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1.
  • Householder, John Ethan, et al. (författare)
  • One sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is dependent on river floodplains
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: NATURE ECOLOGY & EVOLUTION. - 2397-334X. ; 8, s. 901-911
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Amazonia's floodplain system is the largest and most biodiverse on Earth. Although forests are crucial to the ecological integrity of floodplains, our understanding of their species composition and how this may differ from surrounding forest types is still far too limited, particularly as changing inundation regimes begin to reshape floodplain tree communities and the critical ecosystem functions they underpin. Here we address this gap by taking a spatially explicit look at Amazonia-wide patterns of tree-species turnover and ecological specialization of the region's floodplain forests. We show that the majority of Amazonian tree species can inhabit floodplains, and about a sixth of Amazonian tree diversity is ecologically specialized on floodplains. The degree of specialization in floodplain communities is driven by regional flood patterns, with the most compositionally differentiated floodplain forests located centrally within the fluvial network and contingent on the most extraordinary flood magnitudes regionally. Our results provide a spatially explicit view of ecological specialization of floodplain forest communities and expose the need for whole-basin hydrological integrity to protect the Amazon's tree diversity and its function.
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  • Luize, Bruno Garcia, et al. (författare)
  • Geography and ecology shape the phylogenetic composition of Amazonian tree communities
  • 2024
  • Ingår i: JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY. - 0305-0270 .- 1365-2699. ; 51:7, s. 1163-1184
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Aim: Amazonia hosts more tree species from numerous evolutionary lineages, both young and ancient, than any other biogeographic region. Previous studies have shown that tree lineages colonized multiple edaphic environments and dispersed widely across Amazonia, leading to a hypothesis, which we test, that lineages should not be strongly associated with either geographic regions or edaphic forest types. Location: Amazonia. Taxon: Angiosperms (Magnoliids; Monocots; Eudicots). Methods: Data for the abundance of 5082 tree species in 1989 plots were combined with a mega-phylogeny. We applied evolutionary ordination to assess how phylogenetic composition varies across Amazonia. We used variation partitioning and Moran's eigenvector maps (MEM) to test and quantify the separate and joint contributions of spatial and environmental variables to explain the phylogenetic composition of plots. We tested the indicator value of lineages for geographic regions and edaphic forest types and mapped associations onto the phylogeny. Results: In the terra firme and v & aacute;rzea forest types, the phylogenetic composition varies by geographic region, but the igap & oacute; and white-sand forest types retain a unique evolutionary signature regardless of region. Overall, we find that soil chemistry, climate and topography explain 24% of the variation in phylogenetic composition, with 79% of that variation being spatially structured (R-2 = 19% overall for combined spatial/environmental effects). The phylogenetic composition also shows substantial spatial patterns not related to the environmental variables we quantified (R-2 = 28%). A greater number of lineages were significant indicators of geographic regions than forest types. Main Conclusion: Numerous tree lineages, including some ancient ones (>66 Ma), show strong associations with geographic regions and edaphic forest types of Amazonia. This shows that specialization in specific edaphic environments has played a long-standing role in the evolutionary assembly of Amazonian forests. Furthermore, many lineages, even those that have dispersed across Amazonia, dominate within a specific region, likely because of phylogenetically conserved niches for environmental conditions that are prevalent within regions.
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4.
  • ter Steege, Hans, et al. (författare)
  • Mapping density, diversity and species-richness of the Amazon tree flora
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: COMMUNICATIONS BIOLOGY. - 2399-3642. ; 6:1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Using 2.046 botanically-inventoried tree plots across the largest tropical forest on Earth, we mapped tree species-diversity and tree species-richness at 0.1-degree resolution, and investigated drivers for diversity and richness. Using only location, stratified by forest type, as predictor, our spatial model, to the best of our knowledge, provides the most accurate map of tree diversity in Amazonia to date, explaining approximately 70% of the tree diversity and species-richness. Large soil-forest combinations determine a significant percentage of the variation in tree species-richness and tree alpha-diversity in Amazonian forest-plots. We suggest that the size and fragmentation of these systems drive their large-scale diversity patterns and hence local diversity. A model not using location but cumulative water deficit, tree density, and temperature seasonality explains 47% of the tree species-richness in the terra-firme forest in Amazonia. Over large areas across Amazonia, residuals of this relationship are small and poorly spatially structured, suggesting that much of the residual variation may be local. The Guyana Shield area has consistently negative residuals, showing that this area has lower tree species-richness than expected by our models. We provide extensive plot meta-data, including tree density, tree alpha-diversity and tree species-richness results and gridded maps at 0.1-degree resolution. A study mapping the tree species richness in Amazonian forests shows that soil type exerts a strong effect on species richness, probably caused by the areas of these forest types. Cumulative water deficit, tree density and temperature seasonality affect species richness at a regional scale.
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5.
  • Lozano, Rafael, et al. (författare)
  • Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 2091-2138
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Efforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of “leaving no one behind”, it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990–2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment. Methods: We measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0–100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator. Findings: The global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4–67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6–14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1–86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030. Interpretation: The GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains—curative interventions in the case of NCDs—towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions—or inaction—today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030.
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7.
  • Kehoe, Laura, et al. (författare)
  • Make EU trade with Brazil sustainable
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 364:6438, s. 341-
  • Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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8.
  • Bravo, L, et al. (författare)
  • 2021
  • swepub:Mat__t
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9.
  • Arun, K. G., et al. (författare)
  • New horizons for fundamental physics with LISA
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Living Reviews in Relativity. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1433-8351 .- 2367-3613. ; 25:1
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) has the potential to reveal wonders about the fundamental theory of nature at play in the extreme gravity regime, where the gravitational interaction is both strong and dynamical. In this white paper, the Fundamental Physics Working Group of the LISA Consortium summarizes the current topics in fundamental physics where LISA observations of gravitational waves can be expected to provide key input. We provide the briefest of reviews to then delineate avenues for future research directions and to discuss connections between this working group, other working groups and the consortium work package teams. These connections must be developed for LISA to live up to its science potential in these areas.
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10.
  • Bousquet, Jean, et al. (författare)
  • Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) Phase 4 (2018) : Change management in allergic rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity using mobile technology
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. - : Elsevier. - 0091-6749 .- 1097-6825. ; 143:3, s. 864-879
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) has evolved from a guideline by using the best approach to integrated care pathways using mobile technology in patients with allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma multimorbidity. The proposed next phase of ARIA is change management, with the aim of providing an active and healthy life to patients with rhinitis and to those with asthma multimorbidity across the lifecycle irrespective of their sex or socioeconomic status to reduce health and social inequities incurred by the disease. ARIA has followed the 8-step model of Kotter to assess and implement the effect of rhinitis on asthma multimorbidity and to propose multimorbid guidelines. A second change management strategy is proposed by ARIA Phase 4 to increase self-medication and shared decision making in rhinitis and asthma multimorbidity. An innovation of ARIA has been the development and validation of information technology evidence-based tools (Mobile Airways Sentinel Network [MASK]) that can inform patient decisions on the basis of a self-care plan proposed by the health care professional.
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  • Bousquet, Jean, et al. (författare)
  • ARIA digital anamorphosis : Digital transformation of health and care in airway diseases from research to practice
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0105-4538 .- 1398-9995. ; 76:1, s. 168-190
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Digital anamorphosis is used to define a distorted image of health and care that may be viewed correctly using digital tools and strategies. MASK digital anamorphosis represents the process used by MASK to develop the digital transformation of health and care in rhinitis. It strengthens the ARIA change management strategy in the prevention and management of airway disease. The MASK strategy is based on validated digital tools. Using the MASK digital tool and the CARAT online enhanced clinical framework, solutions for practical steps of digital enhancement of care are proposed.
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12.
  • Brotons, Carlos, et al. (författare)
  • Attitudes toward preventive services and lifestyle: the views of primary care patients in Europe. the EUROPREVIEW patient study.
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Family practice. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1460-2229 .- 0263-2136. ; 29:Suppl 1
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • For preventive interventions in general practice to succeed, patients' points of view must be taken into account in addition to those of GPs. Objective. To explore patients’ views and beliefs about the importance of lifestyle and preventive interventions, to assess their readiness to make changes to their lifestyle and their willingness to receive support from GPs. Methods. Cross-sectional survey conducted by EUROPREV in primary care practices in 22 European countries. Patients were consecutively selected and interviewed from September 2008 to September 2009. Results. Seven thousand nine hundred and forty-seven participants, 52.2% females. Only 30.5% of risky drinkers think they need to change, as opposed to 64% of smokers, 73.5% of patients with unhealthy eating habits and 73% with lack of physical activity. Risky drinkers reported that GPs initiated a discussion on alcohol consumption less often (42%) than on smoking (63%), eating habits (59%) or physical activity (55%). Seventy-five per cent, 66% and 63% of patients without hypertension, diabetes or hypercholesterolaemia, respectively, think blood pressure, blood sugar and serum cholesterol should be checked yearly. Women (80%) think they should be screened with the cervical smear test and 72.8% of women aged 30–49 years with mammography, yearly or every 2 years. Conclusions. A high proportion of patients attending primary care with unhealthy lifestyles (especially risky drinkers) do not perceive the need to change their habits, and about half the patients reported not having had any discussion on healthy lifestyles with their GPs. Patients overestimate their need to be screened for cardiovascular risk factors and for cancer.
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  • Klionsky, Daniel J., et al. (författare)
  • Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Autophagy. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1554-8635 .- 1554-8627. ; 8:4, s. 445-544
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.
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  • Langefeld, Carl D., et al. (författare)
  • Transancestral mapping and genetic load in systemic lupus erythematosus
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP. - 2041-1723. ; 8
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with marked gender and ethnic disparities. We report a large transancestral association study of SLE using Immunochip genotype data from 27,574 individuals of European (EA), African (AA) and Hispanic Amerindian (HA) ancestry. We identify 58 distinct non-HLA regions in EA, 9 in AA and 16 in HA (similar to 50% of these regions have multiple independent associations); these include 24 novel SLE regions (P < 5 x 10(-8)), refined association signals in established regions, extended associations to additional ancestries, and a disentangled complex HLA multigenic effect. The risk allele count (genetic load) exhibits an accelerating pattern of SLE risk, leading us to posit a cumulative hit hypothesis for autoimmune disease. Comparing results across the three ancestries identifies both ancestry-dependent and ancestry-independent contributions to SLE risk. Our results are consistent with the unique and complex histories of the populations sampled, and collectively help clarify the genetic architecture and ethnic disparities in SLE.
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15.
  • Murray, Christopher J. L., et al. (författare)
  • Population and fertility by age and sex for 195 countries and territories, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 1995-2051
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Population estimates underpin demographic and epidemiological research and are used to track progress on numerous international indicators of health and development. To date, internationally available estimates of population and fertility, although useful, have not been produced with transparent and replicable methods and do not use standardised estimates of mortality. We present single-calendar year and single-year of age estimates of fertility and population by sex with standardised and replicable methods. Methods: We estimated population in 195 locations by single year of age and single calendar year from 1950 to 2017 with standardised and replicable methods. We based the estimates on the demographic balancing equation, with inputs of fertility, mortality, population, and migration data. Fertility data came from 7817 location-years of vital registration data, 429 surveys reporting complete birth histories, and 977 surveys and censuses reporting summary birth histories. We estimated age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs; the annual number of livebirths to women of a specified age group per 1000 women in that age group) by use of spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression and used the ASFRs to estimate total fertility rates (TFRs; the average number of children a woman would bear if she survived through the end of the reproductive age span [age 10–54 years] and experienced at each age a particular set of ASFRs observed in the year of interest). Because of sparse data, fertility at ages 10–14 years and 50–54 years was estimated from data on fertility in women aged 15–19 years and 45–49 years, through use of linear regression. Age-specific mortality data came from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 estimates. Data on population came from 1257 censuses and 761 population registry location-years and were adjusted for underenumeration and age misreporting with standard demographic methods. Migration was estimated with the GBD Bayesian demographic balancing model, after incorporating information about refugee migration into the model prior. Final population estimates used the cohort-component method of population projection, with inputs of fertility, mortality, and migration data. Population uncertainty was estimated by use of out-of-sample predictive validity testing. With these data, we estimated the trends in population by age and sex and in fertility by age between 1950 and 2017 in 195 countries and territories. Findings: From 1950 to 2017, TFRs decreased by 49·4% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 46·4–52·0). The TFR decreased from 4·7 livebirths (4·5–4·9) to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·5), and the ASFR of mothers aged 10–19 years decreased from 37 livebirths (34–40) to 22 livebirths (19–24) per 1000 women. Despite reductions in the TFR, the global population has been increasing by an average of 83·8 million people per year since 1985. The global population increased by 197·2% (193·3–200·8) since 1950, from 2·6 billion (2·5–2·6) to 7·6 billion (7·4–7·9) people in 2017; much of this increase was in the proportion of the global population in south Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The global annual rate of population growth increased between 1950 and 1964, when it peaked at 2·0%; this rate then remained nearly constant until 1970 and then decreased to 1·1% in 2017. Population growth rates in the southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania GBD super-region decreased from 2·5% in 1963 to 0·7% in 2017, whereas in sub-Saharan Africa, population growth rates were almost at the highest reported levels ever in 2017, when they were at 2·7%. The global average age increased from 26·6 years in 1950 to 32·1 years in 2017, and the proportion of the population that is of working age (age 15–64 years) increased from 59·9% to 65·3%. At the national level, the TFR decreased in all countries and territories between 1950 and 2017; in 2017, TFRs ranged from a low of 1·0 livebirths (95% UI 0·9–1·2) in Cyprus to a high of 7·1 livebirths (6·8–7·4) in Niger. The TFR under age 25 years (TFU25; number of livebirths expected by age 25 years for a hypothetical woman who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) in 2017 ranged from 0·08 livebirths (0·07–0·09) in South Korea to 2·4 livebirths (2·2–2·6) in Niger, and the TFR over age 30 years (TFO30; number of livebirths expected for a hypothetical woman ageing from 30 to 54 years who survived the age group and was exposed to current ASFRs) ranged from a low of 0·3 livebirths (0·3–0·4) in Puerto Rico to a high of 3·1 livebirths (3·0–3·2) in Niger. TFO30 was higher than TFU25 in 145 countries and territories in 2017. 33 countries had a negative population growth rate from 2010 to 2017, most of which were located in central, eastern, and western Europe, whereas population growth rates of more than 2·0% were seen in 33 of 46 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2017, less than 65% of the national population was of working age in 12 of 34 high-income countries, and less than 50% of the national population was of working age in Mali, Chad, and Niger. Interpretation: Population trends create demographic dividends and headwinds (ie, economic benefits and detriments) that affect national economies and determine national planning needs. Although TFRs are decreasing, the global population continues to grow as mortality declines, with diverse patterns at the national level and across age groups. To our knowledge, this is the first study to provide transparent and replicable estimates of population and fertility, which can be used to inform decision making and to monitor progress. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
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16.
  • Peripato, Vinicius, et al. (författare)
  • More than 10,000 pre-Columbian earthworks are still hidden throughout Amazonia
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Science (New York, N.Y.). - 1095-9203. ; 382:6666, s. 103-109
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Indigenous societies are known to have occupied the Amazon basin for more than 12,000 years, but the scale of their influence on Amazonian forests remains uncertain. We report the discovery, using LIDAR (light detection and ranging) information from across the basin, of 24 previously undetected pre-Columbian earthworks beneath the forest canopy. Modeled distribution and abundance of large-scale archaeological sites across Amazonia suggest that between 10,272 and 23,648 sites remain to be discovered and that most will be found in the southwest. We also identified 53 domesticated tree species significantly associated with earthwork occurrence probability, likely suggesting past management practices. Closed-canopy forests across Amazonia are likely to contain thousands of undiscovered archaeological sites around which pre-Columbian societies actively modified forests, a discovery that opens opportunities for better understanding the magnitude of ancient human influence on Amazonia and its current state.
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17.
  • Stanaway, Jeffrey D., et al. (författare)
  • Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: The Lancet. - 1474-547X .- 0140-6736. ; 392:10159, s. 1923-1994
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk- outcome associations. Methods We used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017.
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18.
  • Tabiri, S, et al. (författare)
  • 2021
  • swepub:Mat__t
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19.
  • Aguglia, Davide, et al. (författare)
  • Frequency-Domain Maximum-Likelihood Estimation of High-Voltage Pulse Transformer Model Parameters
  • 2013
  • Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications. - 0093-9994. ; 49:6, s. 2552-2561
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • This paper presents an offline frequency-domain nonlinear and stochastic identification method for equivalent model parameter estimation of high-voltage pulse transformers. Such kinds of transformers are widely used in the pulsed-power domain, and the difficulty in deriving pulsed-power converter optimal control strategies is directly linked to the accuracy of the equivalent circuit parameters. These components require models which take into account electric fields energies represented by stray capacitance in the equivalent circuit. These capacitive elements must be accurately identified, since they greatly influence the general converter performances. A nonlinear frequency-based identification method, based on maximum-likelihood estimation, is presented, and a sensitivity analysis of the best experimental test to be considered is carried out. The procedure takes into account magnetic saturation and skin effects occurring in the windings during the frequency tests. The presented method is validated by experimental identification of a 2-MW-100-kV pulse transformer.
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20.
  • Ainsbury, Elizabeth, et al. (författare)
  • Integration of new biological and physical retrospective dosimetry methods into EU emergency response plans - joint RENEB and EURADOS inter-laboratory comparisons
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: International Journal of Radiation Biology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 0955-3002 .- 1362-3095. ; 93:1, s. 99-109
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Purpose: RENEB, 'Realising the European Network of Biodosimetry and Physical Retrospective Dosimetry,' is a network for research and emergency response mutual assistance in biodosimetry within the EU. Within this extremely active network, a number of new dosimetry methods have recently been proposed or developed. There is a requirement to test and/or validate these candidate techniques and inter-comparison exercises are a well-established method for such validation. Materials and methods: The authors present details of inter-comparisons of four such new methods: dicentric chromosome analysis including telomere and centromere staining; the gene expression assay carried out in whole blood; Raman spectroscopy on blood lymphocytes, and detection of radiation induced thermoluminescent signals in glass screens taken from mobile phones. Results: In general the results show good agreement between the laboratories and methods within the expected levels of uncertainty, and thus demonstrate that there is a lot of potential for each of the candidate techniques. Conclusions: Further work is required before the new methods can be included within the suite of reliable dosimetry methods for use by RENEB partners and others in routine and emergency response scenarios.
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21.
  • Alexandre, Rui Carlos Josino, et al. (författare)
  • Cybersecurity Risk Assessment for Medium-Risk Drones : A Systematic Literature Review
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine. - : Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). - 0885-8985 .- 1557-959X. ; 38:6, s. 28-43
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The increased demand for Remotely Piloted Aircraft Systems (RPAS) in Beyond Visual Line-Of-Sight (BVLOS) operations gives rise to a set of concerns regarding cybersecurity that, if not addressed, can lead to the unsafe operation of RPASs. To assist the airworthiness evaluation that is performed by Civil Aviation Authorities (CAAs), we identified several processes that are used to evaluate the cybersecurity of RPAS. We conducted a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) by selecting 30 papers (out of 211 screened) that were published during the past five years. The results of our SLR indicate the importance of cybersecurity to the safe operation of RPAS. It is evident that there is a lack of a systematic process to enable a cybersecurity review of RPAS. We observe that common cyber threats to RPAS are related to jamming, spoofing, and DOS/DDOS (Denial of Service/Distributed Denial of Service). Processes relevant to the assessment of RPAS cybersecurity exist, however they differ in safety concerns from our perspective. In addition, with only one exception, the methods have not been used, and/or the use has not been reported as pertaining to industrial application. The most frequently cited vulnerabilities are those related to GPS and datalinks. 
  •  
22.
  • Algaba, Juan-Carlos, et al. (författare)
  • Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope Campaign
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Astrophysical Journal Letters. - : American Astronomical Society. - 2041-8213 .- 2041-8205. ; 911:1
  • Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration succeeded in capturing the first direct image of the center of the M87 galaxy. The asymmetric ring morphology and size are consistent with theoretical expectations for a weakly accreting supermassive black hole of mass ∼6.5 × 109 M o˙. The EHTC also partnered with several international facilities in space and on the ground, to arrange an extensive, quasi-simultaneous multi-wavelength campaign. This Letter presents the results and analysis of this campaign, as well as the multi-wavelength data as a legacy data repository. We captured M87 in a historically low state, and the core flux dominates over HST-1 at high energies, making it possible to combine core flux constraints with the more spatially precise very long baseline interferometry data. We present the most complete simultaneous multi-wavelength spectrum of the active nucleus to date, and discuss the complexity and caveats of combining data from different spatial scales into one broadband spectrum. We apply two heuristic, isotropic leptonic single-zone models to provide insight into the basic source properties, but conclude that a structured jet is necessary to explain M87's spectrum. We can exclude that the simultaneous γ-ray emission is produced via inverse Compton emission in the same region producing the EHT mm-band emission, and further conclude that the γ-rays can only be produced in the inner jets (inward of HST-1) if there are strongly particle-dominated regions. Direct synchrotron emission from accelerated protons and secondaries cannot yet be excluded.
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23.
  • Araujo, Mario Jorge, et al. (författare)
  • Comparison of Sample Preparation Methods for Shotgun Proteomic Studies in Aquaculture Species
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: Proteomes. - : MDPI. - 2227-7382. ; 9:4
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Proteomics has been recently introduced in aquaculture research, and more methodological studies are needed to improve the quality of proteomics studies. Therefore, this work aims to compare three sample preparation methods for shotgun LC-MS/MS proteomics using tissues of two aquaculture species: liver of turbot Scophthalmus maximus and hepatopancreas of Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. We compared the three most common sample preparation workflows for shotgun analysis: filter-aided sample preparation (FASP), suspension-trapping (S-Trap), and solid-phase-enhanced sample preparations (SP3). FASP showed the highest number of protein identifications for turbot samples, and S-Trap outperformed other methods for mussel samples. Subsequent functional analysis revealed a large number of Gene Ontology (GO) terms in turbot liver proteins (nearly 300 GO terms), while fewer GOs were found in mussel proteins (nearly 150 GO terms for FASP and S-Trap and 107 for SP3). This result may reflect the poor annotation of the genomic information in this specific group of animals. FASP was confirmed as the most consistent method for shotgun proteomic studies; however, the use of the other two methods might be important in specific experimental conditions (e.g., when samples have a very low amount of protein).
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24.
  • Araújo, Mário J, et al. (författare)
  • Proteomics reveals multiple effects of titanium dioxide and silver nanoparticles in the metabolism of turbot, Scophthalmus maximus
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Chemosphere. - : Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd. - 0045-6535 .- 1879-1298. ; 308
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and silver (Ag) NPs are among the most used engineered inorganic nanoparticles (NPs); however, their potential effects to marine demersal fish species, are not fully understood. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the proteomic alterations induced by sub-lethal concentrations citrate-coated 25 nm ("P25") TiO2 or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) coated 15 nm Ag NPs to turbot, Scophthalmus maximus. Juvenile fish were exposed to the NPs through daily feeding for 14 days. The tested concentrations were 0, 0.75 or 1.5 mg of each NPs per kg of fish per day. The determination of NPs, Titanium and Ag levels (sp-ICP-MS/ICP-MS) and histological alterations (Transmission Electron Microscopy) supported proteomic analysis performed in the liver and kidney. Proteomic sample preparation procedure (SP3) was followed by LC-MS/MS. Label-free MS quantification methods were employed to assess differences in protein expression. Functional analysis was performed using STRING web-tool. KEGG Gene Ontology suggested terms were discussed and potential biomarkers of exposure were proposed. Overall, data shows that liver accumulated more elements than kidney, presented more histological alterations (lipid droplets counts and size) and proteomic alterations. The Differentially Expressed Proteins (DEPs) were higher in Ag NPs trial. The functional analysis revealed that both NPs caused enrichment of proteins related to generic processes (metabolic pathways). Ag NPs also affected protein synthesis and nucleic acid transcription, among other processes. Proteins related to thyroid hormone transport (Serpina7) and calcium ion binding (FAT2) were suggested as biomarkers of TiO2 NPs in liver. For Ag NPs, in kidney (and at a lower degree in liver) proteins related with metabolic activity, metabolism of exogenous substances and oxidative stress (e.g.: NADH dehydrogenase and Cytochrome P450) were suggested as potential biomarkers. Data suggests adverse effects in turbot after medium/long-term exposures and the need for additional studies to validate specific biological applications of these NPs.
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25.
  • Axcrona, Karol, et al. (författare)
  • Androgen deprivation therapy for volume reduction, lower urinary tract symptom relief and quality of life improvement in patients with prostate cancer: degarelix vs goserelin plus bicalutamide.
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: BJU international. - 1464-410X. ; 110:11, s. 1721-1728
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Study Type - Therapy (RCT) Level of Evidence1b What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is commonly used as a primary treatment for patients with prostate cancer (PCa) who are not eligible for radical treatment options. ADT is also used in patients with PCa as neo-adjuvant hormone therapy to reduce prostate volume and down-stage the disease before radiotherapy with curative intent. The present study showed that ADT with the gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone (GhRH) antagonist degarelix is non-inferior to combined treatment with the LHRH agonist goserelin and bicalutamide in terms of reducing prostate volume during the treatment period of 3 months. Degarelix treatment evokes, however, significantly better relief of lower urinary tract symptoms in patients having moderate and severe voiding problems. OBJECTIVE: • To assess the efficacy of monthly degarelix treatment for reduction of total prostate volume (TPV), relief of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and improvement of quality of life (QoL) in patients with prostate cancer (PCa) using monthly goserelin as active control. METHODS: • This was a randomized, parallel-arm, active-controlled, open-label, multicentre trial on 182 patients treated with either monthly degarelix (240/80mg) or goserelin (3.6mg) for 12 weeks. • For flare protection, goserelin-treated patients also received daily bicalutamide (50mg) during the initial 28 days. • Key trial variables monitored monthly were TPV (primary endpoint), serum testosterone, prostate-specific antigen (PSA), the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and the Benign Prostate Hyperplasia Impact Index. RESULTS: • In all, 175 patients completed the trial (96.1%). • At week 12, changes in TPV for degarelix and goserelin were similar (-37.2% vs -39.0%) and met the predefined non-inferiority criterion. • Decreases in IPSS were greater in degarelix than in goserelin-treated patients, differences being statistically significant in patients with baseline IPSS > 13 (-6.7 ± 1.8 vs -4.0 ± 1.0; P= 0.02). • The number of patients with an IPSS change of ≥3 over baseline was also significantly higher in patients treated with degarelix (61.0 vs 44.3%, P= 0.02). • Both treatments were safe and well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: • Medical castration reduces TPV and could also improve LUTS in patients with PCa. • While the short-term efficacy of degarelix and goserelin + bicalutamide was the same in terms of TPV reduction, degarelix showed superiority in LUTS relief in symptomatic patients, which could highlight the different actions of these drugs on extrapituitary gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptors in the bladder and/or the prostate.
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26.
  • Baloch, Ramen Munir, et al. (författare)
  • Indoor air pollution, physical and comfort parameters related to schoolchildren's health : Data from the European SINPHONIE study
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Science of the Total Environment. - : ELSEVIER. - 0048-9697 .- 1879-1026. ; 739
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Substantial knowledge is available on the association of the indoor school environment and its effect among schoolchildren. In the same context, the SINPHONIE (School indoor pollution and health: Observatory network in Europe) conducted a study to collect data and determine the distribution of several indoor air pollutants (IAPs), physical and thermal parameters and their association with eye, skin, upper-, lower respiratory and systemic disorder symptoms during the previous three months. Finally, data from 115 schools in 54 European cities from 23 countries were collected and included 5175 schoolchildren using a harmonized and standardized protocol. The association between exposures and the health outcomes were examined using logistic regression models on the environmental stressors assessed in classroom while adjusting for several confounding factors; a VOC (volatile organic compound) score defined as the sum of the number of pollutants to which the children were highly exposed (concentration > median of the distribution) in classroom was also introduced to evaluate the mul tiexposu re - outcome association. Schoolchildren while adjusting for several confounding factors. Schoolchildren exposed to above or equal median concentration of PM2.5, benzene, limonene, ozone and radon were at significantly higher odds of suffering from upper, lower airways, eye and systemic disorders. Increased odds were also observed for any symptom (sick school syndrome) among schoolchildren exposed to concentrations of limonene and ozone above median values. Furthermore, the risks for upper and lower airways and systemic disorders significantly increased with the VOCs score. Results also showed that increased ventilation rate was significantly associated with decreased odds of suffering from eye and skin disorders whereas similar association was observed between temperature and upper airways symptoms. The present study provides evidence that exposure to IAPs in schools is associated with various health problems in children. Further investigations are needed to confirm our findings. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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27.
  • Brem, Jürgen, et al. (författare)
  • Imitation of β-lactam binding enables broad-spectrum metallo-β-lactamase inhibitors
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: Nature Chemistry. - : Springer Nature. - 1755-4330 .- 1755-4349. ; 14:1, s. 15-24
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Carbapenems are vital antibiotics, but their efficacy is increasingly compromised by metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs). Here we report the discovery and optimization of potent broad-spectrum MBL inhibitors. A high-throughput screen for NDM-1 inhibitors identified indole-2-carboxylates (InCs) as potential β-lactamase stable β-lactam mimics. Subsequent structure-activity relationship studies revealed InCs as a new class of potent MBL inhibitor, active against all MBL classes of major clinical relevance. Crystallographic studies revealed a binding mode of the InCs to MBLs that, in some regards, mimics that predicted for intact carbapenems, including with respect to maintenance of the Zn(II)-bound hydroxyl, and in other regards mimics binding observed in MBL-carbapenem product complexes. InCs restore carbapenem activity against multiple drug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and have a low frequency of resistance. InCs also have a good in vivo safety profile, and when combined with meropenem show a strong in vivo efficacy in peritonitis and thigh mouse infection models.
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28.
  • Calatayud, Joaquín, et al. (författare)
  • Positive associations among rare species and their persistence in ecological assemblages
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: Nature Ecology & Evolution. - : Nature Publishing Group. - 2397-334X. ; 4:1, s. 40-45
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • According to the competitive exclusion principle, species with low competitive abilities should be excluded by more efficient competitors; yet, they generally remain as rare species. Here, we describe the positive and negative spatial association networks of 326 disparate assemblages, showing a general organization pattern that simultaneously supports the primacy of competition and the persistence of rare species. Abundant species monopolize negative associations in about 90% of the assemblages. On the other hand, rare species are mostly involved in positive associations, forming small network modules. Simulations suggest that positive interactions among rare species and microhabitat preferences are the most probable mechanisms underpinning this pattern and rare species persistence. The consistent results across taxa and geography suggest a general explanation for the maintenance of biodiversity in competitive environments. Analysing spatial association networks among >300 terrestrial and aquatic assemblages, the authors find that the majority of negative associations involve abundant species. In contrast, rare species form mostly positive associations, potentially explaining their persistence in natural communities.
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29.
  • Cardoso, Carlos, et al. (författare)
  • eNeuron project - facilitating the energy transition in a military campus by optimizing a local energy community
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: Proceedings 27th International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CIRED 2023). - : IET. - 9781839538551
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The eNeuron project is an ongoing Horizon 2020 EU-funded project with the main objective of setting out a practical framework for optimising the design and operation of local energy communities (LECs), acting as multi-carrier energy hubs (EH) and micro-energy hubs (mEH). LECs are key in the transition towards green, decarbonised power from local and renewable sources. The consortium is developing and applying pioneering software and hardware solutions, putting them to the test in real energy communities and introducing new governance models. There are four demonstration Pilots in the eNeuron Project: The Polish City of Bydgoszcz, the Skagerak Energilab in Norway, the Lisbon Naval Base (LNB) in Portugal, and the UNIVPM University Campus in Italy. This paper focuses on presenting the Portuguese demo pilot: the Lisbon Naval Base, namely the development of the demonstration activities so far, roughly half of the duration of the project, as well as a balance of all supporting activities, such as Use Case definition, technical activities (asset definition and installation) and social activities (stakeholder engagement). This paper presents a description and conclusion of these activities so far, at the time that the eNeuron preliminary toolbox concept is ready to be shared and implemented in the Pilots.
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30.
  • Collins, Max, et al. (författare)
  • A constant power capacitor charging structure for flicker mitigation in high power long pulse klystron modulators
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: 2017 IEEE 21st International Conference on Pulsed Power, PPC 2017. - 9781509057481 ; 2017-June
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In order to generate high voltage high pulsed power, klystron modulators necessarily contain at least one capacitor bank charging structure supplying the energy to be released during the pulse. Conventional charging structures are based on AC/DC front-end units typically based on diode rectifiers combined with on/off controlled power charging structures as a second stage, producing prohibitive levels of grid flicker and harmonic contents on the AC grid side while operating at suboptimal power factor; problems usually corrected by both costly and spacious external grid compensators. Today, the increased demand on both accelerator peak power and pulse length (translating into higher average power), in conjunction with stricter regulations and standards represent additional challenges also in modulators' design. An alternative method for capacitor bank charging, implying use of a combination of a grid connected Active Front End (AFE) and a DC/DC buck converter is proposed. The AFE controls the AC line current to be sinusoidal (reducing harmonic content) and in phase with the AC line voltage (minimizing reactive power). The DC/DC converter is regulated in current mode for instantaneous constant power charging by measuring capacitor bank voltage and adjusting the current reference to match the exact average power consumed by the load over a pulse repetition cycle, allowing in steady state for complete reduction of the grid flicker despite the heavily pulsed loads. This paper explains in detail the working principle behind the proposed power electronic structure and associated control methodology, and provides successful power quality results obtained both in simulation and from experiments carried out on a klystron modulator prototype delivering long pulses (3.5 ms), high voltage (115 kV), and high pulsed power (peak power > 2 MW).
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31.
  • Collins, Max, et al. (författare)
  • A modular and compact long pulse modulator based on the SML topology for the ESS Linac
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation. - 1070-9878. ; 24:4, s. 2259-2267
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The ESS Linac project, phase I, requires 12 long pulse klystron modulators with compact footprint, high pulse power and improved quality both on the output pulse waveform and on the input AC power line. Conventional long pulse modulators are typically based on HV pulse transformers and commonly exhibit poor efficiency, low power density, large footprint and cost, with still limited performance on pulse rise time, pulse flat-top accuracy and AC power line quality (flicker, current harmonic distortion, power factor). This paper presents the Stacked Multi-Level (SML) klystron modulator topology, a novel modular concept based on the association of several HV modules in series at their output, each formed by a high voltage and high-frequency transformer, a HV diode rectifier bridge and a low pass filter. Each HV module is fed from a low voltage power electronic inverter at ground potential since the transformer provides the required galvanic isolation between primary and secondary windings. This topology is believed to better suit the application and better satisfy ESS requirements, directly addressing the mentioned shortcomings of conventional topologies. The development and validation of this new concept has included the design and construction of a reduced scale prototype with the potential of delivering long (3.5 ms) and high quality pulses (0-99% rise time <120 μs and flat top ripple <0.15%) with pulse amplitudes up to 115 kV and pulse power up to 2 MW, while maintaining excellent AC grid power quality (low flicker operation < 0.2%, sinusoidal current absorption with total harmonic distortion < 3%, and unitary power factor). The paper describes the main features of the topology and the main design aspects, presenting results both from simulation models, including parasitic elements, and from an experimental setup.
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32.
  • Collins, Max, et al. (författare)
  • An Integrated Optimal Design Procedure for Pulse Transformer-Based Klystron Modulators for Long-Pulse High-Power Applications
  • 2023
  • Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. - 0093-3813. ; 51:11, s. 3358-3367
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Solid-state klystron modulators are typically based on oil-immersed high-voltage (HV) pulse transformers due to their high performance, robustness, and topological simplicity. However, in considering high-power multi-millisecond pulsed applications based on this topology, modulator power components and their design become increasingly complicated and, correspondingly, modulator size becomes problematic. In this article, practical models for the characterization and design of each main power component forming the pulse transformer-based modulator topology are developed. These models are then integrated in forming a complete optimization procedure suitable for long-pulse high-power applications. The developed design procedure is used in considering a complete pulse transformer-based modulator design for the case of the European Spallation Source klystron modulator requirements (a pulse amplitude of 115 kV/100 A, a pulselength of 3.5 ms, and a pulse repetition rate 14 Hz). The performance of the individual components as well as the complete modulator is studied and validated through the circuit simulation. Finally, fixing the pulse power parameters to that of typical high-power klystron load requirements, the optimization procedure is used in a parametric study sweeping the application pulselength and pulse repetition rate to explore the possibilities and limitations of the pulse transformer-based modulator topology.
  •  
33.
  • Collins, Max, et al. (författare)
  • Design and Control of an Electronic Bouncer Circuit for Volume-Optimal Long-Pulse High-Power Pulse Transformers
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. - 0093-3813. ; 50:10, s. 3692-3700
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Pulse transformer size is fundamentally linked to application pulselength, pulse power and pulse rise time. In considering long-pulse high-power applications, it has earlier been demonstrated that the large voltage-time integral associated with long-pulse operation in combination with the severe pulse rise time required to ensure high pulse efficiency strictly limits the number of transformer winding turns thereby resulting in extremely large pulse transformers. This article investigates a new way of sizing and controlling an electronic bouncer circuit in reducing the effective pulse rise time. It is demonstrated that, in considering typical long-pulse application parameters, the pulse rise time may generally be reduced by a factor of 2, implying that pulse efficiency could be retained while significantly reducing pulse transformer volume. The developed idea is used in formulating a unified design procedure for volume-optimal pulse transformers with an electronic bouncer circuit. The method and proposed design procedure are illustrated and evaluated in a case study considering the European Spallation Source klystron modulator requirements (pulse amplitude of 115 kV/100 A, pulselength of 3.5 ms, pulse repetition rate of 14 Hz, and pulse rise time of < 120~μs). Finally, the proposed design procedure is used to evaluate the greatest attainable pulselength for a given set of application parameters and as a function of system constraints.
  •  
34.
  • Collins, Max, et al. (författare)
  • Evaluation of a Novel Capacitor Charging Structure for Flicker Mitigation in High-Power Long-Pulse Modulators
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. - 0093-3813. ; 47:1, s. 985-993
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In order to generate high-voltage high-pulsed power, klystron modulators necessarily contain at least one capacitor bank charging structure supplying the energy to be released during the pulse. Conventional charging structures are based on ac/dc front-end units typically based on diode rectifiers combined with power charging structures operated in on/off mode as a second stage, producing prohibitive levels of grid flicker and harmonic contents on the ac grid side while operating at suboptimal power factor. These problems are usually corrected by both costly and spacious external grid compensators. Today, the increased demand on both accelerator peak power and pulselength (translating into higher average power), in conjunction with stricter regulations and standards represent additional challenges also in modulator design. An alternative method for capacitor bank charging, in a steady state allowing for the complete reduction of grid flicker as well as ac line current harmonics and reactive power, was presented by the authors in a preceding publication. This paper presents in further detail the benefits of the proposed power electronic structure and associated control scheme in the context of a review of other solutions suggested for constant power charging and flicker mitigation. This paper also contains a complete description of the proposed control scheme as well as further experimental results, including a thorough assessment of its performance under transient conditions. All experimental results were obtained on a klystron modulator prototype rated for long pulses (3.5 ms), high voltage (115 kV), and high pulsed power (peak power > 2 MW).
  •  
35.
  • Collins, Max, et al. (författare)
  • Evaluation of Feasibility of High-Power Long-Pulse Transformers Using Single-Layer and Pancake Winding Techniques
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. - 0093-3813. ; 49:7, s. 2217-2226
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Solid-state klystron modulators are typically based on oil-immersed high-voltage (HV) pulse transformers because of their high performance, robustness, simplicity, and straightforward design. However, pulse transformer size is fundamentally linked to application pulse length, pulse power, and pulse rise time. For high-power applications transformer size quickly becomes very problematic when approaching pulse lengths on the order of one millisecond. This article presents a systematic study of the applicability of HV pulse transformers for such long-pulse high-power applications. Both the single-layer and pancake winding techniques are evaluated, keeping reduction of transformer volume as the main design objective. First, design models and efficient optimization procedures are developed. The proposed models are validated through circuit simulation, 3-D finite element analysis, and comparison with a commercial HV long-pulse transformer. Then, the developed optimization procedure is used in studying the evolution of pulse transformer size when pulse length is varied from 500 μs to 5 ms assuming peak pulse power requirements corresponding to that of the European Spallation Source (ESS) klystron modulators (115 kV, 100 A, 14 Hz). Finally, the developed trends are used to derive general analytical equations expressing maximum attainable pulse length as a function of application parameters and system constraints.
  •  
36.
  • Collins, Max, et al. (författare)
  • Evaluation of Klystron Modulator Performance in Interleaved Pulsing Schemes for the ESS Neutrino Super Beam Project
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: 2022 IEEE International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference, IPMHVC 2022. - 9781665471657 ; , s. 60-63
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • It has been proposed that the relatively low duty cycle of the European Spallation Source (ESS) linac allows acceleration of additional mathbfH^- ion pulses interleaved with the baseline proton pulses, representing a unique opportunity to construct a neutrino super beam (ESSnuSB) facility of unparalleled luminosity. Coupled with a distant Cherenkov detector, it is believed that evidence of CP violations in leptons could be obtained, representing a significant step towards understanding the matter/antimatter asymmetry. In this paper, several such interleaved pulsing schemes are considered from the perspective of the klystron modulators and the RF power system in investigating the possibility to realize the ESSnuSB. Conserving the required output RF energy, these pulsing schemes vary in terms of 1) number of added H- ion pulses per baseline cycle, 2) pulse amplitude and 3) pulse length. Each prospective pulsing scheme offers unique advantages while differently impacting klystron modulator performance. Whereas the ESS linac baseline design requires 33 klystron modulators (rated for pulse amplitude 115kV/4x25A, pulse length 3.5ms and pulse repetition rate 14Hz; each modulator powering 4 parallel klystrons rated 1.6MWpk at 704MHz), the proposed upgrade requires doubling the baseline linac average output power and thus either doubling the capacity of existing modulators or the procurement of additional modulator systems. In order to evaluate and compare the merit of these solutions from a system perspective, a mathematical framework connecting the attributes of the proposed pulsing schemes to the power transfer curves of the klystrons and subsequently to the performance of the klystron modulators is developed. Finally, a preferred solution is selected and the impact on grid-to-RF efficiency, modulator average input power quality, total upgrade cost and required additional system size is assessed.
  •  
37.
  • Collins, Max, et al. (författare)
  • Evaluation of Trends in Optimal Design of Pulse Transformers for Long Pulse High Power Applications
  • 2019
  • Ingår i: 2018 IEEE International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference, IPMHVC 2018. - 2576-7283 .- 1930-885X. - 9781538654538 - 9781538654545 ; , s. 31-36
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Solid state klystron modulators are typically based on oil-immersed pulse transformers due to their high performance, robustness, simplicity and straightforward design. However, the size of such transformers are highly impacted by pulse power, output voltage, pulse length, and required rise time; key parameters which are difficult to combine in long pulse high power linac applications. In this paper, pulse transformer design models for two winding configurations (single layer winding and pancake winding), including calculation of parasitic elements, are developed and validated in a 3D finite element analysis environment. These models are then employed in a global optimal design procedure used to study the evolution of pulse transformer volume as pulse length is increased from 500 μs to 4 ms while constraining maximum pulse rise time and overshoot. The impact of required pulse power, pulse rise time, and system size is also studied. The single layer winding based on standard enameled round wire is first investigated under size constraints representing a limit imposed by manufacturability and maintainability, validating the optimization procedure and demonstrating that, for this winding technique, sub-optimal rise time and therefore transformer size is attained for long pulse high power applications. Consequently, the pancake winding configuration is evaluated under the same conditions, demonstrating that, although more complex and costly, its flexibility allows a more compact design. Finally, a pulse transformer rated for pulse amplitude 115 kV, output current 25 A, pulse length 2.8 ms, and 0-99% rise time <300 μs is designed, demonstrating the design procedure and showcasing limitations experienced in design. Its performance is assessed in circuit simulation whereas the validity of the derived parameters is demonstrated through finite element analysis.
  •  
38.
  • Collins, Max, et al. (författare)
  • Optimal Design of a High Voltage High Frequency Transformer and Power Drive System for Long Pulse Modulators
  • 2020
  • Ingår i: 2019 IEEE Pulsed Power and Plasma Science, PPPS 2019. - 2158-4923 .- 2158-4915. - 9781538679692 ; 2019-June
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The stacked multi-level (SML) klystron modulator topology has been suggested as an alternative to conventional pulse transformer based topologies in an attempt to improve output pulse performance and reduce system size for long pulse applications. In this topology, a power converter chain including a high frequency transformer generates the output pulse in a pulse modulation/demodulation scheme, eliminating the direct size-pulse length dependency while allowing higher degree of freedom in design. However, increased complexity necessitates careful consideration from a system perspective to ensure appropriate component selection and design. First, from the perspective of the semiconductor switches, the pulsed nature of the load must be taken into account. High modulator average and peak powers are combined into a power cycling problem where lifetime issues must be managed when selecting semiconductor technology and converter operating frequency. Simultaneously, these considerations are directly coupled to the design of the high voltage high frequency transformer, the largest component in the SML chain, key in reducing modulator footprint and volume. In addition, appropriate passive components (snubbers) must be chosen with respect to transformer leakage inductance, switching frequency and switch ratings to constrain voltage overshoot without deteriorating system efficiency. In this paper, these integrated design considerations are combined with a catalog of IGBT switches available on the market to form an optimization algorithm set to minimize transformer volume, indicative of system oil tank volume, while ensuring high system efficiency and long semiconductor lifetime. The tradeoffs between system efficiency and volume are studied. Finally, the algorithm is used to outline the design procedure for a system rated for pulse amplitude 115 kV / 100 A, pulse length 3.5 ms, pulse repetition rate 14 Hz, efficiency>91%, lifetime>25 years. The derived design is validated through circuit simulation, 3D finite element analysis, and experiments.
  •  
39.
  • Collins, Max, et al. (författare)
  • Optimal Design of Electronic Bouncers for Long-Pulse High-Power Modulators
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. - 0093-3813. ; 49:2, s. 819-829
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Modern high-voltage high-power pulsed modulators typically generate pulses by discharging energy stored in one or more capacitor banks into the load. The capacitor discharge manifests itself as output pulse droop which must be compensated for. To eliminate such droop, modulators utilizing pulse transformers require external circuitry and, typically, passive resonant bouncer circuits are used. For long-pulse applications, however, electronic bouncer circuits operated in closed loop are preferred due to their compactness, efficiency, precision, and resilience to aging effects. Electronic bouncers may also be used in applications with varying pulselength and/or pulse repetition rate. In this article, design models are developed for both the modulator capacitor bank as well as each electronic bouncer circuit component. The design models are integrated in a global optimization routine used to study design tradeoffs between the modulator capacitor bank and the electronic bouncer, as well as between system efficiency and system volume. An optimization case study based on European Spallation Source modulator requirements (pulse amplitude 115 kV/100 A, pulselength 3.5 ms, pulse repetition rate 14 Hz, combined pulse flat top ripple and droop < 0.15%) is provided, and an optimal design solution is selected and validated through characterization in both circuit simulation and 3-D finite element analysis. Finally, the performance of the chosen electronic bouncer solution is compared to that of an optimized design based on the conventional passive resonant bouncer circuit.
  •  
40.
  • Collins, Max, et al. (författare)
  • Stacked multi-level long pulse modulator topology for ESS
  • 2017
  • Ingår i: 2016 IEEE International Power Modulator and High Voltage Conference, IPMHVC 2016. - 9781509023547 ; , s. 552-557
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The European Spallation Source (Lund, Sweden) is an under construction multi-disciplinary research facility to be based around a Linear Particle Accelerator which is to provide 2.86 ms long proton pulses at 2 GeV at a pulse repetition rate of 14 Hz, representing an average beam power of 5 MW. To accommodate the requirements of the proton linac, a large number of klystrons driven by power electronic modulators will be needed. Conventional long pulse modulators are pulse transformer based and commonly exhibit poor efficiency, low power density, large footprint and cost. In addition, these topologies due to their nature in combination with the above cited high peak power requirement for short periods of time commonly produce prohibitive levels of flicker and harmonic content while operating at suboptimal power factor, problems usually corrected by both costly and spacious external grid compensators. This paper presents the stacked multi-level (SML) klystron modulator topology, a novel, modular concept based on high-frequency transformers and rectifier bridges stacked in series, believed to better suit the application and better satisfy ESS requirements, directly addressing the mentioned shortcomings of conventional topologies. The development of this new klystron modulator topology has included the design and construction of a reduced scale prototype with the potential of delivering long (3.5 ms) high quality dc pulses (0-99% rise time of less than 100 μs and flat top ripple less than that of 0.15%) of high voltage (115 kV) and high power (peak power > 2 MW) while on its own maintaining excellent AC grid power quality (low flicker operation < 0.2%, sinusoidal current absorption with total harmonic distortion < 3%, and unitary power factor). The paper in detail describes the essential features of the topology and outlines the working principle, presenting results from both simulation and experimental work.
  •  
41.
  • Collins, Max, et al. (författare)
  • Zero average flux tracking algorithm for high frequency transformers in long pulse applications
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: 2017 IEEE 21st International Conference on Pulsed Power, PPC 2017. - 9781509057481 ; 2017-June
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • High voltage long pulse klystron modulators typically use pulse transformers, where the length of the pulse dictates the size of the transformer. Recent advancements in power electronics applied to modulator technology, in order to facilitate multi-millisecond long pulse generation, instead suggests use of high frequency transformers in a high frequency pulse modulation/demodulation scheme, eliminating the size-pulse length dependency. The Stacked Multi-Level (SML) topology is built around this technique, where a cascaded power converters chain inverts, amplifies, rectifies and filters the voltage following a capacitor bank charging stage in order to generate high voltage pulses. In a modulator built to European Spallation Source requirements, six such stages are connected in series at respective output, reducing stress on each module and increasing output ripple frequency, limiting the need of filtering, i.e. further reducing size, pulse rise time and stored energy. While use of this topology has demonstrated reduction in modulator footprint and cost for typical long pulse applications, use of high frequency switching obliges strict transformer core flux control in order to avoid transformer saturation due to undesired DC voltage components generated by the inverter without resorting to transformer oversizing Several methods implementing similar modes of control already exist, but commonly require additional sensors which may not be available or practical for inclusion in high voltage environments. Furthermore, available methods assume constant operation whereas the pulseforming stage needs to systematically switch off completely between pulses, creating an additional problem related to remanent core flux and saturation; it must be ensured that the core flux is properly set before the following pulse is to be generated, or pulse-to-pulse flux accumulation may entail transformer saturation. This paper describes the above problems in detail and outlines a practical algorithm, assessing its capability to control flux independent of pulse duration while minimizing rise time increase.
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42.
  • Cordeiro, Guaraci D., et al. (författare)
  • Nocturnal bees as crop pollinators
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: agronomy. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-4395. ; 11:5
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Bees are typically diurnal but around 1% of described species have nocturnal activity. Nocturnal bees are still poorly studied due to bias towards studying diurnal insects. However, knowledge concerning their biology and role as crop pollinators has increased. We review the literature on nocturnal bees’ traits and their host plants, and assess the crop pollination effectiveness of this neglected group. Nocturnal bees have visual adaptations to cope with low light intensities, and floral scents are a key sensory cue used to find their host flowers. Nocturnal bees generally show high flower constancy, the ability to vibrate flowers, and high transfer rates of pollen grains to stigmas. The flowers visited by nocturnal bees range from small radial and zygomorphic flowers to large brush blossoms; moreover, they visit plants with different flowering strategies. Nocturnal bees are effective pollinators of regional fruit crops in Brazil, such as cambuci (Campomanesia phaea), guaraná (Paullinia cupana), cajá (Spondias mombin), and in North America of cultivated pumpkins (Cucurbita species). However, they most likely are pollinators of several other crops. Strategies to host high numbers of nocturnal bees around cropping areas should be taken, such as preserving adjacent native forests, restricting soil management, providing food resources beyond crop flowers, and avoiding light pollution.
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43.
  • Czypionka, Thomas, et al. (författare)
  • The benefits, costs and feasibility of a low incidence COVID-19 strategy
  • 2022
  • Ingår i: The Lancet Regional Health. - : Elsevier. - 2666-7762. ; 13
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • In the summer of 2021, European governments removed most NPIs after experiencing prolonged second and third waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Most countries failed to achieve immunization rates high enough to avoid resurgence of the virus. Public health strategies for autumn and winter 2021 have ranged from countries aiming at low incidence by re-introducing NPIs to accepting high incidence levels. However, such high incidence strategies almost certainly lead to the very consequences that they seek to avoid: restrictions that harm people and economies. At high incidence, the important pandemic containment measure test-trace-isolate-support becomes inefficient. At that point, the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and its numerous harmful consequences can likely only be controlled through restrictions. We argue that all European countries need to pursue a low incidence strategy in a coordinated manner. Such an endeavour can only be successful if it is built on open communication and trust. Copyright (C) 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
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44.
  • Delgado-Vega, Angélica M., et al. (författare)
  • Fine mapping and conditional analysis identify a new mutation in the autoimmunity susceptibility gene BLK that leads to reduced half-life of the BLK protein
  • 2012
  • Ingår i: Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases. - : BMJ. - 0003-4967 .- 1468-2060. ; 71:7, s. 1219-1226
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • ObjectivesTo perform fine mapping of the autoimmunity susceptibility gene BLK and identify functional variants involved in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).MethodsGenotyping of 1163 European SLE patients and 1482 controls and imputation were performed covering the BLK gene with 158 single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Logistic regression analysis was done using PLINK and conditional analyses using GENABEL's test score. Transfections of BLK constructs on HEK293 cells containing the novel mutation or the wild type form were analysed for their effect on protein half-life using a protein stability assay, cycloheximide and western blot. CHiP-qPCR for detection of nuclear factor. B (NFkB) binding.ResultsFine mapping of BLK identified two independent genetic effects with functional consequences: one represented by two tightly linked associated haplotype blocks significantly enriched for NF kappa B-binding sites and numerous putative regulatory variants whose risk alleles correlated with low BLK mRNA levels. Binding of NFkBp50 and p65 to an associated 1.2 Kb haplotype segment was confirmed. A second independent genetic effect was represented by an Ala71Thr, low-frequency missense substitution with an OR = 2.31 (95% CI 1.38 to 3.86). The 71Thr decreased BLK protein half-life.ConclusionsThese results show that rare and common regulatory variants in BLK are involved in disease susceptibility and both, albeit independently, lead to reduced levels of BLK protein.
  •  
45.
  • Feigin, Valery L, et al. (författare)
  • Global, Regional, and Country-Specific Lifetime Risks of Stroke, 1990 and 2016.
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: The New England journal of medicine. - 1533-4406 .- 0028-4793. ; 379:25, s. 2429-2437
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • The lifetime risk of stroke has been calculated in a limited number of selected populations. We sought to estimate the lifetime risk of stroke at the regional, country, and global level using data from a comprehensive study of the prevalence of major diseases.We used the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study 2016 estimates of stroke incidence and the competing risks of death from any cause other than stroke to calculate the cumulative lifetime risks of first stroke, ischemic stroke, or hemorrhagic stroke among adults 25 years of age or older. Estimates of the lifetime risks in the years 1990 and 2016 were compared. Countries were categorized into quintiles of the sociodemographic index (SDI) used in the GBD Study, and the risks were compared across quintiles. Comparisons were made with the use of point estimates and uncertainty intervals representing the 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles around the estimate.The estimated global lifetime risk of stroke from the age of 25 years onward was 24.9% (95% uncertainty interval, 23.5 to 26.2); the risk among men was 24.7% (95% uncertainty interval, 23.3 to 26.0), and the risk among women was 25.1% (95% uncertainty interval, 23.7 to 26.5). The risk of ischemic stroke was 18.3%, and the risk of hemorrhagic stroke was 8.2%. In high-SDI, high-middle-SDI, and low-SDI countries, the estimated lifetime risk of stroke was 23.5%, 31.1% (highest risk), and 13.2% (lowest risk), respectively; the 95% uncertainty intervals did not overlap between these categories. The highest estimated lifetime risks of stroke according to GBD region were in East Asia (38.8%), Central Europe (31.7%), and Eastern Europe (31.6%), and the lowest risk was in eastern sub-Saharan Africa (11.8%). The mean global lifetime risk of stroke increased from 22.8% in 1990 to 24.9% in 2016, a relative increase of 8.9% (95% uncertainty interval, 6.2 to 11.5); the competing risk of death from any cause other than stroke was considered in this calculation.In 2016, the global lifetime risk of stroke from the age of 25 years onward was approximately 25% among both men and women. There was geographic variation in the lifetime risk of stroke, with the highest risks in East Asia, Central Europe, and Eastern Europe. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.).
  •  
46.
  • Felizardo, Katia Romero, et al. (författare)
  • Content based visual mining of document collections using ontologies
  • 2009
  • Ingår i: II Workshop on Web and Text Intelligence (WTI) 2009.
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Document collections are important data sets in many applications. It has been shown that content based visual mappings of documents can be done effectively through projection and point placement strategies. An important step in this process is the creation of a vector space model, in which terms selected from the text and weighted are used as attributes for the vector space. That step in many cases impairs the quality of the projection due to the existence, in the data set, of many terms that are frequent but do not represent important concepts in the user's particular context. This paper proposes and evaluates the use of ontologies for content based visual analysis of textual data sets as a means to improve the displays for the analysis of the collection. The results show that when the ontology effectively represents the data domain it increases quality of maps.
  •  
47.
  • Felizardo, Katia Romero, et al. (författare)
  • Using visual text mining to support the study selection activity in systematic literature reviews
  • 2011
  • Ingår i: 2011 Fifth International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering and Measurement, ESEM 2011. - Washington : IEEE. - 9781457722035 - 9780769546049 ; , s. 77-86
  • Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: A systematic literature review (SLR) is a methodology used to aggregate all relevant existing evidence to answer a research question of interest. Although crucial, the process used to select primary studies can be arduous, time consuming, and must often be conducted manually.Objective: We propose a novel approach, known as 'Systematic Literature Review based on Visual Text Mining' or simply SLR-VTM, to support the primary study selection activity using visual text mining (VTM) techniques. Method: We conducted a case study to compare the performance and effectiveness of four doctoral students in selecting primary studies manually and using the SLR-VTM approach. To enable the comparison, we also developed a VTM tool that implemented our approach. We hypothesized that students using SLR-VTM would present improved selection performance and effectiveness.Results: Our results show that incorporating VTM in the SLR study selection activity reduced the time spent in this activity and also increased the number of studies correctly included.Conclusions: Our pilot case study presents promising results suggesting that the use of VTM may indeed be beneficial during the study selection activity when performing an SLR.
  •  
48.
  • Felizardo, Katia Romero, et al. (författare)
  • Visual Text Mining : Ensuring the Presence of Relevant Studies in Systematic Literature Reviews
  • 2015
  • Ingår i: International journal of software engineering and knowledge engineering. - : World Scientific. - 0218-1940. ; 25:5, s. 909-928
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • One of the activities associated with the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) process is the selection review of primary studies. When the researcher faces large volumes of primary studies to be analyzed, the process used to select studies can be arduous. In a previous experiment, we conducted a pilot test to compare the performance and accuracy of PhD students in conducting the selection review activity manually and using Visual Text Mining (VTM) techniques. The goal of this paper is to describe a replication study involving PhD and Master students. The replication study uses the same experimental design and materials of the original experiment. This study also aims to investigate whether the researcher's level of experience with conducting SLRs and research in general impacts the outcome of the primary study selection step of the SLR process. The replication results have con¯rmed the outcomes of the original experiment, i.e., VTM is promising and can improve the performance of the selection review of primary studies. We also observed that both accuracy and performance increase in function of the researcher's experience level in conducting SLRs. The use of VTM can indeed be beneficial during the selection review activity.
  •  
49.
  • Griswold, Max G., et al. (författare)
  • Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016
  • 2018
  • Ingår i: The Lancet. - : Elsevier. - 0140-6736 .- 1474-547X. ; 392:10152, s. 1015-1035
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • Background: Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for death and disability, but its overall association with health remains complex given the possible protective effects of moderate alcohol consumption on some conditions. With our comprehensive approach to health accounting within the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016, we generated improved estimates of alcohol use and alcohol-attributable deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 195 locations from 1990 to 2016, for both sexes and for 5-year age groups between the ages of 15 years and 95 years and older.Methods: Using 694 data sources of individual and population-level alcohol consumption, along with 592 prospective and retrospective studies on the risk of alcohol use, we produced estimates of the prevalence of current drinking, abstention, the distribution of alcohol consumption among current drinkers in standard drinks daily (defined as 10 g of pure ethyl alcohol), and alcohol-attributable deaths and DALYs. We made several methodological improvements compared with previous estimates: first, we adjusted alcohol sales estimates to take into account tourist and unrecorded consumption; second, we did a new meta-analysis of relative risks for 23 health outcomes associated with alcohol use; and third, we developed a new method to quantify the level of alcohol consumption that minimises the overall risk to individual health.Findings: Globally, alcohol use was the seventh leading risk factor for both deaths and DALYs in 2016, accounting for 2.2% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 1.5-3.0) of age-standardised female deaths and 6.8% (5.8-8.0) of age-standardised male deaths. Among the population aged 15-49 years, alcohol use was the leading risk factor globally in 2016, with 3.8% (95% UI 3.2-4-3) of female deaths and 12.2% (10.8-13-6) of male deaths attributable to alcohol use. For the population aged 15-49 years, female attributable DALYs were 2.3% (95% UI 2.0-2.6) and male attributable DALYs were 8.9% (7.8-9.9). The three leading causes of attributable deaths in this age group were tuberculosis (1.4% [95% UI 1. 0-1. 7] of total deaths), road injuries (1.2% [0.7-1.9]), and self-harm (1.1% [0.6-1.5]). For populations aged 50 years and older, cancers accounted for a large proportion of total alcohol-attributable deaths in 2016, constituting 27.1% (95% UI 21.2-33.3) of total alcohol-attributable female deaths and 18.9% (15.3-22.6) of male deaths. The level of alcohol consumption that minimised harm across health outcomes was zero (95% UI 0.0-0.8) standard drinks per week.Interpretation: Alcohol use is a leading risk factor for global disease burden and causes substantial health loss. We found that the risk of all-cause mortality, and of cancers specifically, rises with increasing levels of consumption, and the level of consumption that minimises health loss is zero. These results suggest that alcohol control policies might need to be revised worldwide, refocusing on efforts to lower overall population-level consumption.
  •  
50.
  • Iftekhar, Emil Nafis, et al. (författare)
  • A look into the future of the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe : an expert consultation
  • 2021
  • Ingår i: The Lancet Regional Health. - : Elsevier. - 2666-7762. ; 8
  • Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
    • How will the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic develop in the coming months and years? Based on an expert survey, we examine key aspects that are likely to influence the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe. The challenges and developments will strongly depend on the progress of national and global vaccination programs, the emergence and spread of variants of concern (VOCs), and public responses to non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs). In the short term, many people remain unvaccinated, VOCs continue to emerge and spread, and mobility and population mixing are expected to increase. Therefore, lifting restrictions too much and too early risk another damaging wave. This challenge remains despite the reduced opportunities for transmission given vaccination progress and reduced indoor mixing in summer 2021. In autumn 2021, increased indoor activity might accelerate the spread again, whilst a necessary reintroduction of NPIs might be too slow. The incidence may strongly rise again, possibly filling intensive care units, if vaccination levels are not high enough. A moderate, adaptive level of NPIs will thus remain necessary. These epidemiological aspects combined with economic, social, and health-related consequences provide a more holistic perspective on the future of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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