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- Mishra, A, et al.
(författare)
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Diminishing benefits of urban living for children and adolescents' growth and development
- 2023
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Ingår i: Nature. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1476-4687 .- 0028-0836. ; 615:7954, s. 874-883
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Optimal growth and development in childhood and adolescence is crucial for lifelong health and well-being1–6. Here we used data from 2,325 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight from 71 million participants, to report the height and body-mass index (BMI) of children and adolescents aged 5–19 years on the basis of rural and urban place of residence in 200 countries and territories from 1990 to 2020. In 1990, children and adolescents residing in cities were taller than their rural counterparts in all but a few high-income countries. By 2020, the urban height advantage became smaller in most countries, and in many high-income western countries it reversed into a small urban-based disadvantage. The exception was for boys in most countries in sub-Saharan Africa and in some countries in Oceania, south Asia and the region of central Asia, Middle East and north Africa. In these countries, successive cohorts of boys from rural places either did not gain height or possibly became shorter, and hence fell further behind their urban peers. The difference between the age-standardized mean BMI of children in urban and rural areas was <1.1 kg m–2 in the vast majority of countries. Within this small range, BMI increased slightly more in cities than in rural areas, except in south Asia, sub-Saharan Africa and some countries in central and eastern Europe. Our results show that in much of the world, the growth and developmental advantages of living in cities have diminished in the twenty-first century, whereas in much of sub-Saharan Africa they have amplified.
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- Walther-Jallow, L, et al.
(författare)
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Cross-protection against mucosal simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVsm) challenge in human immunodeficiency virus type 2-vaccinated cynomolgus monkeys
- 2001
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Ingår i: The Journal of general virology. - : Microbiology Society. - 0022-1317 .- 1465-2099. ; 82:Pt 7, s. 1601-1612
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this study we compared the efficacy of live attenuated human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) vaccine alone versus boosting with live non-pathogenic HIV-2 following priming with ALVAC HIV-2 (recombinant canarypox virus expressing HIV-2 env, gag and pol). Six monkeys were first inoculated intravenously with live HIV-2SBL-6669 and 7 to 10 months later were challenged intrarectally with 10 MID50 of cell-free simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strain SIVsm. One monkey was completely protected against SIV infection and all five monkeys that became SIV-infected showed a lower virus replication and an initial lower virus load as compared with a parallel group of six control animals. In another experiment five monkeys were immunized either three times with ALVAC HIV-2 alone or twice with ALVAC HIV-2 and once with purified native HIV-2 gp125. The monkeys were then challenged with HIV-2 given intravenously and finally with pathogenic SIVsm given intrarectally. After challenge with SIVsm, three of five monkeys were completely protected against SIVsm infection whereas the remaining two macaques became SIV-infected but with limited virus replication. In conclusion, vaccination with an ALVAC HIV-2 vaccine followed by exposure to live HIV-2 could induce cross-protection against mucosal infection with SIVsm and seemed to be more efficient than immunization with a live HIV-2 vaccine only.
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- Özkaya Sahin, Gülsen, et al.
(författare)
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Generation of neutralizing antibodies and divergence of SIVmac239 in cynomolgus macaques following short-term early antiretroviral therapy.
- 2010
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Ingår i: PLoS Pathogens. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1553-7366 .- 1553-7374. ; 6:9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Neutralizing antibodies (NAb) able to react to heterologous viruses are generated during natural HIV-1 infection in some individuals. Further knowledge is required in order to understand the factors contributing to induction of cross-reactive NAb responses. Here a well-established model of experimental pathogenic infection in cynomolgus macaques, which reproduces long-lasting HIV-1 infection, was used to study the NAb response as well as the viral evolution of the highly neutralization-resistant SIVmac239. Twelve animals were infected intravenously with SIVmac239. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) was initiated ten days post-inoculation and administered daily for four months. Viral load, CD4(+) T-cell counts, total IgG levels, and breadth as well as strength of NAb in plasma were compared simultaneously over 14 months. In addition, envs from plasma samples were sequenced at three time points in all animals in order to assess viral evolution. We report here that seven of the 12 animals controlled viremia to below 10(4) copies/ml of plasma after discontinuation of ART and that this control was associated with a low level of evolutionary divergence. Macaques that controlled viral load developed broader NAb responses early on. Furthermore, escape mutations, such as V67M and R751G, were identified in virus sequenced from all animals with uncontrolled viremia. Bayesian estimation of ancestral population genetic diversity (PGD) showed an increase in this value in non-controlling or transient-controlling animals during the first 5.5 months of infection, in contrast to virus-controlling animals. Similarly, non- or transient controllers displayed more positively-selected amino-acid substitutions. An early increase in PGD, resulting in the generation of positively-selected amino-acid substitutions, greater divergence and relative high viral load after ART withdrawal, may have contributed to the generation of potent NAb in several animals after SIVmac239 infection. However, early broad NAb responses correlated with relatively preserved CD4(+) T-cell numbers, low viral load and limited viral divergence.
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