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1.
  • Nordin Forsberg, Britta, 1964-, et al. (författare)
  • The Perception of Avatars in Virtual Reality During Professional Meetings
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Communications in Computer and Information Science. - Cham : Springer Nature. ; , s. 290-294, s. 290-294
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Social Virtual Reality (VR) offers virtual social spaces, where people can meet, collaborate and socialize via head-mounted displays. In VR applications, users can create their own avatars that can control to walk around and interact directly with other users. Recently, social VR gained importance for professional meetings, in order to allow socializing and collaborating during times of travel restrictions. Unlike VR in gaming for the purpose of amusement, where avatars can be fantasy figures, avatars in professional meetings usually look more serious and more like the person behind the avatar. Based on semi-structured interviews in two different scenarios – a conference and a company business meeting – we report about the role and perception of avatars in professional meetings. Our interview results reveal that avatars were perceived differently in both cases. In the conference scenario, avatars were seen as both enablers and obstacles for interaction with other users during the social event. In the company scenario, interviewees did not express any feelings of being restricted in their collaboration with others by the visual appearance of the avatar that represents them.
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3.
  • Ahlkrona, Josefin, et al. (författare)
  • A numerical study of scaling relations for non-Newtonian thin film flows with applications in ice sheet modelling
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Quarterly Journal of Mechanics and Applied Mathematics. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0033-5614 .- 1464-3855. ; 66:4, s. 417-435
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This article treats the viscous, non-Newtonian thin-film flow of ice sheets, governed by the Stokes equations, and the modelling of ice sheets with asymptotic expansion of the analytical solutions in terms of the aspect ratio, which is a small parameter measuring the shallowness of an ice sheet. An asymptotic expansion requires scalings of the field variables with the aspect ratio. There are several, conflicting, scalings in the literature used both for deriving simplified models and for analysis. We use numerical solutions of the Stokes equations for varying aspect ratios in order to compute scaling relations. Our numerically obtained results are compared with three known theoretical scaling relations: the classical scalings behind the Shallow Ice Approximation, the scalings originally used to derive the so-called Blatter-Pattyn equations, and a non-uniform scaling which takes into account a high viscosity boundary layer close to the ice surface. We find that the latter of these theories is the most appropriate one since there is indeed a boundary layer close to the ice surface where scaling relations are different than further down in the ice. This boundary layer is thicker than anticipated and there is no distinct border with the inner layer for aspect ratios appropriate for ice sheets. This makes direct application of solutions obtained by matched asymptotic expansion problematic.
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4.
  • Ahlkrona, Josefin, et al. (författare)
  • A numerical study of the validity of Shallow Ice Approximations
  • 2012
  • Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Improving numerical ice sheet models is a very active field of research. In part, this is because ice sheet modelling has gained societal relevance in the context of predictions of future sea level rise. Ice sheet modelling is however also a challenging mathematical and computational subject. Since the exact equations governing ice dynamics, the full Stokes equations, are computationally expensive to solve, approximations are crucially needed for many problems. Shallow ice approximations are a family of approximations derived by asymptotic expansion of the exact equations in terms of the aspect ratio, epsilon. Retaining only the zeroth order terms in this expansion yields the by far most frequently used approximation; the Shallow Ice Approximation (SIA). Including terms up to second order yields the Second Order Shallow Ice Approximation (SOSIA), which is a so-called higher order model. Here, we study the validity and accuracy of shallow ice approximations beyond previous analyses of the SIA. We perform a detailed analysis of the assumptions behind shallow ice approximations, i.e. of the order of magnitude of field variables. We do this by using a numerical solution of the exact equations for ice flow over a sloping, undulating bed. We also construct analytical solutions for the SIA and SOSIA and numerically compute the accuracy for varying epsilon by comparing to the exact solution. We find that the assumptions underlying shallow ice approximations are not entirely appropriate since they do not account for a high viscosity boundary layer developing near the ice surface as soon as small bumps are introduced at the ice base. This boundary layer is thick and has no distinct border. Other existing theories which do incorporate the boundary layer are in better, but not full, agreement with our numerical results. Our results reveal that neither the SIA nor the SOSIA is as accurate as suggested by the asymptotic expansion approach. Also, in SOSIA the ice rheology needs to be altered to avoid infinite viscosity, though both our analytical and numerical solutions show that, especially for high bump amplitudes, the accuracy of the SOSIA is highly sensitive to this alternation. However, by updating the SOSIA solution in an iterative manner, we obtain a model which utilises the advantages of shallow ice approximations, while reducing the disadvantages.
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5.
  • Ahlkrona, Josefin, et al. (författare)
  • Accuracy of the zeroth- and second-order shallow-ice approximation - numerical and theoretical results
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Geoscientific Model Development. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1991-959X .- 1991-9603. ; 6:6, s. 2135-2152
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In ice sheet modelling, the shallow-ice approximation (SIA) and second-order shallow-ice approximation (SOSIA) schemes are approaches to approximate the solution of the full Stokes equations governing ice sheet dynamics. This is done by writing the solution to the full Stokes equations as an asymptotic expansion in the aspect ratio epsilon, i.e. the quotient between a characteristic height and a characteristic length of the ice sheet. SIA retains the zeroth-order terms and SOSIA the zeroth-, first-, and second-order terms in the expansion. Here, we evaluate the order of accuracy of SIA and SOSIA by numerically solving a two-dimensional model problem for different values of epsilon, and comparing the solutions with afinite element solution to the full Stokes equations obtained from Elmer/Ice. The SIA and SOSIA solutions are also derived analytically for the model problem. For decreasing epsilon, the computed errors in SIA and SOSIA decrease, but not always in the expected way. Moreover, they depend critically on a parameter introduced to avoid singularities in Glen's flow law in the ice model. This is because the assumptions behind the SIA and SOSIA neglect a thick, high-viscosity boundary layer near the ice surface. The sensitivity to the parameter is explained by the analytical solutions. As a verification of the comparison technique, the SIA and SOSIA solutions for a fluid with Newtonian rheology are compared to the solutions by Elmer/Ice, with results agreeing very well with theory.
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6.
  • Ahlkrona, Josefin, et al. (författare)
  • Dynamically coupling the non-linear Stokes equations with the shallow ice approximation in glaciology : Description and first applications of the ISCAL method
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Journal of Computational Physics. - : Elsevier BV. - 0021-9991 .- 1090-2716. ; 308, s. 1-19
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We propose and implement a new method, called the Ice Sheet Coupled Approximation Levels (ISCAL) method, for simulation of ice sheet flow in large domains during long time-intervals. The method couples the full Stokes (FS) equations with the Shallow Ice Approximation (SIA). The part of the domain where SIA is applied is determined automatically and dynamically based on estimates of the modeling error. For a three dimensional model problem, ISCAL computes the solution substantially faster with a low reduction in accuracy compared to a monolithic FS. Furthermore, ISCAL is shown to be able to detect rapid dynamic changes in the flow. Three different error estimations are applied and compared. Finally, ISCAL is applied to the Greenland Ice Sheet on a quasi-uniform grid, proving ISCAL to be a potential valuable tool for the ice sheet modeling community.
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7.
  • Alexanderson, Helena, et al. (författare)
  • The Seven Islands, Svalbard: glaciation at the margin
  • 2018
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • On the Seven Islands, north of Nordaustlandet, Svalbard, decreasing snow cover has made previously inaccessible stratigraphic sections in coastal cliffs possible to investigate. Sections on two of the islands, Phippsøya and Parryøya, reveal mainly raised marine deposits, representing one or more coarsening upward sequences (emergence cycles) at each site, which in turn imply preceding regional glaciations (cf. Alexanderson et al. in press). Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) ages are pending but radiocarbon (14C) ages and correlation to a previously studied site on Phippsøya (Forman and Ingólfsson 2000) suggest at least two events that occurred during the late Weichselian-early Holocene and prior to 40 14C ka BP, respectively. These results, along with observations of postglacial land uplift and of transport of erratic boulders to the islands, provide information on the glacial history and dynamics of an area close to the margin of the Svalbard-Barents Sea ice sheet.ReferencesAlexanderson, H., Henriksen, M., Ryen. H.T., Landvik, J.Y. and Peterson, G. in press. 200 ka of glacial events in NW Svalbard: An emergence cycle facies model and regional correlations. arktos. Forman, S.L. and Ingólfsson, Ó, 2000. Late Weichselian glacial history and postglacial emergence of Phippsøya, Sjuøyane, northern Svalbard: a comparison of modelled and empirical estimates of a glacial-rebound hinge line. Boreas 29, 16-25.
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8.
  • Applegate, Patrick J., et al. (författare)
  • An assessment of key model parametric uncertainties in projections of Greenland ice sheet behavior
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: The Cryosphere. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1994-0416 .- 1994-0424. ; 6:3, s. 589-606
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Lack of knowledge about the values of ice sheet model input parameters introduces substantial uncertainty into projections of Greenland Ice Sheet contributions to future sea level rise. Computer models of ice sheet behavior provide one of several means of estimating future sea level rise due to mass loss from ice sheets. Such models have many input parameters whose values are not well known. Recent studies have investigated the effects of these parameters on model output, but the range of potential future sea level increases due to model parametric uncertainty has not been characterized. Here, we demonstrate that this range is large, using a 100-member perturbed-physics ensemble with the SICOPOLIS ice sheet model. Each model run is spun up over 125 000 yr using geological forcings and subsequently driven into the future using an asymptotically increasing air temperature anomaly curve. All modeled ice sheets lose mass after 2005 AD. Parameters controlling surface melt dominate the model response to temperature change. After culling the ensemble to include only members that give reasonable ice volumes in 2005 AD, the range of projected sea level rise values in 2100 AD is similar to 40 % or more of the median. Data on past ice sheet behavior can help reduce this uncertainty, but none of our ensemble members produces a reasonable ice volume change during the mid-Holocene, relative to the present. This problem suggests that the model's exponential relation between temperature and precipitation does not hold during the Holocene, or that the central-Greenland temperature forcing curve used to drive the model is not representative of conditions around the ice margin at this time (among other possibilities). Our simulations also lack certain observed physical processes that may tend to enhance the real ice sheet's response. Regardless, this work has implications for other studies that use ice sheet models to project or hindcast the behavior of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
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9.
  • Barnett, Jamie, 1996-, et al. (författare)
  • Modelled dynamic retreat of Kangerlussuaq Glacier, East Greenland, strongly influenced by the consecutive absence of an ice mélange in Kangerlussuaq Fjord
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Glaciology. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0022-1430 .- 1727-5652. ; 69:275, s. 433-444
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Mass loss at the Greenland Ice Sheet is influenced by atmospheric processes controlling its surface mass balance, and by submarine melt and calving where glaciers terminate in fjords. There, an ice mélange - a composite matrix of calved ice bergs and sea ice - may provide a buttressing force on a glacier terminus and control terminus dynamics. Kangerlussuaq Glacier is a major outlet of the Greenland Ice Sheet, for which recent major retreat events in 2004/2005 and 2016-2018 coincided with the absence of an ice mélange in Kangerlussuaq Fjord. To better understand the response of Kangerlussuaq Glacier to climatic and oceanic drivers, a 2D flowline model is employed. Results indicate that an ice mélange buttressing force exerts a major control on calving frequency and rapid retreat. When an ice mélange forms in Kangerlussuaq Fjord, it provides stabilising forces and conditions favourable for winter terminus re-advance. When it fails to form during consecutive years, model results indicate that Kangerlussuaq Glacier is primed to retreat into the large overdeepenings in Kangerlussuaq Fjord, and to terminus positions more than 30 km farther inland, implying that excessive mass loss from Kangerlussuaq Glacier by the year 2065 cannot be excluded.
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10.
  • Cheng, Gong, 1986- (författare)
  • Numerical ice sheet modeling : Forward and inverse problems
  • 2019
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Ice sheets have strong influence on the climate system. Numerical simulation provides a mathematical tool to study the ice dynamics in the past and to predict their contribution to climate change in the future. Large scale ice sheets behave as incompressible non-Newtonian fluid. The evolution of ice sheet is governed by the conservation laws of mass, momentum and energy, which is formulated as a system of partial differential equations. Improving the efficiency of numerical ice sheet modeling is always a desirable feature since many of the applications have large domain and aim for long time span. With such a goal, the first part of this thesis focuses on developing efficient and accurate numerical methods for ice sheet simulation.A large variety of physical processes are involved in ice dynamics, which are described by physical laws with parameters measured from experiments and field work. These parameters are considered as the inputs of the ice sheet simulations. In certain circumstances, some parameters are unavailable or can not be measured directly. Therefore, the second part of this thesis is devoted to reveal these physical parameters by solving inverse problems.In the first part, improvements of temporal and spatial discretization methods and a sub-grid boundary treatment are purposed. We developed an adaptive time stepping method in Paper I to automatically adjust the time steps based on stability and accuracy criteria. We introduced an anisotropic Radial Basis Function method for the spatial discretization of continental scale ice sheet simulations in Paper II. We designed a sub-grid method for solving grounding line migration problem with Stokes equations in Paper VI.The second part of the thesis consists of analysis and numerical experiments on inverse problems. In Paper IV and V, we conducted sensitivity analysis and numerical examples of the inversion on time dependent ice sheet simulations. In Paper III, we solved an inverse problem for the thermal conductivity of firn pack at Lomonosovfonna, Svalbard, using the subsurface temperature measurements.
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11.
  • Cheng, Gong, et al. (författare)
  • Sensitivity of ice sheet surface velocity and elevation to variations in basal friction and topography in the full Stokes and shallow-shelf approximation frameworks using adjoint equations
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: The Cryosphere. - : Copernicus Publications. - 1994-0416 .- 1994-0424. ; 15:2, s. 715-742
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Predictions of future mass loss from ice sheets are afflicted with uncertainty, caused, among others, by insufficient understanding of spatiotemporally variable processes at the inaccessible base of ice sheets for which few direct observations exist and of which basal friction is a prime example. Here, we present a general numerical framework for studying the relationship between bed and surface properties of ice sheets and glaciers. Specifically, we use an inverse modeling approach and the associated time-dependent adjoint equations, derived in the framework of a full Stokes model and a shallow-shelf/shelfy-stream approximation model, respectively, to determine the sensitivity of grounded ice sheet surface velocities and elevation to time-dependent perturbations in basal friction and basal topography. Analytical and numerical examples are presented showing the importance of including the time-dependent kinematic free surface equation for the elevation and its adjoint, in particular for observations of the elevation. A closed form of the analytical solutions to the adjoint equations is given for a two-dimensional vertical ice in steady state under the shallow-shelf approximation. There is a delay in time between a seasonal perturbation at the ice base and the observation of the change in elevation. A perturbation at the base in the topography has a direct effect in space at the surface above the perturbation, and a perturbation in the friction is propagated directly to the surface in time.
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12.
  • Colleoni, Florence, et al. (författare)
  • An East Siberian ice shelf during the Late Pleistocene glaciations : Numerical reconstructions
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 147:SI, s. 148-163
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • A recent data campaign in the East Siberian Sea has revealed evidence of grounded and floating ice dynamics in regions of up to 1000 m water depth, and which are attributed to glaciations older than the Last Glacial Maximum (21 kyrs BP). The main hypothesis based on this evidence is that a small ice cap developed over Beringia and expanded over the East Siberian continental margin during some of the Late Pleistocene glaciations. Other similar evidence of ice dynamics that have been previously collected on the shallow continental shelves of the Arctic Ocean have been attributed to the penultimate glaciation, i.e. Marine Isotopes Stage 6 (approximate to 140 kyrs BP). We use an ice sheet model, forced by two previously simulated MIS 6 glacial maximum climates, to carry out a series of sensitivity experiments testing the impact of dynamics and mass-balance related parameters on the geometry of the East Siberian ice cap and ice shelf. Results show that the ice cap developing over Beringia connects to the Eurasian ice sheet in all simulations and that its volume ranges between 6 and 14 m SLE, depending on the climate forcing. This ice cap generates an ice shelf of dimensions comparable with or larger than the present-day Ross ice shelf in West Antarctica. Although the ice shelf extent strongly depends on the ice flux through the grounding line, it is particularly sensitive to the choice of the calving and basal melting parameters. Finally, inhibiting a merging of the Beringia ice cap with the Eurasian ice sheet affects the expansion of the ice shelf only in the simulations where the ice cap fluxes are not large enough to compensate for the fluxes coming from the Eurasian ice sheet.
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14.
  • Flink, Anne E., et al. (författare)
  • Holocene glacial evolution of Mohnbukta in eastern Spitsbergen
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Boreas. - : Wiley. - 0300-9483 .- 1502-3885. ; 47:2, s. 390-409
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Submarine geomorphology is one of the main tools for understanding past fluctuations of tidewater glaciers. In this study we investigate the glacial history of Mohnbukta, on the east coast of Spitsbergen, Svalbard, by combining multibeam-bathymetric data, marine sediment cores and remote sensing data. Presently, three tidewater glaciers, Heuglinbreen, Konigsbergbreen and Hayesbreen calve into Mohnbukta. Hayesbreen surged at the end of the Little Ice Age, between 1901 and 1910. The submarine landform assemblage in Mohnbukta contains two large transverse ridges, interpreted as terminal moraines, with debrisflow lobes on their distal slopes and sets of well-preserved geometric networks of ridges, interpreted as crevasse-squeeze ridges inshore of the moraines. The arrangement of crevasse-squeeze ridges suggests that both landform sets were produced during surge-type advances. The terminus position of the 1901-1910 Hayesbreen surge correlates with the inner (R.2) terminal moraine ridge suggesting that the R.1 ridge formed prior to 1901. Marine sediment cores display C-14 ages between 5700-7700cal. a BP derived from benthic foraminifera, from a clast-rich mud unit. This unit represents pre-surge unconsolidated Holocene sediments pushed in front of the glacier terminus and mixed up during the 1901 surge. An absence of retreat moraines in the deeper part of the inner basin and the observation of tabular icebergs calving off the glacier front during retreat suggest that the front of Hayesbreen was close to flotation, at least in the deeper parts of the basin. As the MOH15-01 core does not penetrate into a subglacial till and the foraminifera in the samples were well preserved, the R.1 ridge is suggested to have formed prior to the deposition of the foraminifera. Based on these data we propose that a surge-type advance occurred in Mohnbukta in the early Holocene, prior to 7700cal. a BP, which in turn indicates that glaciers can switch to and from surge mode.
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15.
  • Flink, Anne Elina, et al. (författare)
  • The evolution of a submarine landform record following recent and multiple surges of Tunabreen glacier, Svalbard
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 108, s. 37-50
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This study focuses on the glacial landform record associated with recent surge events of Tunabreen - a calving tidewater glacier in Tempelfjorden, Spitsbergen. Submarine geomorphology and recent terminal fluctuations of Tunabreen's glacier front were studied using high-resolution multibeam-bathymetric data and a range of published and remote-sensing sources, including topographic maps, satellite images and aerial photographs. The retreat moraines in the inner part of Tempelfjorden have been correlated with glacier terminus positions during retreat from the 2004 surge maximum. Glacier surface velocity and ice-front positions derived from high-resolution TerraSAR-X satellite data show ice movements at the glacier front during minor advances of the front in winter when calving is suppressed. This suggests that the moraines have formed annually during quiescent phase winter advances. Tunabreen has experienced three surges since the Little Ice Age (LIA). This is in contrast with most Svalbard surging glaciers which have long quiescent phases and have typically only undergone one or two surges during this time. The landform record in Tempelfjorden is distinguished from previously studied glacier-surge landsystems by four, well-preserved sets of landform assemblages generated by the LIA advance and three subsequent surges, all of which partly modify earlier landform records. Based on the unique landform record in Tempelfjorden, a new conceptual landsystem model for frequently surging glaciers has been put forward improving our understanding of the dynamics of the surging glaciers and, most importantly, how they can be distinguished from the climatically-controlled glaciers in the geological record.
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16.
  • Heyman, Jakob, et al. (författare)
  • Glacier mass balance modelling of the Tibetan Plateau – mesh dependence issues
  • 2008
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Tibetan Plateau is an extraordinary topographic feature which exerts a major impact on regional and global climate. Its glacierised mountain ranges attain extreme altitudes and represent an important water resource for more than a billion people in Asia. Understanding the past glacial history of the Tibetan Plateau therefore is important to understanding global and regional climate and glacier hydrological evolution. A regional glacier modelling study has been initiated as part of an umbrella project aiming towards reconstructing the Quaternary palaeoglaciology of the Tibetan Plateau. On the basis of field studies which includes cosmogenic exposure-age dating, it is now generally recognised that former glaciers on the Tibetan Plateau, while more extensive than today, were still restricted to individual mountain areas. In contrast, a handful of previous modelling studies (Kuhle et al. 1989; Calov & Marsiat 1998; Bintanja et al. 2002; Casal et al. 2004) yield a bifurcated result with either 1) the growth of plateau-wide ice sheets (thus overshooting field evidence) or, 2) virtually no ice (which undershoots field evidence).We apply and test a positive degree day (PDD) model across the Tibetan Plateau to explore the parameter sensitivity and potential issues of grid-dependence. Utilising the 1km mean monthly (1950 – 2000) distributions of temperature and precipitation from the WorldClim database as a contemporary reference climatology, a suite of PDD experiments are run to predict present day ice cover. At a resolution of 1 km the algorithm nicely identifies zones of positive mass balance (accumulation) across most major contemporary glaciarised areas. Unsurprisingly increased grid resolution yields a significant decrease in the predicted accumulation area with a 40 km grid completely failing to predict accumulation across the domain. Such mesh dependence with larger grid-resolutions yielding less accumulation illustrates a major flaw in large-scale, low resolution ice modelling in areas of high topographical relief where adequate sub-grid parameterisation of accumulation/flow/melt processes have not been accounted for in a meaningful manner (e.g. Marshall & Clarke 1999). The result of the 20 km resolution PDD model can be manipulated to converge by applying extreme perturbations in temperature (c. -10 K) or precipitation (c. + 8000 %) but this yields plateau-wide accumulation areas far exceeding field evidence of glaciation. Our results indicate that the bifurcation in Quaternary ice extent identified in previous ice sheet modelling studies of the Tibetan Plateau are very likely a consequence of grid-resolution related issues implicit to the models applied.ReferencesBintanja R., van de Wal R.S.W., Oerlemans J. 2002: Global ice volume variations through the last glacial cycle simulated by a 3-D ice-dynamical model. Quaternary International, 95-96, 11-23.Calov R, Marsiat I. 1998: Simulations of the Northern Hemisphere through the last glacial-interglacial cycle with a vertically integrated and a three-dimensional thermomechanical ice-sheet model coupled to a climate model. Annals of Glaciology, 27, 169-176.Casal T.G.D., Kutzbach J.E., Thompson L.G. 2004: Present And Past Ice-Sheet Mass Balance Simulations For Greenland And The Tibetan Plateau. Climate Dynamics, 23, 407-425.Kuhle M., Herterich K., Calov R. 1989: On the Ice Age Glaciation of the Tibetan Highlands and its Transformation into a 3-D Model. GeoJournal, 19, 201-206.Marshall S.J., Clarke G.K.C. 1999: Ice sheet inception: subgrid hypsometric parameterization of mass balance in an ice sheet model. Climate Dynamics, 15, 533-550.
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17.
  • Holmes, Felicity A., et al. (författare)
  • Calving at Ryder Glacier, Northern Greenland
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research - Earth Surface. - 2169-9003 .- 2169-9011. ; 126:4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Recent evidence has shown increasing mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet, with a general trend of accelerated mass losses extending northwards. However, different glaciers have been shown to respond differently to similar external forcings, constituting a problem for extrapolating and upscaling data. Specifically, whilst some outlet glaciers have accelerated, thinned, and retreated in response to atmospheric and oceanic warming, the behavior of other marine terminating glaciers appears to be less sensitive to climate forcing. Ryder glacier, for which only a few studies have been conducted, is located in North Greenland and terminates with a floating ice tongue in Sherard Osborn Fjord. The persistence or disintegration of floating ice tongues has impacts on glacier dynamics and stability, with ramifications beyond, including sea level rise. This study focuses on understanding the controls on calving and frontal ablation of the Ryder glacier through the use of time-lapse imagery and satellite data. The results suggest that Ryder glacier has behaved independently of climate forcing during recent decades, with fjord geometry exerting a first order control on its calving.
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18.
  • Holmes, Felicity Alice, 1995- (författare)
  • Glacier-Ocean Interactions in the Arctic : Contemporary calving and frontal melt from field observations, remote sensing, and numerical modelling
  • 2022
  • Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Globally, glaciers are losing mass as a result of the changing climate, with this mass loss having a considerable societal impact through rising sea levels. Glaciers which terminate in the oceans are particularly vulnerable to changing external conditions as a result of high sensitivity at their marine margins. Both changing meteorological patterns as well as changing ocean heat content and transport have been previously identified as potential drivers for contemporary rapid glacier retreat and acceleration. However, uncertainties remain and provide motivation for studies which improve our process understanding. Here, we use a combination of field data, remotely sensed data, and targeted numerical modelling experiments to investigate marine terminating glacier response to external changes. This is done in order to address uncertainties around mass loss at the inaccessible glacier-ocean interface. In particular, focus is paid to the processes of submarine melt and calving, together referred to as frontal ablation. Submarine melt is the melting of glacier termini by warm ocean waters below the waterline, whilst calving is the breaking off of icebergs from glacier termini. The two processes are interlinked, with submarine melting undercutting the glacier terminus and contributing to calving, whilst calving events can expose larger areas of the glacier margin to submarine melt. To look for relationships between frontal ablation and external forcings, four glacier-fjord systems were studied to varying extents; two grounded glaciers in Svalbard (Kronebreen and Tunabreen) and two glaciers with floating ice tongues in Greenland (Ryder glacier and Petermann glacier). Both submarine melt and calving were examined at various different scales, both temporally and spatially. Specifically, analysis was carried out from the scale of individual calving events up to decadal long time series of glacier margin change. Much of the data used focused on specific glaciological variables such as satellite-derived velocities, margin positions, model simulations, and time-lapse photography of calving events. However, as glaciers and their adjacent fjord or ocean environments impact on each other, data such as water temperatures were also collected from glacier proximal fjord environments. The results from both the observational data and model experiments suggest that ocean temperatures are of great importance for the frontal ablation of glaciers in the Arctic, but that the relationship is complex. Heterogeneous glacier response to external forcings highlights how site specific factors such as bathymetry and fjord geometry can add an additional layer of complexity and make it challenging to scale up results from one glacier to an entire region. However, there are some strong indications that it is the presence of warm air temperatures in conjunction with warm ocean temperatures that is most important for driving frontal ablation - highlighting the need to situate glacier behaviour within a wider environmental context.
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19.
  • Holmes, Felicity A., 1995-, et al. (författare)
  • Impact of tides on calving patterns at Kronebreen, Svalbard – insights from three-dimensional ice dynamical modelling
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: The Cryosphere. - 1994-0416 .- 1994-0424. ; 17:5, s. 1853-1872
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Understanding calving processes and their controls is of importance for reducing uncertainty in sea level rise estimates. The impact of tidal fluctuations and frontal melt on calving patterns has been researched through both modelling and observational studies but remains uncertain and may vary from glacier to glacier. In this study, we isolate various different impacts of tidal fluctuations on a glacier terminus to understand their influence on the timing of calving events in a model of Kronebreen, Svalbard, for the duration of 1 month. In addition, we impose a simplified frontal melt parameterisation onto the calving front in order to allow for an undercut to develop over the course of the simulations. We find that calving events show a tidal signal when there is a small or no undercut, but, after a critical point, undercut-driven calving becomes dominant and drowns out the tidal signal. However, the relationship is complex, and large calving events show a tidal signal even with a large modelled undercut. The modelled undercut sizes are then compared to observational profiles, showing that undercuts of up to ca. 25 m are plausible but with a more complex geometry being evident in observations than that captured in the model. These findings highlight the complex interactions occurring at the calving front of Kronebreen and suggest further observational data and modelling work is needed to fully understand the hierarchy of controls on calving.
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20.
  • Holmes, Felicity Alice, 1995-, et al. (författare)
  • Modelled frontal ablation and velocities at Kronebreen, Svalbard, are sensitive to the choice of submarine melt rate scenario
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Journal of Glaciology. - 0022-1430 .- 1727-5652.
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Both submarine melt and calving are important for the overall mass balance of marine-terminating glaciers, but uncertainty is rife with regards to the magnitude of the processes. Modelling allows for these processes to be investigated without the need to visit inaccessible ice marginal zones. This study looks at the impact of different submarine melt and sea-ice back pressure scenarios on modelled calving activity and dynamics at Kronebreen, Svalbard, by running separate summer and winter simulations with various submarine melt parameterisations and sea-ice characteristics. It is found that submarine melt is an important driver of seasonal variation in modelled glacier dynamics and calving activity, with the choice of sliding law also exerting a significant influence on results.
  •  
21.
  • Holmes, Felicity A., et al. (författare)
  • Relating ocean temperatures to frontal ablation rates at Svalbard tidewater glaciers : Insights from glacier proximal datasets
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Scientific Reports. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2045-2322. ; 9
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Fjord-terminating glaciers in Svalbard lose mass through submarine melt and calving (collectively: frontal ablation), and surface melt. With the recently observed Atlantification of water masses in the Barents Sea, warmer waters enter these fjords and may reach glacier fronts, where their role in accelerating frontal ablation remains insufficiently understood. Here, the impact of ocean temperatures on frontal ablation at two glaciers is assessed using time series of water temperature at depth, analysed alongside meteorological and glaciological variables. Ocean temperatures at depth are harvested at distances of 1 km from the calving fronts of the glaciers Kronebreen and Tunabreen, western Svalbard, from 2016 to 2017. We find ocean temperature at depth to control c. 50% of frontal ablation, making it the most important factor. However, its absolute importance is considerably less than found by a 2013-2014 study, where temperatures were sampled much further away from the glaciers. In light of evidence that accelerating levels of global mass loss from marine terminating glaciers are being driven by frontal ablation, our findings illustrate the importance of sampling calving front proximal water masses.
  •  
22.
  • Holmes, Felicity, 1995-, et al. (författare)
  • Impact of tides on calving patterns at Kronebreen, Svalbard -insights from 3D ice dynamical modelling
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Understanding calving processes and their controls is of importance for reducing uncertainty in sea level rise estimates. The impact of tidal fluctuations and frontal melt on calving patterns has been researched through both modelling and observational studies, but remains uncertain and may vary from glacier to glacier. In this study, we isolate various different impacts of tidal fluctuations on a glacier terminus to understand their influence on the timing of calving events in a model of Kronebreen, Svalbard, for the duration of one month. In addition, we impose a simplified frontal melt parameterisation onto the calving front in order to allow for an undercut to develop over the course of the simulations. We find that calving events show a tidal signal when there is a small or no undercut but, after a critical point, undercut driven calving becomes dominant and drowns out the tidal signal. However, the relationship is complex and large calving events show a tidal signal even with a large modelled undercut. The modelled undercut sizes are then compared to observational profiles, showing that undercuts of up to c. 25 m are plausible but with a more complex geometry being evident in observations than that captured in the model. These findings highlight the complex interactions occurring at the calving front of Kronebreen and suggest further observational data and modelling work is needed to fully understand the hierarchy of controls on calving.
  •  
23.
  • Holmes, Felicity, et al. (författare)
  • Modelled frontal ablation and glacier dynamics at Kronebreen, Svalbard, are sensitive to the choice of submarine melt rate parameterisation
  • Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
    • Both submarine melt and calving are important for the overall mass balance of marine-terminating glaciers, but uncertainty is rife with regards to the magnitude of the processes. Modelling allows for these processes to be investigated without the need to visit inaccessible ice marginal zones. This study looks at the impact of different submarine melt and sea ice back pressure scenarios on calving activity and dynamics at Kronebreen, Svalbard, by running separate summer and winter simulations with various submarine melt parameterisations and sea ice characteristics.
  •  
24.
  • How, Penelope, et al. (författare)
  • Calving controlled by melt-under-cutting : detailed calving styles revealed through time-lapse observations
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Annals of Glaciology. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 0260-3055 .- 1727-5644. ; 60:78, s. 20-31
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • We present a highly detailed study of calving dynamics at Tunabreen, a tidewater glacier in Svalbard. A time-lapse camera was trained on the terminus and programmed to capture images every 3 seconds over a 28-hour period in August 2015, producing a highly detailed record of 34 117 images from which 358 individual calving events were distinguished. Calving activity is characterised by frequent events (12.8 events h(-1)) that are small relative to the spectrum of calving events observed, demonstrating the prevalence of small-scale calving mechanisms. Five calving styles were observed, with a high proportion of calving events (82%) originating at, or above, the waterline. The tidal cycle plays a key role in the timing of calving events, with 68% occurring on the falling limb of the tide. Calving activity is concentrated where meltwater plumes surface at the glacier front, and a similar to 5 m undercut at the base of the glacier suggests that meltwater plumes encourage melt-under-cutting. We conclude that frontal ablation at Tunabreen may be paced by submarine melt rates, as suggested from similar observations at glaciers in Svalbard and Alaska. Using submarine melt rate to calculate frontal ablation would greatly simplify estimations of tidewater glacier losses in prognostic models.
  •  
25.
  • Jakobsson, Martin, et al. (författare)
  • Arctic Ocean glacial history
  • 2014
  • Ingår i: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 92, s. 40-67
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • While there are numerous hypotheses concerning glacial interglacial environmental and climatic regime shifts in the Arctic Ocean, a holistic view on the Northern Hemisphere's late Quaternary ice-sheet extent and their impact on ocean and sea-ice dynamics remains to be established. Here we aim to provide a step in this direction by presenting an overview of Arctic Ocean glacial history, based on the present state-of-the-art knowledge gained from field work and chronological studies, and with a specific focus on ice-sheet extent and environmental conditions during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). The maximum Quaternary extension of ice sheets is discussed and compared to LGM. We bring together recent results from the circum-Arctic continental margins and the deep central basin; extent of ice sheets and ice streams bordering the Arctic Ocean as well as evidence for ice shelves extending into the central deep basin. Discrepancies between new results and published LGM ice-sheet reconstructions in the high Arctic are highlighted and outstanding questions are identified. Finally, we address the ability to simulate the Arctic Ocean ice sheet complexes and their dynamics, including ice streams and ice shelves, using presently available ice-sheet models. Our review shows that while we are able to firmly reject some of the earlier hypotheses formulated to describe Arctic Ocean glacial conditions, we still lack information from key areas to compile the holistic Arctic Ocean glacial history.
  •  
26.
  • Jakobsson, Martin, et al. (författare)
  • Evidence for an ice shelf covering the central Arctic Ocean during the penultimate glaciation
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 7
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The hypothesis of a km-thick ice shelf covering the entire Arctic Ocean during peak glacial conditions was proposed nearly half a century ago. Floating ice shelves preserve few direct traces after their disappearance, making reconstructions difficult. Seafloor imprints of ice shelves should, however, exist where ice grounded along their flow paths. Here we present new evidence of ice-shelf groundings on bathymetric highs in the central Arctic Ocean, resurrecting the concept of an ice shelf extending over the entire central Arctic Ocean during at least one previous ice age. New and previously mapped glacial landforms together reveal flow of a spatially coherent, in some regions41-km thick, central Arctic Ocean ice shelf dated to marine isotope stage 6 (similar to 140 ka). Bathymetric highs were likely critical in the ice-shelf development by acting as pinning points where stabilizing ice rises formed, thereby providing sufficient back stress to allow ice shelf thickening.
  •  
27.
  • Jakobsson, Martin, et al. (författare)
  • Geological record of ice shelf break-up and grounding line retreat, Pine Island Bay, West Antarctica
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Geology. - 0091-7613 .- 1943-2682. ; 39:7, s. 691-694
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The catastrophic break-ups of the floating Larsen A and B ice shelves (Antarctica) in 1995 and 2002 and associated acceleration of glaciers that flowed into these ice shelves were among the most dramatic glaciological events observed in historical time. This raises a question about the larger West Antarctic ice shelves. Do these shelves, with their much greater glacial discharge, have a history of collapse? Here we describe features from the seafloor in Pine Island Bay, West Antarctica, which we interpret as having been formed during a massive ice shelf break-up and associated grounding line retreat. This evidence exists in the form of seafloor landforms that we argue were produced daily as a consequence of tidally influenced motion of mega-icebergs maintained upright in an iceberg armada produced from the disintegrating ice shelf and retreating grounding line. The break-up occurred prior to ca. 12 ka and was likely a response to rapid sea-level rise or ocean warming at that time.
  •  
28.
  • Jakobsson, Martin, et al. (författare)
  • Ice sheet retreat dynamics inferred from glacial morphology of the central Pine Island Bay Trough, West Antarctica
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 38, s. 1-10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Pine Island Glacier drains portions of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet into the Amundsen Sea. During the Last Glacial Maximum the glacier extended nearly 500 km from its present location onto the outer continental shelf. Unusually restricted sea-ice cover during the austral summer of 2010 allowed for a systematic multibeam swath-bathymetric and chirp sonar survey of the mid-shelf section of Pine Island Trough. The mapped glacial landforms reveal new information about the paleo-Pine Island Ice Stream's dynamic retreat from the mid-shelf area and confirm previous suggestion of a retreat in distinct steps. The periods of grounding line stability during the overall retreat phase are marked by sediment accumulations, i.e. grounding zone wedges. These wedges are here mapped in sufficient detail to characterize spatial dimensions and estimate the volume of deposited sediment. Considering a range of sediment flux rates from the paleo-Pine Island Ice Stream we estimate that the largest and most clearly defined grounding zone wedge, located at about 73 degrees S in the surveyed area, took between 600 and 2000 years to form. The ice stream retreated landward of this wedge before 12.3 cal ka BP. The swath-bathymetric imagery of landforms in Pine Island Trough includes glacial features that suggest that retreat between periods of grounding line stability may be associated with episodes of ice shelf break-up. The depths of grounding line wedges decrease in a landward direction, from 740 to 670 m, and record elevation of the grounding line as it stepped landward. In all, the grounding line elevation varied by only similar to 80 m over a distance of just over 100 km, implying a low ice sheet profile during retreat. Finally, we revisited seismic reflection profile NB9902, acquired along Pine Island Trough in 1999, in combination with the newly acquired swath-bathymetric imagery from 2010. Together these data show that the ice stream paused during its retreat to form grounding zone wedges at an area in central Pine Island Trough where a high in dipping bedrock strata exists and the glacial trough is narrow, forming a bathymetric bottle neck.
  •  
29.
  • Jakobsson, Martin, et al. (författare)
  • Ryder Glacier in northwest Greenland is shielded from warm Atlantic water by a bathymetric sill
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Communications Earth & Environment. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2662-4435. ; 1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The processes controlling advance and retreat of outlet glaciers in fjords draining the Greenland Ice Sheet remain poorly known, undermining assessments of their dynamics and associated sea-level rise in a warming climate. Mass loss of the Greenland Ice Sheet has increased six-fold over the last four decades, with discharge and melt from outlet glaciers comprising key components of this loss. Here we acquired oceanographic data and multibeam bathymetry in the previously uncharted Sherard Osborn Fjord in northwest Greenland where Ryder Glacier drains into the Arctic Ocean. Our data show that warmer subsurface water of Atlantic origin enters the fjord, but Ryder Glacier’s floating tongue at its present location is partly protected from the inflow by a bathymetric sill located in the innermost fjord. This reduces under-ice melting of the glacier, providing insight into Ryder Glacier’s dynamics and its vulnerability to inflow of Atlantic warmer water.
  •  
30.
  • Jeuring, Jelmer, et al. (författare)
  • Is A Common Goal A False Hope in Convergence Research? : Opportunities and Challenges of International Convergence Research to Address Arctic Change
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Earth's Future. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 2328-4277. ; 9:5
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Arctic faces multiple pressures including climate change, shifting demographics, human health risks, social justice imbalances, governance issues, and expanding resource extraction. A convergence of academic disciplines-such as natural and social sciences, engineering and technology, health and medicine-and international perspectives is required to meaningfully contribute to solving the challenges of Arctic peoples and ecosystems. However, successfully carrying out convergent, international research and education remains a challenge. Here, lessons from the planning phase of a convergence research project concerned with the health of Arctic waters developed by the Arctic Science IntegrAtion Quest (ASIAQ) are discussed. We discuss our perspective on the challenges, as well as strategies for success, in convergence research as gained from the ASIAQ project which assembled an international consortium of researchers from disparate disciplines representing six universities from four countries (Sweden, Japan, Russia, and the United States) during 2018-2020.
  •  
31.
  • Kirchner, Nina, et al. (författare)
  • A first continuous three-year temperature record from the dimictic arctic-alpine Lake Tarfala, northern Sweden
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1523-0430 .- 1938-4246. ; 53:1, s. 69-79
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Arctic lakes are exposed to warming during increasingly longer ice-free periods and, if located in glaciated areas, to increased inflow of meltwater and sediments. However, direct monitoring of how such lakes respond to changing environmental conditions is challenging not only because of their remoteness but also because of the scarcity of present and previously observed lake states. At the glacier-proximal Lake Tarfala in the Kebnekaise Mountains, northern Sweden, temperatures throughout the water column at its deepest part (50 m) were acquired between 2016 and 2019. This three-year record shows that Lake Tarfala is dimictic and is overturning during spring and fall, respectively. Timing, duration, and intensity of mixing processes, as well as of summer and winter stratification, vary between years. Glacial meltwater may play an important role regarding not only mixing processes but also cooling of the lake. Attribution of external environmental factors to (changes in) lake mixing processes and thermal states remains challenging owing to for example, timing of ice-on and ice-off but also reflection and absorption of light, both known to play a decisive role for lake mixing processes, are not (yet) monitored in situ at Lake Tarfala.
  •  
32.
  • Kirchner, Nina, et al. (författare)
  • GRANTSISM : An Excel™ ice sheet model for use in introductory Earth science courses
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: Journal of Geoscience education. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1089-9995 .- 2158-1428. ; 66:2, s. 109-120
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • GRANTISM (GReenland and ANTarctic Ice Sheet Model) is an educational ExcelTM model introduced by Pattyn (2006). Here, GRANTISM is amended to simulate the Svalbard-Barents-Sea Ice Sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum, an analogue for the contemporary West Antarctic Ice Sheet. A new name, “GRANTSISM,” is suggested; the added S represents Svalbard. GRANTSISM introduces students of bachelor’s or master’s programs in Earth sciences (first or second cycle program in the Bologna system for higher education), but with little or no background in numerical modeling, to basic ice sheet modeling. GRANTSISM provides hands-on learning experiences related to ice sheet dynamics in response to climate forcing, and fosters understanding of processes and feedbacks. GRANTSISM was successfully used in noncompulsory courses in which students have been able to reproduce paleo-ice sheet evolution scenarios discussed here as examples. Students progressed further by designing, developing, and analyzing their own modeling scenarios. Here, we describe GRANTSISM and report on how learning activities with GRANTSISM were assessed by students who had no prior experience in ice sheet modeling. The response rate for a noncompulsory survey of the learning activity was less than 40%. A subsequent control experiment with a compulsory survey, however, showed the same patterns of answers, so the student response is considered representative. First, GRANTSISM is concluded to be a highly attractive tool to introduce learners with an interest in ice sheet behavior to ice sheet modeling. Second, it triggers an interest for more in-depth learning experiences related to numerical ice sheet modeling.  
  •  
33.
  • Kirchner, Nina, et al. (författare)
  • High-resolution bathymetric mapping reveals subaqueous glacial landforms in the Arctic alpine lake Tarfala, Sweden
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Journal of Quaternary Science. - : Wiley. - 0267-8179 .- 1099-1417. ; 34:6, s. 452-462
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In Arctic alpine regions, glacio-lacustrine environments respond sensitively to variations in climate conditions, impacting, for example,glacier extent and rendering former ice-contact lakes into ice distal lakes and vice versa. Lakefloors may hold morphological records of past glacier extent, but remoteness and long periods of ice cover on such lakes make acquisition of high-resolution bathymetric datasets challenging. Lake Tarfala and Kebnepakte Glacier, located in the Kebnekaise mountains, northern Sweden, comprise a small, dynamic glacio-lacustrine system holding a climate archive that is not well studied. Using an autonomous surface vessel, a high-resolution bathymetric dataset for Lake Tarfala was acquired in 2016, from which previously undiscovered end moraines and a potential grounding line feature were identified. For Kebnepakte Glacier, structure-from-motion photogrammetry was used to reconstruct its shape from photographs taken in 1910 and 1945. Combining these methods connects the glacial landform record identified at the lakefloor with the centennial-scale dynamic behaviour of Kebnepakte Glacier. During its maximum 20(th) century extent, attained c. 1910, Kebnepakte Glacier reached far into Lake Tarfala, but had retreated onto land by 1945, at an average of 7.9 m year(-1).
  •  
34.
  •  
35.
  • Kirchner, Nina, 1972-, et al. (författare)
  • Paleoglaciological reconstructions for the Tibetan Plateau during the last glacial cycle : evaluating numerical ice sheet simulations driven by GCM-ensembles
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 30:1-2, s. 248-267
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Tibetan Plateau is a topographic feature of extraordinary dimension and has an important impact on regional and global climate. However, the glacial history of the Tibetan Plateau is more poorly constrained than that of most other formerly glaciated regions such as in North America and Eurasia. On the basis of some field evidence it has been hypothesized that the Tibetan Plateau was covered by an ice sheet during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Abundant field- and chronological evidence for a predominance of local valley glaciation during the past 300,000 calendar years (that is, 300 kyr), coupled to an absence of glacial landforms and sediments in extensive areas of the plateau, now refute this concept. This, furthermore, calls into question previous ice sheet modeling attempts which generally arrive at ice volumes considerably larger than allowed for by field evidence. Surprisingly, the robustness of such numerical ice sheet model results has not been widely queried, despite potentially important climate ramifications. We simulated the growth and decay of ice on the Tibetan Plateau during the last 125 kyr in response to a large ensemble of climate forcings (90 members) derived from Global Circulation Models (GCMs), using a similar 3D thermomechanical ice sheet model as employed in previous studies. The numerical results include as extreme end members as an ice free Tibetan Plateau and a plateau-scale ice sheet comparable, in volume, to the contemporary Greenland ice sheet. We further demonstrate that numerical simulations that acceptably conform to published reconstructions of Quaternary ice extent on the Tibetan Plateau cannot be achieved with the employed stand-alone ice sheet model when merely forced by paleoclimates derived from currently available GCMs. Progress is, however, expected if future investigations employ ice sheet models with higher resolution, bidirectional ice sheet-atmosphere feedbacks, improved treatment of the surface mass balance, and regional climate data and climate reconstructions.
  •  
36.
  • Kirchner, Nina, et al. (författare)
  • reconstructions and ice sheet modelling
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Third Conference on Arctic Palaeoclimate and its Extremes -beyond the frontier. - Copenhagen : The Natural History Museum and University of Copenhagen. ; , s. 42-42
  • Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
  •  
37.
  • Kirchner, Nina, et al. (författare)
  • Shallow ice approximation, second order shallow ice approximation, and full Stokes models : A discussion of their roles in palaeo-ice sheet modelling and development
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 147, s. 136-147
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Full Stokes ice sheet models provide the most accurate description of ice sheet flow, and can therefore be used to reduce existing uncertainties in predicting the contribution of ice sheets to future sea level rise on centennial time-scales. The level of accuracy at which millennial time-scale palaeo-ice sheet simulations resolve ice sheet flow lags the standards set by Full Stokes models, especially, when Shallow Ice Approximation (SIA) models are used. Most models used in paleo-ice sheet modeling were developed at a time when computer power was very limited, and rely on several assumptions. At the time there was no means of verifying the assumptions by other than mathematical arguments. However, with the computer power and refined Full Stokes models available today, it is possible to test these assumptions numerically. In this paper, we review (Ahlkrona et al., 2013a) where such tests were performed and inaccuracies in commonly used arguments were found. We also summarize (Ahlkrona et al., 2013b) where the implications of the inaccurate assumptions are analyzed for two paleo-models - the SIA and the SOSIA. We review these works without resorting to mathematical detail, in order to make them accessible to a wider audience with a general interest in palaeo-ice sheet modelling. Specifically, we discuss two implications of relevance for palaeo-ice sheet modelling. First, classical SIA models are less accurate than assumed in their original derivation. Secondly, and contrary to previous recommendations, the SOSIA model is ruled out as a practicable tool for palaeo-ice sheet simulations. We conclude with an outlook concerning the new Ice Sheet Coupled Approximation Level (ISCAL) method presented in Ahlkrona et al. (2016), that has the potential to match the accuracy standards of full Stokes model on palaeo-timescales of tens of thousands of years, and to become an alternative to hybrid models currently used in palaeo-ice sheet modelling. The method is applied to an ice sheet covering Svalbard.
  •  
38.
  • Kirchner, Nina, et al. (författare)
  • Shallow ice approximation, second order shallow ice approximation, and full Stokes models : A discussion of their roles in palaeo-ice sheet modelling and development
  • 2016
  • Ingår i: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 135, s. 103-114
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Full Stokes ice sheet models provide the most accurate description of ice sheet flow, and can therefore be used to reduce existing uncertainties in predicting the contribution of ice sheets to future sea level rise on centennial time-scales. The level of accuracy at which millennial time-scale palaeo-ice sheet simulations resolve ice sheet flow lags the standards set by Full Stokes models, especially, when Shallow Ice Approximation (SIA) models are used. Most models used in paleo-ice sheet modeling were developed at a time when computer power was very limited, and rely on several assumptions. At the time there was no means of verifying the assumptions by other than mathematical arguments. However, with the computer power and refined Full Stokes models available today, it is possible to test these assumptions numerically. In this paper, we review (Ahlkrona et al., 2013a) where such tests were performed and inaccuracies in commonly used arguments were found. We also summarize (Ahlkrona et al., 2013b) where the implications of the inaccurate assumptions are analyzed for two paleo-models - the SIA and the SOSIA. We review these works without resorting to mathematical detail, in order to make them accessible to a wider audience with a general interest in palaeo-ice sheet modelling. Specifically, we discuss two implications of relevance for palaeo-ice sheet modelling. First, classical SIA models are less accurate than assumed in their original derivation. Secondly, and contrary to previous recommendations, the SOSIA model is ruled out as a practicable tool for palaeo-ice sheet simulations. We conclude with an outlook concerning the new Ice Sheet Coupled Approximation Level (ISCAL) method presented in Ahlkrona et al. (2016), that has the potential to match the accuracy standards of full Stokes model on palaeo-timescales of tens of thousands of years, and to become an alternative to hybrid models currently used in palaeo-ice sheet modelling. The method is applied to an ice sheet covering Svalbard.
  •  
39.
  • Kirchner, Nina, et al. (författare)
  • Statistical modeling of a former Arctic Ocean ice shelf complex using Antarctic analogies
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface. - : American Geophysical Union (AGU). - 2169-9003. ; 118:2, s. 1105-1117
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Geophysical mapping and coring of the central Arctic Ocean seafloor provide evidence for repeated occurrences of ice sheet/ice shelf complexes during previous glacial periods. Several ridges and bathymetric highs shallower than present water depths of approximate to 1000m show signs of erosion from deep-drafting (armadas of) icebergs, which originated from thick outlet glaciers and ice shelves. Mapped glacigenic landforms and dates of cored sediments suggest that the largest ice shelf complex was confined to the Amerasian sector of the Arctic Ocean during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6. However, the spatial extent of ice shelves can not be well reconstructed from occasional groundings on bathymetric highs. Therefore, we apply a statistical approach to provide independent support for an extensive MIS 6 ice shelf complex, which previously was inferred only from interpretation of geophysical and geological data. Specifically, we assess whether this ice shelf complex comprises a likely source of the deep-draft icebergs responsible for the mapped scour marks. The statistical modeling is based on exploiting relations between contemporary Antarctic ice shelves and their local physical environments and the assumption that Arctic Ocean MIS6 ice shelves scale similarly. Analyzing ice thickness data along the calving front of contemporary ice shelves, a peak over threshold method is applied to determine sources of deep-drafting icebergs in the Arctic Ocean MIS6 ice shelf complex. This approach is novel to modeling Arctic paleoglacial configurations. Predicted extreme calving front drafts match observed deep-draft iceberg scours if the ice shelf complex is sufficiently large.
  •  
40.
  •  
41.
  • Kirchner, Nina, et al. (författare)
  • Tibetan Plateau glaciation during the last glacial cycle: widely diverging (LGM-) reconstructions of glacial extents using numerical ice sheet simulations driven by GCM-ensembles of climate forcings
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: Geophysical Research Abstracts.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Tibetan Plateau is a topographic feature of extraordinary dimension and has an important impact on regional and global climate. Yet, the glacial history of the Tibetan Plateau is less constrained than the history of some other formerly glaciated regions, especially in the Northern Hemisphere (e.g. Laurentide Ice Sheet, Fennoscandian Ice Sheet). Nevertheless, field evidence for extensive valley glaciation indicates that ice sheet glaciation on the Tibetan Plateau did not evolve during the Last Glacial maximum (LGM). This is an important and robust result that has not been widely investigated using numerical ice sheet models, despite potentially important climate ramifications. Perhaps this is because reconstructions of the LGM glacial configurations of the Tibetan Plateau in the framework of numerical simulations covering an entire glacial cycle exhibit a pronounced variability then entire range of which is not supported by field evidence. Using the 3d thermomechanical ice sheet model SICOPOLIS, we simulated the evolution of Tibetan Plateau ice configurations during the last 125.000 years. Temperature and precipitation data driving the simulations have been applied in the form of a large ensemble of glacial/interglacial climate scenarios. It is observed that variations in ice sheet configuration resulting from the prescription of different present-day precipitation- and temperature data sets, on the one hand, and different paleoclimates as obtained from reconstructions based on different GCM-model outputs, on the other hand, include as extreme end members an entirely ice free Tibetan Plateau during the last glacial cycle as well as a plateau-scale Tibetan Ice sheet during the LGM. Comparison of such numerical results with available field data indicates that further refinements in the numerical simulations are required, and that these must include atmosphere-ice sheet feedback mechanisms. However, because mapped and simulated glacial extents are represented at different spatial scales, this task is not straightforward.
  •  
42.
  • Kirchner, Nina, 1972-, et al. (författare)
  • Water temperature, mixing, and ice phenology in the arctic-alpine Lake Darfáljávri (Lake Tarfala), northern Sweden
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine research. - : Taylor & Francis. - 1523-0430 .- 1938-4246. ; 56:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In the rapidly warming circumpolar Arctic, recent research of lakes has focused on their climatology and ecology but is challenged by sparsity of wintertime data. At the c. 48-m-deep and c. 0.5-km2 large proglacial Darfaljavri (Lake Tarfala), located in an arctic-alpine environment in the Scandinavian Mountains, year-round water temperatures were previously reported for 2016 to 2019. Here, this record is continued for 2019-2020 and 2021-2022, complemented by time-lapse imagery records of the state of the lake surface, as well as degree-day modeling of ice phenology (timing of ice-on and ice-off). Darfaljavri is cryostratified during winter, with interannual variations in the thermocline's thickness and temperature range. The ice season lasts from October to July. Modeled ice-on dates match observed ones reasonably well; however, observed ice-off dates occur much later than modeled ones, likely because of cold impact from Darfaljavri's glacial environment as inferred from a comparison with a close tundra lake. Though new insights into the complex lake mixing and ice phenology are provided, it remains to attribute the characteristics of Darfaljavri's winter stratification to additional potential drivers, such as lake ice thickness, atmospheric heat fluxes, and the water balance of the lake.
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43.
  • Kjelldorff, Maria, et al. (författare)
  • Water current measurements using oceanographic bottom lander LoTUS
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Applied Ocean Research. - : Elsevier BV. - 0141-1187 .- 1879-1549. ; 94
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • LOTUS is a bottom landing, Long Term Underwater Sensing node made for the observation of ocean water temperatures. LoTUS is moored to the seafloor and measures temperature according to a specified time schedule until, at the end of the mission, it surfaces to transmit the collected data to on-shore recipients using an Iridium link. The paper presents an extension of the sensing capability which includes water current velocity (speed and direction) using a robust, reliable and inexpensive Eulerian method. The method is based on the "tilting stick" principle where a combination of inertial and magnetic measurement data are used. The paper discusses the principal technique, modeling of the system, practical considerations, optimization of the setup for specific flow conditions, and the verification of experimental data.
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44.
  • Nilsson, Johan, 1965-, et al. (författare)
  • Ice-shelf damming in the glacial Arctic Ocean: dynamical regimes of a basin-covering kilometre-thick ice shelf
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Cryosphere. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1994-0416 .- 1994-0424. ; 11:4, s. 1745-1765
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Recent geological and geophysical data suggest that a 1 km thick ice shelf extended over the glacial Arctic Ocean during Marine Isotope Stage 6, about 140 000 years ago. Here, we theoretically analyse the development and equilibrium features of such an ice shelf, using scaling analyses and a one-dimensional ice-sheet-ice-shelf model. We find that the dynamically most consistent scenario is an ice shelf with a nearly uniform thickness that covers the entire Arctic Ocean. Further, the ice shelf has two regions with distinctly different dynamics: a vast interior region covering the central Arctic Ocean and an exit region towards the Fram Strait. In the interior region, which is effectively dammed by the Fram Strait constriction, there are strong back stresses and the mean ice-shelf thickness is controlled primarily by the horizontally integrated mass balance. A narrow transition zone is found near the continental grounding line, in which the ice-shelf thickness decreases offshore and approaches the mean basin thickness. If the surface accumulation and mass flow from the continental ice masses are sufficiently large, the ice-shelf thickness grows to the point where the ice shelf grounds on the Lomonosov Ridge. As this occurs, the back stress increases in the Amerasian Basin and the ice-shelf thickness becomes larger there than in the Eurasian Basin towards the Fram Strait. Using a one-dimensional ice-dynamic model, the stability of equilibrium ice-shelf configurations without and with grounding on the Lomonosov Ridge are examined. We find that the grounded ice-shelf configuration should be stable if the two Lomonosov Ridge grounding lines are located on the opposites sides of the ridge crest, implying that the downstream grounding line is located on a downward sloping bed. This result shares similarities with the classical result on marine ice-sheet stability of Weertman, but due to interactions between the Amerasian and Eurasian ice-shelf segments the mass flux at the downstream grounding line decreases rather than increases with ice thickness.
  •  
45.
  • Noormets, Riko, et al. (författare)
  • Glacial dynamics and deglaciation history of Hambergbukta reconstructed from submarine landforms and sediment cores, SE Spitsbergen, Svalbard
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Boreas. - : Wiley. - 0300-9483 .- 1502-3885. ; 50:1, s. 29-50
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The submarine landforms and shallow sediment record are presented from Hambergbukta, southeastern Spitsbergen using swath-bathymetric, subbottom acoustic, and sediment core data. The mapped landforms include large terminal and end-moraines with associated debrisflow aprons on their distal flanks, drumlinized till surface, glacial lineations, medial and retreat moraines, crevasse squeeze ridge networks, eskers, as well as iceberg-produced terraces and plough-marks. Analysis of the landforms and landform assemblages in combination with the sediment core data and aerial imagery studies reveal a complex and dynamic glacial history of Hambergbukta. We present a detailed history of Hambergbreen glacier indicating two previously unknown surges as well as new details on the nature of the subsequent ice-margin retreat. The results from two gravity cores combined with the shallow acoustic stratigraphy and high-resolution bathymetry suggest that the c. AD 1900 surge was less extensive than previously thought and the retreat was most likely rapid after the c. AD 1900 and 1957 surges of the Hambergbreen. Mixed benthic foraminifera collected from the outer fjord basin date to 2456 cal. a BP, suggesting older sediments were re-worked by the c. AD 1900 surge. This highlights the importance of exercising caution when using foraminifers for dating surge events in fjord basins enclosed by prominent end-moraines.
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46.
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47.
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48.
  • O'Regan, Matt, et al. (författare)
  • Glacial geological implications of overconsolidated sediments on the Lomonosov Ridge and Yermak Plateau
  • 2010
  • Ingår i: Quaternary Science Reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 0277-3791 .- 1873-457X. ; 29:25-26, s. 3532-3544
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • With the coupled use of multibeam swath bathymetry, high-resolution subbottom profiling and sediment coring from icebreakers in the Arctic Ocean, there is a growing awareness of the prevalence of Quaternary ice-grounding events on many of the topographic highs found in present water depths of <1000 m. In some regions, such as the Lomonosov Ridge and Yermak Plateau, overconsolidated sediments sampled through either drilling or coring are found beneath seismically imaged unconformities of glacigenic origin. However, there exists no comprehensive analysis of the geotechnical properties of these sediments, or how their inferred stress state may be related to different glacigenic processes or types of ice-loading. Here we combine geophysical, stratigraphic and geotechnical measurements from the Lomonosov Ridge and Yermak Plateau and discuss the glacial geological implications of overconsolidated sediments. The degree of overconsolidation, determined from measurements of porosity and shear strength, is shown to result from consolidation and/or deformation below grounded ice and, with the exception of a single region on the Lomonosov Ridge, cannot be explained by erosion of overlying sediments. We demonstrate that the amount and depth of porosity loss associated with a middle Quaternary (790–950 thousand years ago – ka) grounding on the Yermak Plateau is compatible with sediment consolidation under an ice sheet or ice rise. Conversely, geotechnical properties of sediments from beneath late Quaternary ice-groundings in both regions, independently dated to Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6, indicate a more transient event commensurate with a passing tabular iceberg calved from an ice shelf.
  •  
49.
  • O'Regan, Matt, et al. (författare)
  • The De Long Trough: A newly discovered glacial trough on the East Siberian continental margin
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Climate of the Past. - : Copernicus GmbH. - 1814-9324 .- 1814-9332. ; 13:9, s. 1269-1284
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Ice sheets extending over parts of the East Siberian continental shelf have been proposed for the last glacial period and during the larger Pleistocene glaciations. The sparse data available over this sector of the Arctic Ocean have left the timing, extent and even existence of these ice sheets largely unresolved. Here we present new geophysical mapping and sediment coring data from the East Siberian shelf and slope collected during the 2014 SWERUS-C3 expedition (SWERUS-C3: Swedish - Russian - US Arctic Ocean Investigation of Climate-Cryosphere-Carbon Interactions). The multibeam bathymetry and chirp sub-bottom profiles reveal a set of glacial landforms that include grounding zone formations along the outer continental shelf, seaward of which lies a > 65m thick sequence of glacio-genic debris flows. The glacial landforms are interpreted to lie at the seaward end of a glacial trough - the first to be reported on the East Siberian margin, here referred to as the De Long Trough because of its location due north of the De Long Islands. Stratigraphy and dating of sediment cores show that a drape of acoustically laminated sediments covering the glacial deposits is older than similar to 50 cal kyr BP. This provides direct evidence for extensive glacial activity on the Siberian shelf that predates the Last Glacial Maximum and most likely occurred during the Saalian (Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6).
  •  
50.
  • Otto, Jacqueline, et al. (författare)
  • Supraglacial lake expansion, intensified lake drainage frequency, and first observation of coupled lake drainage, during 1985–2020 at Ryder Glacier, Northern Greenland
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Frontiers in Earth Science. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-6463. ; 10
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Along the Greenland Ice Sheet margin, supraglacial lakes store and redistribute ice sheet surface run off, and comprise an important potential hydrological link between the ice surface and the base, with ramifications for subglacial drainage systems and ice flow. As a consequence of increasing global mean surface air temperatures, these lakes have been predicted to expand further inland and to affect larger areas of the ice sheet. However, as contemporary dynamics of such supraglacial lake expansion are not well studied, any assessment of their future implications remains afflicted with uncertainty. Here, recent changes in supraglacial lake distribution and expansion, and in their drainage behavior and frequency, are presented for Ryder Glacier, Northern Greenland, as concluded from a remote sensing based analysis. The 35-year time span covered in the analysis allows for the detection of trends in lake processes and ice velocity, which otherwise were found to exhibit large inter-annual variability. It also reveals the first occurrence of a coupled lake drainage event in 2002. By linking supraglacial lake expansion, drainage modes, and drainage frequency to the efficiency of the subglacial drainage system and ice flow on seasonal and decadal timescales, a contribution is made to better understand the complexity of coupled glacio-hydrological processes, and to help reduce uncertainties in predictions of future mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet.
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