| 1. |
- Apel, Christina, et al.
(författare)
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Safe-and-sustainable-by-design: State of the art approaches and lessons learned from value chain perspectives
- 2024
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Ingår i: Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry. - Stockholm : IVL Svenska Miljöinstitutet. - 2452-2236. ; 45, s. 100876-100876
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Safe-and-sustainable-by-design (SSbD) is central in the European Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability, yet a common understanding of what SSbD is in concept and in practice isstill needed. A comparison of current SSbD descriptions and approaches was made and lessons learned were derived from value chain discussions (packaging, textile, construction,automotive, energy materials, electronics, and fragrances value chains) to help provide input on how to implement SSbD in practice.Five important building blocks were identified:design, data, risk and sustainability governance, competencies, and social and corporate strategic needs. Other lessons learned include the identification of the biggest safety andsustainability challenges in a lifecycle-thinking approach towards the development of purpose-driven innovations, and connecting trans-disciplinary experts to the innovation process, already from the early phases. A clear understanding of what SSbD is and how to implement the SSbD framework is needed with clear procedures and incentives to support the industrial sector, especially SMEs.
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| 2. |
- Brodin, Tomas, et al.
(författare)
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The urgent need for designing greener drugs
- 2024
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Ingår i: Nature Sustainability. - 2398-9629.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The pervasive contamination of ecosystems with active pharmaceutical ingredients poses a serious threat to biodiversity, ecosystem services and public health. Urgent action is needed to design greener drugs that maintain efficacy but also minimize environmental impact.
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| 3. |
- Khan, Ghazanfar Ali, 1973-
(författare)
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Monitoring anti-infectives and antibiotic resistance genes : with focus on analytical method development, effects of antibiotics and national perspectives
- 2012
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Antibiotics are biologically active and are globally used in humans and animal medicine for treatment and in sub-therapeutic amounts as growth promoters in animal husbandry, aquaculture and agriculture. After excretion, inappropriate disposal and discharge from drug production facilities they enter into water bodies either as intact drugs, metabolites or transformed products. In water environments they promote development of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) which could serve as a reservoir and be horizontally transferred to human-associated bacteria and thus contribute to AR proliferation. Measurement of antibiotics has been revolutionized with the usage of solid phase extraction (SPE) for enrichment followed by Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). On-line SPE coupled to LC-MS/MS has the advantages of high sample throughput, low sample preparation time and minimal solvent utilization. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are potential alternatives to conventional treatment plants to remove organic pollutants. A study at Plönninge, Halmstad was performed to assess the impact of bacterial community pattern and development of resistance in spiked (n=4) and control (n=4). CWs were spiked with antibiotics at environmentally relevant concentrations continuously for 25 days. Shannon Index (H’) were used to determine the bacterial diversity and real-time PCR detected and quantified antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) sulI, tetA, tetB, erm, dfrA1, qnrS and vanB and class 1 integrons intI1. No significant differences in bacterial compositions or in ARGs or integron concentrations could be discerned between exposed and control wetlands. A study conducted in Northern Pakistan showed that the antibiotic levels in most studied rivers were comparable to surface water measurements in unpolluted sites in Europe and the US. However, high levels of antibiotics were detected in the river in close vicinity of the 10 million city Lahore, e.g. 4600 ng L−1 sulfamethoxazole. Highest detected levels were at one of the drug formulation facilities, with measured levels up to 49000 ng L−1 of sulfamethoxazole for example. The highest levels of ARGs detected, sul1 and dfrA1, were directly associated with the antibiotics detected at the highest concentrations, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. In the study in UK, sewage epidemiology surveillance is used to measure the oseltamivir carboxylate (OC), metabolite of oseltamivir (parent drug) in twenty four time proportional hourly influent samples from two WWTPs and then back-calculations were made to assess the compliance of drug. Predicted users of oseltamivir, based on measured OC in waste water, ranged from 3-4 and 120-154 people for the two WWTP catchments, respectively, which are consistent with the projected use from national antiviral allocation statistics, 3-8 and 108-270, respectively. Scenario analysis suggests compliance was likely between 45-60% in the study regions.
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| 4. |
- Nantaba, Florence, et al.
(författare)
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Occurrence, distribution, and ecotoxicological risk assessment of selected pharmaceutical compounds in water from Lake Victoria, Uganda
- 2020
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Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Elsevier. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 239
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The occurrence of 24 pharmaceuticals (including; 15 antibiotics, three analgesic/anti-inflammatory drugs, three anti-epileptic/ antidepressant drugs, two beta blockers, and one lipid regulator) was investigated in 75 water samples collected from four bays in the Ugandan part of Lake Victoria. In addition, the potential environmental risk of the target pharmaceutical compounds to aquatic organisms in the aquatic ecosystem of Lake Victoria was assessed. Water samples were extracted using solid phase extraction and analyzed for pharmaceuticals using high- performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Eighteen of the 24 pharmaceuticals occurred at quantifiable concentrations. Sulfamethoxazole (1-5600 ng L-1), trimethoprim (1-89 ng L-1), tetracycline (3-70 ng L-1), sulfacetamide (1-13 ng L-1), and ibuprofen (6-780 ng L-1) occurred at quantifiable concentrations in all water samples. Sulfamethazine (2-50 ng L-1), erythromycin (10-66 ng L-1), diclofenac (2-160 ng L-1), and carbamazepine (5-72 ng L-1) were only quantifiable in water samples from Murchison Bay. The highest concentrations of pharmaceuticals were found in Murchison Bay, the main recipient of sewage effluents, industrial and municipal waste from Kampala city via the Nakivubo channel. Ecotoxicological risk assessment showed that sulfamethoxazole, oxytetracycline, erythromycin, and diclofenac pose a high toxic risk to aquatic organisms in the lake, while ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin, and ibuprofen pose a medium risk. This study is the first of its kind to report the levels and ecotoxic risks of pharmaceutical compounds in Lake Victoria waters, of Uganda, and East Africa as a whole.
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| 5. |
- Nantaba, Florence, et al.
(författare)
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Spatial trends and ecotoxic risk assessment of selected pharmaceuticals in sediments from Lake Victoria, Uganda, East Africa
- 2024
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Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : ELSEVIER. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 906
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Pharmaceutical residues in the aquatic environment are an emerging issue of global concern because of their effects on ecosystems including; antibacterial resistance development and endocrine disruption. Lake Victoria is the largest freshwater lake in Africa, and the second largest lake in the world. It is also the main source of the White Nile River, arguably the longest river in the world, flowing through South Sudan, Sudan, Ethiopia and Egypt, discharging into the Mediterranean Sea. However, its ecology is threatened by rapid industrialisation, urbanization, and increased agricultural activities, which have led to increased pollution via polluted runoffs. In this study, the occurrence of twenty-five pharmaceutical compounds (14 antibiotics, four anti-epileptic and antidepressant drugs, three analgesic and anti-inflammatory drugs, three beta-blockers, and one lipid regulator) was studied in 55 sediment samples obtained from the Ugandan sector of Lake Victoria, and their ecotoxic risk assessed. All the target compounds were quantifiable with levofloxacin (2-120 ng g-1 dm; dry mass), cipro-floxacin (3-130 ng g-1 dm) enoxacin (9-75 ng g-1 dm), ibuprofen (6-50 ng g-1 dm), metoprolol (1-92 ng g-1 dm) and propranolol (1-52 ng g-1 dm) being predominant. Murchison Bay, being the chief recipient of sewage effluents, municipal and industrial waste from Kampala city and its suburbs, had the highest levels. Ecotoxic risk assessment revealed that ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethazine, oxytetracycline,
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| 6. |
- Östman, Marcus, 1987-
(författare)
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Antimicrobials in sewage treatment plants : occurrence, fate and resistance
- 2018
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The World Health Organization (WHO) has identified antibiotic resistance as a major threat to human health. The environment has been suggested to play an important role in the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. The external environment can act as a source of resistance genes that could potentially be transferred into human pathogens. It is also an important route for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes and bacteria. Sewage treatment plants (STPs) are among the most important routes by which antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes enter the environment. It has been suggested that STPs are hotspots for the development of antibiotic resistance because they contain relatively high concentrations of antibiotics as well as both human and environmental bacteria. Further complicating matters, there is evidence that other substances with antimicrobial properties, such as biocides and metals, can cause antibiotic resistance due to co- and cross-resistance.This thesis contributes new knowledge on the concentrations, mass flows, and removal efficiencies of antimicrobials in STPs and their connections to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Paper I presents data on the levels of 40 different antimicrobials in the incoming wastewater, treated effluent, and digested sludge of eleven different STPs. Although not previously detected in STPs, chlorhexidine is shown to be ubiquitous in such plants. In Paper II, mass flows and removal efficiencies are calculated for eleven antimicrobials over various treatment steps in three STPs, showing that polar antimicrobials were inefficiently removed from the wastewater. In Paper III, the minimum selective concentration (MSC) for the antibiotic tetracycline was determined in a complex bacterial aquatic biofilm using both phenotypic and genotypic endpoints. It was found that 10 µg/L selected for phenotypic resistance, and 1 µg/L selected for certain resistance genes. Paper VI used metagenomics to determine whether there is selection for antibiotic-resistant bacteria in STPs and whether the extent of this selection can be correlated to the concentrations of antimicrobial compounds. No clear evidence for selection was identified. Paper V evaluates advanced wastewater treatment techniques for removing antimicrobial compounds using ozonation and granular activated carbon (GAC). The identity of the GAC material was found to strongly affect removal efficiency, and GAC was more efficient than ozonation for most compounds at the tested concentrations.
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