1. |
- Badarin, Kathryn, et al.
(författare)
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Safety and health among undeclared workers : A mixed methods study investigating social partner experiences and strategies
- 2024
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Ingår i: Safety Science. - : Elsevier B.V.. - 0925-7535 .- 1879-1042. ; 175
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Little is known about the experiences of the social partners in helping undeclared workers resist Occupational Safety and Health (OSH) issues. This study draws upon Walter Korpi’s ‘power resource theory’ to gain a deeper understanding of how power resources within the construction, transport, and cleaning sectors influence the ability of social partners to respond to OSH issues related to undeclared work. This mixed-method study uses survey data from employer representatives in the construction (n = 686) and transport (n = 650) sectors in Sweden in 2019 to estimate the nature and magnitude of undeclared work-related problems. To also study the view of union representatives, a duplicate survey was sent to union representatives in the transport, construction, and cleaning sectors (n = 57) in 2020, followed by 13 semi-structured interviews with Regional Safety Representatives (RSRs) in 2021–2023. Our findings show that employer representatives in construction and transport reported that the violation of OSH regulations was uncommon and remained unchanged, most union representatives said the opposite. We found a gradient of activism among the unions towards OSH issues related to undeclared work dependent on their power resources. Furthermore, structural and organizational factors limited the RSRs’ ability to address undeclared work. The RSRs identified strategies to tackle OSH issues related to undeclared work in their sectors, these included but were not limited to, dismantling the language barrier between unions and undeclared foreign-born workers, for OSH coordinators and main contractors to be held responsible for OSH violations and greater cooperation between the relevant authorities dealing with undeclared work.
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2. |
- Bodin, Theo, et al.
(författare)
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Trends in Precarious Employment in Sweden 1992–2017 : A Social Determinant of Health
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 19:19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this study was to identify trends in precarious employment in the Swedish workforce from 1992 to 2017. This is a repeated cross-sectional study, analyzing the total working population aged 16–75 in Sweden at five-year intervals. We used version 2.0 of the Swedish Register-based Operationalization of Precarious Employment, covering the following dimensions: employment insecurity, income inadequacy, lack of rights and protection. The proportion in precarious employment increased from 9.7 to 12% between 1992 and 2017, a relative increase of 24%. The prevalence was higher among those of lower age, of low education, and immigrants. Differences between sexes converged, and there were slightly more precarious men than women in 2017. The relative increase was most pronounced among men, especially those with low educational attainment and of European origin. The increasing proportion of precarious employees is a clear challenge to the tripartite Nordic model, which requires sufficient trade-union bargaining power.
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3. |
- Gunn, Virginia, et al.
(författare)
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Initiatives addressing precarious employment and its effects on workers' health and well-being : a protocol for a systematic review
- 2021
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Ingår i: Systematic Reviews. - : BioMed Central (BMC). - 2046-4053. ; 10:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Precarious employment is a significant determinant of population health and health inequities and has complex public health consequences both for a given nation and internationally. Precarious employment is conceptualized as a multi-dimensional construct including but not limited to employment insecurity, income inadequacy, and lack of rights and protection in the employment relation, which could affect both informal and formal workers. The purpose of this review is to identify, appraise, and synthesize existing research on the effectiveness of initiatives aiming to or having the potential to eliminate, reduce, or mitigate workers' exposure to precarious employment conditions and its effects on the health and well-being of workers and their families. Methods: The electronic databases searched (from January 2000 onwards) are Scopus, Web of Science Core Collection, and PubMed, along with three institutional databases as sources of grey literature. We will include any study (e.g. quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-methods design) evaluating the effects of initiatives that aim to or have the potential to address workers' exposure to precarious employment or its effects on the health and well-being of workers and their families, whether or not such initiatives were designed specifically to address precarious employment. The primary outcomes will be changes in (i) the prevalence of precarious employment and workers' exposure to precarious employment and (ii) the health and well-being of precariously employed workers and their families. No secondary outcomes will be included. Given the large body of evidence screened, the initial screening of each study will be done by one reviewer, after implementing several strategies to ensure decision-making consistency across reviewers. The screening of full-text articles, data extraction, and critical appraisal will be done independently by two reviewers. Potential conflicts will be resolved through discussion. Established checklists will be used to assess a study's methodological quality or bias. A narrative synthesis will be employed to describe and summarize the included studies' characteristics and findings and to explore relationships both within and between the included studies. Discussion: We expect that this review's findings will provide stakeholders interested in tackling precarious employment and its harmful health effects with evidence on effectiveness of solutions that have been implemented to inform considerations for adaptation of these to their unique contexts. In addition, the review will increase our understanding of existing research gaps and enable us to make recommendations to address them. Our work aligns with the sustainable development agenda to protect workers, promote decent work and economic growth, eliminate poverty, and reduce inequalities.
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4. |
- Gunn, Virginia, et al.
(författare)
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Initiatives Addressing Precarious Employment and Its Effects on Workers' Health and Well-Being : A Systematic Review
- 2022
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 19:4
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- The prevalence of precarious employment has increased in recent decades and aspects such as employment insecurity and income inadequacy have intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify, appraise, and synthesise existing evidence pertaining to implemented initiatives addressing precarious employment that have evaluated and reported health and well-being outcomes. We used the PRISMA framework to guide this review and identified 11 relevant initiatives through searches in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and three sources of grey literature. We found very few evaluated interventions addressing precarious employment and its impact on the health and well-being of workers globally. Ten out of 11 initiatives were not purposefully designed to address precarious employment in general, nor specific dimensions of it. Seven out of 11 initiatives evaluated outcomes related to the occupational health and safety of precariously employed workers and six out of 11 evaluated worker health and well-being outcomes. Most initiatives showed the potential to improve the health of workers, although the evaluation component was often described with less detail than the initiative itself. Given the heterogeneity of the 11 initiatives regarding study design, sample size, implementation, evaluation, economic and political contexts, and target population, we found insufficient evidence to compare outcomes across types of initiatives, generalize findings, or make specific recommendations for the adoption of initiatives.
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5. |
- Hernando-Rodriguez, Julio C., et al.
(författare)
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Unequal access? Use of sickness absence benefits by precariously employed workers with common mental disorders : a register-based cohort study in Sweden
- 2023
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Ingår i: BMJ Open. - 2044-6055. ; 13:7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective This study compares the use of sickness absence benefits (SABs) due to a common mental disorder (CMD) between precariously employed and non-precariously employed workers with CMDs. DesignRegister-based cohort study. Participants The study included 78 215 Swedish workers aged 27-61 who experienced CMDs in 2017, indicated by a new treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). Excluded were those who emigrated or immigrated, were self-employed, had an annual employment-based income <100 Swedish Krona, had >90 days of unemployment per year, had student status, had SABs due to CMDs during the exposure measurement (2016) and the two previous years, had an SSRI prescription 1 year or less before the start of the SSRI prescription in 2017, had packs of >100 pills of SSRI medication, had a disability pension before 2017, were not entitled to SABs due to CMDs in 2016, and had no information about the exposure. Outcome The first incidence of SABs due to CMDs in 2017. Results The use of SABs due to a CMD was slightly lower among precariously employed workers compared with those in standard employment (adjusted OR [aOR] 0.92, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.05). Particularly, women with three consecutive years in precarious employment had reduced SABs use (aOR 0.48, 95% CI 0.26 to 0.89), while men in precarious employment showed weaker evidence of association. Those in standard employment with high income also showed a lower use of SABs (aOR 0.74, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.81). Low unionisation and both low and high-income levels were associated with lower use of SABs, particularly among women. ConclusionsThe study indicates that workers with CMDs in precarious employment may use SABs to a lower extent. Accordingly, there is a need for (1) guaranteeing access to SABs for people in precarious employment and/or (2) reducing involuntary forms of presenteeism.
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6. |
- Håkansta, Carin, et al.
(författare)
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Power resources and the battle against precarious employment : Trade union activities within a tripartite initiative tackling undeclared work in Sweden
- 2024
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Ingår i: Economic and Industrial Democracy. - : Sage Publications. - 0143-831X .- 1461-7099. ; 45:1, s. 29-56
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The aim of this case study was to explore the abilities and limitations of trade unions in their response to undeclared work, which has received scant attention in research on working conditions and industrial relations. The authors use power resource theory to examine the outcome of a Swedish government initiative aimed to boost the ability of the social partners to tackle undeclared work. The findings confirm previous literature suggesting cross-sectoral differences in the extent and nature of undeclared work and an association between low levels of power resources and high risk of undeclared work. The authors recommend that future initiatives take account of cross-sectoral differences in the nature and extent of undeclared work and available power resources. Future research should consider how different actors can contribute to the ability of the social partners in different sectors to engage in the battle against undeclared work.
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7. |
- Jonsson, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring multidimensional operationalizations of precarious employment in swedish register data – a typological approach and a summative score approach
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. - : Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. - 0355-3140 .- 1795-990X. ; 47:2, s. 117-126
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives This study aimed to explore multidimensional operationalizations of precarious employment (PE) in Swedish register data using two approaches: (i) a typological approach and (ii) a dimensional, summative scale approach. It also examined the distribution of sociodemographic and occupational characteristics of precarious employees in Sweden. Method Register data was retrieved on individuals and their employers in the Swedish workforce. Five items corresponding to three dimensions of PE were operationalized: contractual relationship insecurity, contractual temporariness, multiple jobs/sectors, income level, and lack of unionization. First, latent class analysis was applied and a typology of six employment types emerged. Second, a summative scale was constructed by scor-ing all PE-items. Results Three types of PE were found using the typological approach, which were characterized by direct employment, solo self-employment and multiple job holding, respectively. The summative scale score ranged between-10 and +2 (average:-1.8). Particularly poor scores were seen for solo self-employed, multiple job hold-ers/multiple sectors, and low income. Female gender, young age, low education and foreign origin were prone to precariousness. PE was more frequent among certain economic sectors and occupations. Conclusions Using an existing register of labor market data, two operationalizations of PE were constructed and rendered promising for exposure assessment. Hence, the operationalizations could be of interest for countries with similar data structure. Both approaches highlighted precarious combinations of employment conditions and pointed towards the existence of a wide continuum of precariousness on the labor market. Etiological studies and research assessing trends over time are needed to validate these findings.
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8. |
- Jonsson, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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Low-quality employment trajectories and risk of common mental disorders, substance use disorders and suicide attempt : a longitudinal study of the Swedish workforce
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. - : Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. - 0355-3140 .- 1795-990X. ; 47:7, s. 509-520
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective High-quality longitudinal evidence exploring the mental health risk associated with low-quality employment trajectories is scarce. We therefore aimed to investigate the risk of being diagnosed with common mental disorders, substance use disorders, or suicide attempt according to low-quality employment trajectories.Methods A longitudinal register-study based on the working population of Sweden (N=2 743 764). Employment trajectories (2005–2009) characterized by employment quality and pattern (constancy, fluctuation, mobility) were created. Hazard ratios (HR) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models for first incidence (2010–2017) diagnosis of common mental disorders, substance use disorders and suicide attempt as dependent on employment trajectories.Results We identified 21 employment trajectories, 10 of which were low quality (21%). With the exception of constant solo self-employment, there was an increased risk of common mental disorders (HR 1.07–1.62) and substance use disorders (HR 1.05–2.19) for all low-quality trajectories. Constant solo self-employment increased the risk for substance use disorders among women, while it reduced the risk of both disorders for men. Half of the low-quality trajectories were associated with a risk increase of suicide attempt (HR 1.08–1.76).Conclusions Low-quality employment trajectories represent risk factors for mental disorders and suicide attempt in Sweden, and there might be differential effects according to sex – especially in terms of self-employment. Policies ensuring and maintaining high-quality employment characteristics over time are imperative. Similar prospective studies are needed, also in other contexts, which cover the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic as well as the mechanisms linking employment trajectories with mental health.
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9. |
- Jonsson, Johanna, et al.
(författare)
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Precarious employment and general, mental and physical health in Stockholm, Sweden : a cross-sectional study
- 2021
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. - : Sage Publications. - 1403-4948 .- 1651-1905. ; 49:2, s. 228-236
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives:To investigate the association between precarious employment and health in a sample of non-standard employees in Stockholm County, Sweden, by addressing three specific research questions: is the degree of precarious employment (low, moderate, high) associated with self-rated. . . (a) general health, (b) mental health, (c) musculoskeletal pain?Methods:Web-based respondent-driven sampling was used to recruit a sample of 415 employees in Stockholm, Sweden, during 2016-2017. Questionnaire data were collected on employment conditions (the Swedish version of the employment precariousness scale (EPRES-Se)), general health, mental health and musculoskeletal pain. EPRES-Se scores were categorised as low, moderate or high. Generalised linear models with Poisson distribution, log link functions and robust variances were applied for calculating crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (PR; aPR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all outcomes.Results:The prevalence ratios of poor self-rated general and mental health increased with increased degree of precariousness, as indicated by estimates of moderate precarious employment (a(2)PR(Moderate)1.44 (CI 0.98-2.11); a(2)PR(Moderate)1.13 (CI 0.82-1.62)), and high precarious employment (a(2)PR(High)1.78 (CI 1.21-2.62); a(2)PR(High)1.69 (CI 1.25-2.28)), albeit only significantly so for high precarious employment.Conclusions:This is the first study in Sweden reporting on the association between precarious employment, as measured with a multidimensional scale, and multiple health outcomes. The results add to the evidence of an association between precarious employment and self-rated poor general and mental health. Larger, representative studies with longitudinal designs using the EPRES-Se are called for in order to strengthen these results and the already existing evidence of the harm of precarious employment.
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10. |
- Kreshpaj, Bertina, et al.
(författare)
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Business performance and occupational injuries trajectories in the construction sector in Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Safety Science. - : Elsevier. - 0925-7535 .- 1879-1042. ; 152
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To identify patterns in business performance and occupational injuries (OIs) in the Swedish construction sector between 2003 and 2015 and investigate associations between these trajectories. Methods: Company-level data were gathered from national registers. An open cohort of 13,089 private construction companies were classified by size. Yearly business performance indicators were return on equity, operating margin, and labor-to-revenue ratio. OIs rate was defined as number of injuries divided by number of employees. Group-based trajectory models were performed to identify companies with similar patterns in business performance and OIs rate over time. Associations were investigated with binomial regression models. Results: The model identified two main patterns (high/low) of injuries and business indicators for all company sizes. Trends in low labor-to-revenue ratio were associated with a high injury rate with a pooled estimate of 1.43 (95% CI 1.22–1.64) with some variation by company size: super small OR 1.3 (95% CI 1.01–1.62), small, OR 1.74 (95% CI 1.39–2.18), medium OR 1.3 (95% CI 0.9–1.8) and large OR 2.1 (95% CI 0.77–5.7). Similarly, low patterns of returns on equity were associated with high injury rate patterns across all company sizes, excluding small enterprises. No associations were found for operating margin patterns. Conclusions: Low returns on equity and labor-to-revenue ratio were associated with higher OIs rate trajectories in the Swedish construction sector, which has implications for injury prevention as well as targeted surveillance and inspection. Further studies could investigate other economic sectors and possible mechanisms for this association.
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11. |
- Kreshpaj, Bertina
(författare)
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Precarious employment and occupational injuries in Sweden
- 2022
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Nowadays, employment arrangements come under many different forms, often difficult to trace in the statistics due to a lack of standard definitions and measurements. Precarious Employment (PE) is a multidimensional construct constituted by several elements of low-quality employment conditions, and increasing evidence has associated this construct with an array of unfavorable mental and physical health outcomes. However, there is still a lack of a commonly recognized definition of PE, which results in methodological challenges when measuring this multifaceted concept. Furthermore, while PE has been associated with a range of health outcomes, little is known in Sweden regarding under-reporting levels of Occupational Injuries (OIs) among precarious workers and, ultimately, how PE is associated with OIs. Therefore, the overarching aim of this thesis was to advance the development of PE as an occupational exposure and investigate its relation to under-reporting levels of OIs and risks of OIs among the precarious and non-precarious working population in Sweden. In Study I, a systematic review of definitions and operationalizations was carried out in the literature. A total of 63 full-text articles were included in the study, and thematic analysis was performed to identify the core characteristics of PE. Three dimensions were identified: employment insecurity, income inadequacy, and lack of rights and protection. The dimensions were further represented by a total of nine items. Dimensions and items identified in the review facilitated guidance and the operationalization of the Swedish Register-based Operationalization of Precarious Employment (SWE-ROPE) in Study II. SWE-ROPE was operationalized in 2014 in the Swedish working population (n. 4,349,322) following a typological and summative scale approach. As a result of latent class analysis (LCA), the typological approach identified six employment types in which one PE-type emerged and was associated with female gender, low education, foreign background, and young age. The summative scale resulted in a score ranging between -10 and +2 with approximately 80% of individuals in PER-type having a score of -4. In Study III, PE was measured as a summative scale, and OIs were stratified according to injury severity (no health care, outpatient care, in-patient care). Swedish registries were used to perform capture-recapture methods and estimate under-reporting levels of OIs among precarious and non-precarious workers in Sweden in 2013. Higher levels of under-reporting of OIs were seen among precarious workers (22.6%, 95%CI 21.3% to 23.8%) compared to the other groups. Also, under-reporting of OIs decreased as injury severity increased and was higher among all occupations in the precarious group. Study IV aimed to investigate PE as a risk factor for OIs in Sweden between 2006-2014, employing multivariate logistic regression models. The study was set as a prospective register-based study that included employed workers aged 18-65. PE was measured as a summative scale and by looking at each specific PE dimension, while OIs were dichotomized as having or not having an OI during the year. Precarious workers were not found at higher risks of OIs compared to non-precarious workers (OR<1). While male workers employed by an agency, workers in multiple jobs/sectors, and women in the low-income groups were at higher risks of OIs. In conclusion, this thesis contributed to the methodological advancement of PE as an occupational exposure in Sweden through the work performed in Study I-II. It further shed light on its relationship with under-reporting levels and risks of OIs in the Swedish labor market. In Study III highest under-reporting levels were found among precarious workers compared to non-precarious workers, and in Study IV, increased risks of OIs were found among multiple-job holders, workers employed by an agency, and individuals with poor income. To date, research practice and policy have based the quantification of workplace hazards on the standard employment relationship (SER). However, today´s segmented labor market structure could intensify existing hazards or create new ones. Thus, conventional approaches to research, interventions, and policies may no longer be adequate. By increasing the understanding between PE and OIs, it may be possible to develop programs and policies to increase workers´ protection in the labor market. Organizations may also develop targeted health and safety programs to address root causes of OIs. Quantifying and monitoring the possible impact of a new exposure such as PE to known occupational risk factors becomes fundamental if we want to avoid reinforcing prevailing inequalities in our society.
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12. |
- Kreshpaj, Bertina, et al.
(författare)
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Precarious employment and occupational injuries in Sweden between 2006 and 2014 : a register-based study
- 2023
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Ingår i: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - : BMJ Publishing Group Ltd. - 1351-0711 .- 1470-7926. ; 80, s. 179-185
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BackgroundPrecarious employment (PE) has been suggested as a risk factor for occupational injuries (OIs). However, several issues such as under-reporting and time at risk pose obstacles to obtaining unbiased estimates of risk ObjectiveTo investigate if PE is a risk factor for OIs in Sweden. MethodsThis register-based study included employed workers aged 18-65, resident in Sweden between 2006 and 2014. PE was operationalised as a multidimensional construct (score) and by its five items (contract insecurity, contractual temporariness, multiple jobs/multiple sectors, income level, collective bargaining agreement). Our outcome was OI in the following year. Pooled ORs for OIs in relation to PE and PE items were calculated by means of multivariate logistic regression models for women and men separately. ResultsPrecarious workers were at lower risk of OIs as compared with non-precarious workers among both males and females (OR <1) also when applying weights for under-reporting and adjusting for time at risk (part-time work). Male agencies workers had a higher risk of OIs (OR 1.19, 95% CI 1.15 to 1.23), as did male and female workers in multiple jobs/sectors (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.23 to 1.28 and OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.13 respectively), and female workers in the low-income groups (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.12). Low coverage of collective bargaining agreements was associated with a lower risk of OIs for both men and women (OR 0.30, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.31 and OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.24 to 0.27, respectively). ConclusionsWhile several mechanisms may explain why precarious workers in Sweden present lower risks of OIs, several dimensions of PE such as temp agency work and multiple job-holding could be important risk factors for OIs and merit further research.
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13. |
- Kreshpaj, Bertina, et al.
(författare)
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Under-reporting of non-fatal occupational injuries among precarious and non-precarious workers in Sweden
- 2022
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Ingår i: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - : BMJ. - 1351-0711 .- 1470-7926. ; 79:1, s. 3-9
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background Under-reporting of occupational injuries (OIs) among precariously employed workers in Sweden challenges effective surveillance of OIs and targeted preventive measures.Objective To estimate the magnitude of under-reporting of OIs among precarious and non-precarious workers in Sweden in 2013.Methods Capture–recapture methods were applied using the national OIs register and records from a labour market insurance company. Employed workers 18–65 resident in Sweden in 2013 were included in the study (n=82 949 OIs). Precarious employment was operationalised using the national labour market register, while injury severity was constructed from the National Patient Register. Under-reporting estimates were computed stratifying by OIs severity and by sociodemographic characteristics, occupations and precarious employment.Results Under-reporting of OIs followed a dose–response pattern according to the levels of precariousness (the higher the precarious level, the higher the under-reporting) being for the precarious group (22.6%, 95% CI 21.3% to 23.8%), followed by the borderline precarious (17.6%, 95% CI 17.1% to 18.2%) and lastly the non-precarious (15.0%, 95% CI 14.7% to 15.3%). Under-reporting of OIs, decreased as the injury severity increased and was higher with highest level of precariousness in all groups of severity. We also observed higher under-reporting estimates among all occupations in the precarious and borderline precarious groups as compared with the non-precarious ones.Conclusions This is the first register-based study to empirically demonstrate in Sweden that under-reporting of OIs is 50% higher among precariously employed workers. OIs under-reporting may represent unrecognised injuries that especially burden precariously employed workers as financial, health and social consequences shift from the employer to the employee.
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14. |
- Kreshpaj, Bertina, et al.
(författare)
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What is precarious employment? A systematic review of definitions and operationalizations from quantitative and qualitative studies
- 2020
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. - : Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. - 0355-3140 .- 1795-990X. ; 46:3, s. 235-247
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives The lack of a common definition for precarious employment (PE) severely hampers the comparison of studies within and between countries, consequently reducing the applicability of research findings. We carried out a systematic review to summarize how PE has been conceptualized and implemented in research and identify the construct's dimensions in order to facilitate guidance on its operationalization.Methods According to PRISMA guidelines, we searched Web of Science and Scopus for publications with variations of PE in the title or abstract. The search returned 1225 unique entries, which were screened for eligibility. Exclusion criteria were (i) language other than English, (ii) lack of a definition for PE, and (iii) non-original research. A total of 63 full-text articles were included and qualitative thematic-analysis was performed in order to identify dimensions of PE.Results We identified several theory-based definitions of PE developed by previous researchers. Most definitions and operationalizations were either an accommodation to available data or the direct result of qualitative studies identifying themes of PE. The thematic-analysis of the selected articles resulted in a multidimensional construct including the following three dimensions: employment insecurity, income inadequacy, and lack of rights and protection.Conclusions Despite a growing number of studies on PE, most fail to clearly define the concept, severely restricting the advancement of the research of PE as a social determinant of health. Our combined theoretical and empirical review suggests that a common multidimensional definition could be developed and deployed in different labor market contexts using a variety of methodological approaches.
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15. |
- Kvart, Signild, et al.
(författare)
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Precarious employment and psychosocial hazards : A cross-sectional study in Stockholm county
- 2021
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Ingår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. - : MDPI AG. - 1661-7827 .- 1660-4601. ; 18:21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Precarious employment (PE) has been linked to adverse health effects, possibly mediated through psychosocial hazards. The aim of this cross-sectional study is to explore if higher levels of PE are associated with psychosocial hazards (experiences of violence, sexual harassment, bullying, discrimination, high demands, and low control) and to explore gender differences in these patterns. The study is based on survey-and register data from a sample of 401 non-standard employees in Stockholm County (2016–2017). The level of PE (low/high) was assessed with the Swedish version of the employment precariousness scale (EPRES-Se) and analysed in relation to psychosocial hazards by means of generalized linear models, with the Poisson family and robust variances. After controlling for potential confounders (gender, age, country of birth, and education), the prevalence of suffering bullying (PR 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01–1.13) and discrimination (PR 1.52, 95% CI: 1.00–2.32) was higher among individuals with a high level of PE. Regarding the demand/control variables, a high level of PE was also associated with low control (PR 1.59, 95% CI: 1.30–1.96) and passive work (the combination of low demands and low control) (PR 1.60, 95% CI: 1.23–2.08). Our findings suggest that workers in PE are more likely to experience psychosocial hazards, and these experiences are more prevalent among women compared to men. Future longitudinal studies should look further into these associations and their implications for health and health inequalities.
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16. |
- Matilla-Santander, Nuria, et al.
(författare)
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Trajectories of precarious employment and the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke among middle-aged workers in Sweden : A register-based cohort study
- 2022
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Ingår i: The Lancet Regional Health. - : Elsevier BV. - 2666-7762. ; 15
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background The aim is to identify trajectories of precarious employment (PE) over time in Sweden to examine associations of these with the subsequent risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke.Methods This is a nation-wide register-based cohort study of 1,583,957 individuals aged 40 to 61 years old residing in Sweden between 2003-2007. Trajectories of PE as a multidimensional construct and single PE components (contractual employment relationship, temporariness, income levels, multiple job holding, probability of coverage by collective agreements) were identified for 2003-2007 by means of group-based model trajectories. Risk Ratios (RR) for MI and stroke according to PE trajectories were calculated by means of generalized linear models with binomial family.Findings Adjusted estimates showed that constant PE and borderline PE trajectories increased the risk of MI (RR: 1.08, CI95%:1.05-1.11 and RR:1.13, CI95%: 1.07-1.20 respectively) and stroke (RR:1.14, CI95%: 1.10-1.18 and HR:1.24, CI95%: 1.16-1.33 respectively) among men. A higher risk of stroke in men was found for the following unidimensional trajectories: former agency employees (RR:1.32, CI95%:1.04-1.68); moving from high to a low probability of having collective agreements (RR: 1.10, CI95%:1.01-1.20). Having constant low or very low income was associated to an increased risk of MI and Stroke for both men and women.Interpretation The study findings provide evidence that PE increases the risk of stroke and possibly MI. It highlights the importance of being covered by collective bargaining agreements, being directly employed and having sufficient income levels over time.
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17. |
- Méndez-Rivero, Fabrizio, et al.
(författare)
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Can psychosocial risk factors mediate the association between precarious employment and mental health problems in Sweden? Results from a register-based study
- 2024
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Ingår i: Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health. - 0355-3140 .- 1795-990X. ; 50:4, s. 268-278
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives The aim of this study was to examine the mediating effect of the psychosocial work environment on the association between precarious employment (PE) and increased risk of common mental disorders (CMD), substance use disorders and suicide attempts.Methods This longitudinal register-study was based on the working population of Sweden, aged 25-60 years in 2005 (N=2 552 589). Mediation analyses based on a decomposition of counterfactual effects were used to estimate the indirect effect of psychosocial risk factors (PRF) (mediators, measured in 2005) on the association between PE (exposure, measured in 2005) and the first diagnosis of CMD, substance use disorders, and suicide attempts occurring over 2006-2017.Results The decomposition of effects showed that the indirect effect of the PRF is practically null for the three outcomes considered, among both sexes. PE increased the odds of being diagnosed with CMD, substance use disorders, and suicide attempts, among both men and women. After adjusting for PE, low job control increased the odds of all three outcomes among both sexes, while high job demands decreased the odds of CMD among women. High job strain increased the odds of CMD and suicide attempts among men, while passive job increased the odds of all three outcomes among women. Conclusion The results of this study did not provide evidence for the hypothesis that psychosocial risks could be the pathways linking precarious employment with workers' mental health. Future studies in different social contexts and labour markets are needed.
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18. |
- Orellana, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Organisational factors and under-reporting of occupational injuries in Sweden : a population-based study using capture-recapture methodology
- 2021
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Ingår i: Occupational and Environmental Medicine. - : BMJ. - 1351-0711 .- 1470-7926. ; 78:10, s. 745-752
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective To estimate the magnitude of under-reporting of non-fatal occupational injuries (OIs) by different organisational factors in Sweden for the year 2013.Methods Capture–recapture methods were applied using two data sources: (1) the national OI register and (2) records from a labour market insurance company. To assure comparability of data sources, the analysis was restricted to the public sector and private companies with at least 50 employees. OIs were matched using personal identification number and reported injury dates (±7 days). Organisational factors were obtained from the national labour market register and injury severity (no healthcare/only outpatient/hospitalised) from the National Patient Register. Total number of OIs and ascertainment by data sources were estimated assuming data source independence.Results There were an estimated 98 493 OIs in 2013. Completeness of reporting OIs to the national register and to the insurance company was estimated at 73% and 43%, respectively. No report to either source was estimated at 15 000 OIs (~15%). Under-reporting to the national register differed by selected organisational factors, being higher among organisations in the public sector, those with more females, with a younger workforce and with a higher proportion of immigrants. Overall under-reporting was more common in agriculture (19.7%), other services (19.3%), commerce and hospitality (19.1%), health (18.4%) and education (18.4%). Under-reporting decreased as injury severity increased, with little variations across sectors of economic activity.Conclusions Results suggest considerable under-reporting of OIs in Sweden and differential under-reporting by organisational factors. Results are relevant for official estimates of burden and for setting priorities for workplace safety and prevention.
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19. |
- Orellana, Cecilia, et al.
(författare)
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Precarious employment, business performance and occupational injuries : a study protocol of a register-based Swedish project
- 2019
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Ingår i: BMJ Open. - : BMJ. - 2044-6055. ; 9:2
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Introduction There is uncertainty regarding the trends in occupational injuries (OIs) in Sweden due to a significant and increasing problem with under-reporting to injury registers. Under-reporting, in general, is likely to be exacerbated by the rise in precarious employment (PE), a set of unfavourable employment characteristics that would benefit from formal definition and study. PE and global trends are believed also to affect companies and their commitment to health and safety. The present study attempts to bridge these knowledge gaps and presents a study protocol for planned studies, with three main objectives: first, to review the literature for definitions of PE emphasising those that are multidimensional and operationalise components in routinely collected register data; second, to estimate the under-reporting of OI in Swedish registers and third, using results from the first objective, to conduct large, register-based prospective studies, designed to measure effect sizes and interactions between PE, business performance and OI. Methods and analysis First, a scientific literature review will be conducted, including scientific databases and grey literature. Second, data from two major OI registers will be used to estimate the magnitude of under-reporting using capture-recapture methodology. Finally, all residents aged 18-65 in Sweden with any registered income during 2003-2015 will be included. Data sources encompass Swedish population and labour market registers with linkage to both the main OI register with national coverage and hospital records. Trends in PE and OI will be explored, together with risk of OI associated with PE and business performance. Ethics and dissemination The project has been approved by the Regional Ethics Committee, Stockholm (dnr: 2016/2325-31; 2017/2173-32). Dissemination of study results will include a series of peer-reviewed papers, at least one PhD thesis and one report in Swedish, engaging relevant stakeholders. Results will be presented in national and international conferences and through press releases to mass media.
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