit a three-dimensional interlocked structure with a cylindrical texture in the film growth direction. The structure was continuous over relatively well defined and smooth CNx/BN:C interfaces. All coatings exhibit extreme elasticity with elastic recoveries as high as 85-90% (10 mN maximum load) attributed to the observed structure. However, the multilayers were stiffer and more elastic compared to that of the single-layers and thus shows promise for improved protective properties.
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| 50. |
- Johansson, MP, et al.
(författare)
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Template-synthesized BN : C nanoboxes
- 2000
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 76:7, s. 825-827
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Box-shaped nanostructures of B-C-N compounds were synthesized by reactive sputtering of boron carbide in mixed argon and nitrogen discharges. Transmission electron microscopy showed that these nanoboxes were grown on self-patterned NaCl substrate with projected areas ranging from similar to 1x10(2) to similar to 5x10(4) nm(2), sizes 50-100 nm, and number density similar to 100 mu m(-2). Electron energy loss spectroscopy revealed a phase separation of BN and C:N layers. (C) 2000 American Institute of Physics. [S0003-6951(00)00507-6].
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