| 1. |
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Persson, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
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IBE AND EBI: ON EXPLANATION BEFORE INFERENCE
- 2007
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Ingår i: Rethinking Explanation.
-
Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Inference to the best explanation (IBE) is theoretically interesting in that it promises to throw new light on what an explanation is. IBE challenges the standard view of the relation between inference and explanation. But sometimes it seems that previous explanation is more independent of inference than IBE suggests. Sometimes we have explanation before inference (EBI) which is not IBE. This chapter examines the possibility that the latter is the rule rather than the exception.
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| 4. |
- Persson, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
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Risk, fara och riskobjekt
- 2008
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Ingår i: Risk & Risici. - 9789157805188 ; , s. 221-230
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Gång på gång möter den som oroar sig för risker expertrådet att lära sig att skilja mellan fara och risk. Ofta diskuteras nämligen faror som innebär mycket små risker, men det förstår allmänheten inte. Mycket av vår oro för risker beror på ett enkelt misstag. Det här kapitlet visar dock att det inte är så lätt att skilja mellan fara och risk, åtminstone inte enligt de gängse distinktioner som experterna förser oss med. Det behövs en ny och mer användbar begreppsapparat. En sådan föreslås också.
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| 5. |
- Persson, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
-
The (misconceived) distinction between internal and external validity
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Against boredom: 17 essays on ignorance, values, creativity, metaphysics, decision-making, truth, preference, art, processes, Ramsey, ethics, rationality, validity, human ills, science, and eternal life to Nils-Eric Sahlin on the occasion of his 60th birthday. - 9789187935374 ; , s. 187-195
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Researchers often aim to make correct inferences both about that which is actually studied (internal validity) and about what the results generalize to (external validity). The language of internal and external validity is not used by everyone, but many of us would agree that intuitively the distinction makes a lot of sense. Two claims are commonly made with respect to internal and external validity. The first is that internal validity is prior to external validity since there is nothing to generalize if the findings obtained in, for instance, the experimental setting do not hold. The first claim is explicit in many writings. See for instance Francisco Guala’s influential book The methodology of experimental economics (2005). And it is often implicitly relied on. The second claim is that researchers have to make a trade-off between internal and external validity. When one is increased, the other will decrease. The second claim was made already from the start by D.T Campbell in his classic Factors relevant to the validity of experiments in social settings (e.g., Campbell 1957, 297). There is a certain tension between the first and the second claim. It has been argued before that it might be difficult to combine them. We intend to make the stronger point that both claims are misconstrued. Our hypothesis is that the relationship between internal and external validity has to be re-conceptualized, and we will briefly indicate how.
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| 6. |
- Vareman, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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Kan riskbedömare och riskhanterare leva åtskilda?
- 2005
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Ingår i: Risk och det levande mänskliga. - 9157804559 ; , s. 181-210
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- I det här kapitlet tar vi upp två vetenskapsteoretiska problem med att skilja mellan riskbedömning och riskhantering som har med ”externt” inflytande att göra. Den ena formen av inflytande begränsar våra möjligheter att genomföra en forskningsuppgift. Den andra formen har med utgångspunkten eller frågeställningen för vår forskning att skaffa. Även i de fall där vetenskapen drivs helt av forskarens egen nyfikenhet och bara strävar efter kunskap och sanning, spelar helt andra värden en viktig roll på vägen mot dessa mål. Dessa begränsningar återkommer i riskbedömningen och riskbedömaren måste förhålla sig till dem på något sätt. De utgör en första form av externt inflytande som komplicerar förhållandet mellan de två verksamheterna och i värsta fall undergräver distinktionen. Det ingår nämligen ett mått av riskhantering i varje riskbedömning vilket kastar tvivel över (1) vår vilja att riskhanteringen motsvarar samhällets önskemål och behov; och politiska och andra externa hänsyn tas vid riskbedömningen vilket gör att (2) vår vilja att inte politiska hänsyn tas vid bedömningen av fakta är problematisk. Den andra formen av externt inflytande tar sin utgångspunkt i att kunskap är svar på frågor. Men vem är det som ställer frågorna och varför? Inte sällan tillförs här en extern komponent och i risksammanhang blir det, som vi ska se, till och med fruktbart att prata om ett riskformuleringsprivilegium. Det är riskhanteraren snarare än riskbedömaren som besitter detta privilegium som i hög grad påverkar både vilka bedömningar som är relevanta att göra och vilken säkerhet som kan uppnås i dem.
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| 7. |
- Wahlberg, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Nya perspektiv på robusthet
- 2005
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Ingår i: Risk och det levande mänskliga. - 9157804559 ; , s. 211-233
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Den här uppsatsen handlar just om robusthet. Nu påbjuder traditionen att man delar upp beslutsunderlag i två sorters komponenter: en som har med hur världen (sannolikt) ser ut och en som har med värdet av detta att göra. Moralen har mest att göra med värdekomponenten. Frågan om moralisk robusthet kommer upp just när man försöker analysera ett visst ställningstagande med avseende på värdefrågor. Kunskapskomponenten, som har med hur världen (sannolikt) ser ut att göra, är förstås också intressant att analysera ur robusthetshänseende. Vi talar då om epistemisk robusthet. Längre fram i uppsatsen ser vi närmare på hur man brukar karakterisera den. Men låt oss först säga något om målet med denna övning. Vi är intresserade av att leta efter likheter mellan och konsekvenser av de här två sorternas robusthet för att vi anser att de är viktiga för att förklara varför vi handlar som vi gör. Speciellt tror vi att frågor som rör samhällets riskhantering har mycket att vinna på en genomlysning av problematiken. Vi använder oss av robusthet i juridiken som en brygga mellan de två sorternas robusthet för vi tror att den utgör en sådan mellanform som ställer några frågor på sin spets och underlättar vår studie också genom att bidra med empiriskt innehåll. Det kan redan nu vara av intresse att studera hur robusthet i juridiken förhåller sig till moralisk robusthet.
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| 8. |
- Wahlberg, Lena, et al.
(författare)
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Riskobjekten, robustheten och experterna
- 2007
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Ingår i: Risker i kunskapens mellanrum: en studie i tre delar (positioner, färdriktning, kartans vita fält). - 9789157804921
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 9. |
- Blennow, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Are values related to culture, identity, community cohesion and sense of place the values most vulnerable to climate change?
- 2019
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 14:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Values related to culture, identity, community cohesion and sense of place have sometimes been downplayed in the climate change discourse. However, they have been suggested to be not only important to citizens but the values most vulnerable to climate change. Here we test four empirical consequences of the suggestion: (i) at least 50% of the locations citizens' consider to be the most important locations in their municipality are chosen because they represent these values, (ii) locations representing these values have a high probability of being damaged by climate change induced sea level rise, (iii) citizens for which these values are particularly strongly held less strongly believe in the local effects of climate change, and (iv) citizens for which these values are particularly strongly held less strongly believe that they have experienced the effects of climate change. The tests were made using survey data collected in 2014 from 326 citizens owning property in Höganäs municipality, Sweden, and included values elicited using a new methodology separating instrumental values from end values, and using the former (which strictly speaking should be seen as estimates of usefulness rather than as aims in themselves) as stepping stones to pinpoint the latter, that represent the true interests of the respondents. The results provide the first evidence that, albeit frequent, values related to culture, identity, community cohesion and sense of place are not the values most vulnerable to climate change. This in turn indicates a need to further investigate the vulnerability of these values to climate change, using a methodology that clearly distinguishes between instrumental and end values.
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| 10. |
- Blennow, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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DeveLoP—A Rationale and Toolbox for Democratic Landscape Planning
- 2021
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Ingår i: Sustainability (Switzerland). - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 13:21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A rationale for an individuals-oriented landscape approach to sustainable land-use planning based on an analysis of bio-geo-physical components as well as the human components of the landscape is presented. A toolbox for analysing individuals’ decision-making and valuations in the landscape is described. The toolbox can provide evidence on the drivers of individuals’ decision-making in the landscape and the decision strategies they apply. This evidence can be used to identify communication needs and to design guidelines for effective communication. The tool for value elicitation separates the instrumental values (means) and end values (goals) of individuals with respect to locations in the landscape. This distinction, and knowledge of the end values in the landscape, are critical for the achievement of policy goals and for spatial planning from a democratic point of view. The individuals-oriented landscape approach has roots in geography and draws on behavioural decision research together with a model for integrating “science and proven experience” that is widely used in public decision-making in the Nordic countries. The approach differs from other scholarly disciplines addressing sustainable land-use planning. It is suitable for application on decision-making problems that include trade-offs between values. An overview of empirical studies is provided in which the individuals-oriented landscape rationale is applied to climate change.
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| 11. |
- Blennow, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Forest Owners' Response to Climate Change : University Education Trumps Value Profile
- 2016
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 11:5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Do forest owners’ levels of education or value profiles explain their responses to climate change? The cultural cognition thesis (CCT) has cast serious doubt on the familiar and often criticized "knowledge deficit" model, which says that laypeople are less concerned about climate change because they lack scientific knowledge. Advocates of CCT maintain that citizens with the highest degrees of scientific literacy and numeracy are not the most concerned about climate change. Rather, this is the group in which cultural polarization is greatest, and thus individuals with more limited scientific literacy and numeracy are more concerned about climate change under certain circumstances than those with higher scientific literacy and numeracy. The CCT predicts that cultural and other values will trump the positive effects of education on some forest owners' attitudes to climate change. Here, using survey data collected in 2010 from 766 private forest owners in Sweden and Germany, we provide the first evidence that perceptions of climate change risk are uncorrelated with, or sometimes positively correlated with, education level and can be explained without reference to cultural or other values. We conclude that the recent claim that advanced scientific literacy and numeracy polarizes perceptions of climate change risk is unsupported by the forest owner data. In neither of the two countries was university education found to reduce the perception of risk from climate change. Indeed in most cases university education increased the perception of risk. Even more importantly, the effect of university education was not dependent on the individuals' value profile.
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| 12. |
- Blennow, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding risk in forest ecosystem services: implications for effective risk management, communication and planning
- 2014
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Ingår i: Forestry. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0015-752X .- 1464-3626. ; 87, s. 219-228
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Uncertainty, insufficient information or information of poor quality, limited cognitive capacity and time, along with value conflicts and ethical considerations, are all aspects that make risk management and risk communication difficult. This paper provides a review of different risk concepts and describes how these influence risk management, communication and planning in relation to forest ecosystem services. Based on the review and results of empirical studies, we suggest that personal assessment of risk is decisive in the management of forest ecosystem services. The results are used together with a review of different principles of the distribution of risk to propose an approach to risk communication that is effective as well as ethically sound. Knowledge of heuristics and mutual information on both beliefs and desires are important in the proposed risk communication approach. Such knowledge provides an opportunity for relevant information exchange, so that gaps in personal knowledge maps can be filled in and effective risk communication can be promoted.
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| 13. |
- Persson, Anton E.O., et al.
(författare)
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Reduced annealing temperature for ferroelectric HZO on InAs with enhanced polarization
- 2020
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Ingår i: Applied Physics Letters. - : AIP Publishing. - 0003-6951 .- 1077-3118. ; 116:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Deposition, annealing, and integration of ferroelectric Hf x Zr 1 - x O 2 (HZO) thin films on the high-mobility semiconductor InAs using atomic layer deposition are investigated. Electrical characterization reveals that the HZO films on InAs exhibit an enhanced remanent polarization compared to films formed on a reference TiN substrate, exceeding 20 μ C / cm 2 even down to an annealing temperature of 370 °C. For device applications, the thermal processes required to form the ferroelectric HZO phase must not degrade the high-κ/InAs interface. We find by evaluation of the capacitance-voltage characteristics that the electrical properties of the high-κ/InAs are not significantly degraded by the annealing process, and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy verifies a maintained sharp high-κ/InAs interface.
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| 14. |
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| 15. |
- Persson, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Vetenskaplig grund och beprövad erfarenhet i högre utbildning och skola
- 2017
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Ingår i: Vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet - skola. - 9789198357523
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Sedan 2010 stadgar skollagen att ”Utbildningen ska vila på vetenskaplig grund och beprövad erfarenhet.”. Skollagen ger i sig ingen ledning till hur dessa begrepp ska tolkas. Uttrycket står på en egen rad i kap 1 §5, som annars handlar om demokrati, mänskliga rättigheter, förhål-landet till religion, med mera. Avsaknaden av precisering av begreppet är problematisk då det är första gången som begreppet vetenskap och beprövad erfarenhet förekommer i skol-lagen.Skolan är inte först ut med att tala om vetenskaplig grund och beprövad erfarenhet. En lik-nande paragraf infördes i högskolelagen 1977. En jämförelse mellan hur begreppen tolkats och preciserats visar också att Skolverket lagt sig nära Högskoleverkets formuleringar.Olika inramningar gör dock att vetenskaplig grund kan komma att betyda olika saker inom till exempel högre utbildning och skola. En sådan skillnad kan vara att i högre utbildning har utbildningens innehåll varit viktigast medan vetenskaplig grund och beprövad erfarenhet i skolan omfattar mer, och kanske i synnerhet pedagogiken. Det gör, menar vi, att man inte utan vidare kan ta för givet att innebörden i lagtexten är entydig för dem som har att om-sätta det lagen säger i skolans verksamhet. Det kan till och med vara så att skolan borde tolka begreppet och förstå dess användning annorlunda än på andra områden. Krejsler (2013) menar att inom det medicinska fältet har evidensdiskursen sitt ursprung i professionen själv. Den har utvecklats ”underifrån”. Inom skola och socialt arbete, som han undersökt, är det däremot politiker och policy-makers som agerat för att ändra befintliga tillvägagångssätt. Vår hypotes är att det finns en liknande skillnad mellan högre utbildning och skola med avseende på vetenskaplig grund, den förra förefaller ha vuxit ur forskarpraxis, medan den senare mer verkar ha politiken som grund.
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| 16. |
- Westlund, Malin, et al.
(författare)
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Rätt att bo kvar : en handbok i organisering mot hyreshöjningar och gentrifiering
- 2016
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Bok (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Det här är en handbok som skrivits för att användas praktiskt i kampen om hyresrättens framtid. Boken har växt fram ur gemensamma erfarenheter av att ta strid mot renoveringar med höga hyreshöjningar som följd. Det har gett oss både kunskaper om lokal organisering och en övertygelse om vikten av att hyresgäster ska ha rätt till att påverka framtiden i de bostadsområden de bor i. De senaste åren har vi kunnat se hur hyreslägenheter renoveras med omfattande hyreshöjningar som följd. Konsekvenserna har blivit att många hyresgäster har tvingats flytta, ibland från bostadsområden de bott i under lång tid, då de inte längre har råd att betala hyran. Om inte hyresgäster går samman och kräver sina rättigheter kommer inget förändras och flera tusentals människor tvingas flytta. Den här handboken ska användas som ett praktiskt verktyg för lokal organisering. Vi som har gjort den här boken är engagerade i olika rörelser, några av oss är också forskare med inriktning mot bostad- spolitik och stadsutveckling. Boken har tillkommit genom en kollektiv process, där många varit inblandade för att bidra med sina erfarenheter och perspektiv. En lista med alla medverkande inklusive de rörelser som står bakom den här boken finns lägst bak.
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| 17. |
-
Against boredom : 17 essays on ignorance, values, creativity, metaphysics, decision-making, truth, preference, art, processes, Ramsey, ethics, rationality, validity, human ills, science, and eternal life to Nils-Eric Sahlin on the occasion of his 60th birthday
- 2015
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Samlingsverk (redaktörskap) (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Abstract in Undetermined Table d’Hôte Ingar Brinck: Investigating the development of creativity: The Sahlin hypothesis 7 Linus Broström: Known unknowns and proto-second-personal address in photographic art 25 Johan Brännmark: Critical moral thinking without moral theory 33 Martin Edman: Vad är ett missförhållande? 43 Pascal Engel: Rambling on the value of truth 51 Peter Gärdenfors: Ambiguity in decision making and the fear of being fooled 75 Göran Hermerén: NIPT: Ethical aspects 89 Mats Johansson: Roboethics: What problems should be addressed and why? 103 Johan Laserna: Ambivalenta bilder 113 Anna-Sofia Maurin: Metaphysical explanation 161 Kevin Mulligan: Is preference primitive? 169 John D. Norton: How does your garden grow? 181 Johannes Persson & Annika Wallin: The (misconceived) distinction between internal and external validity 187 Johanna Seibt: Becoming our selves 197 Paul Slovic, Robin Gregory, David Frank, and Daniel Vastfjall: Confronting the collapse of humanitarian values in foreignpolicy decision making 209 Peter Sylwan: Det eviga livet 215 Claudine Tiercelin: Chance, love and logic: Ramsey and Peirce on norms, rationality and the conduct of life 221 Epilog 257 Frank Ramsey
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| 18. |
- Anttila, Sten, et al.
(författare)
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Challenge of communicating uncertainty in systematic reviews when applying GRADE ratings
- 2018
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Ingår i: Evidence-Based Medicine. - : BMJ. - 1356-5524 .- 2515-446X .- 2515-4478.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- One of the most widely used tools for assessing and communicating scienti c uncertainty is Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE), a system for rating the quality of evidence and grading strength of recommendations in healthcare. More than 100 organisations around the world—WHO included1— are using GRADE or have endorsed it.In GRADE, a quantitative assessment of uncertainty is qualitatively communicated, so that a result obtained as a CI relative to a threshold is expressed as a nding in which assessors have low, moderate or high certainty, or certainty described with other such quali ers. What these correspond to in quantitative terms, and how decision-makers interpret them, is our issue here. We con ne our attention to GRADE’s decision rules for systematic reviews, and do not comment on the problem of multiple outcomes in guideline recommendations.
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| 19. |
- Anttila, Sten, et al.
(författare)
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Conclusiveness resolves the conflict between quality of evidence and imprecision in GRADE
- 2016
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. - : Elsevier BV. - 1878-5921 .- 0895-4356. ; 2016:75, s. 1-5
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The objective of our article is to show how “quality of evidence” and “imprecision,” as they are defined in Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) articles, may lead to confusion. We focus only on the context of systematic reviews.
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| 20. |
- Anttila, Sten, et al.
(författare)
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Ruling out risks in medical research
- 2019
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Ingår i: Journal of Risk Research. - : Informa UK Limited. - 1366-9877 .- 1466-4461. ; 22:6, s. 796-802
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In medical research, it is not unusual that risks are ruled out without any specification the exact risk that was ruled out. This makes it difficult to balance expected health benefits and risk of harm when choosing between alternative treatment options. International guidelines for reporting medical research results are sufficiently specific when it comes to establishing health benefits. However, there is a lack of standards for reporting on ruling out risks. We argue that transparency is needed, as in the case of non-inferiority trials. The Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statements should be revised accordingly.
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| 21. |
- Argenti, Luca, et al.
(författare)
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Photoionization of helium by attosecond pulses : Extraction of spectra from correlated wave functions
- 2013
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Ingår i: Physical Review A. Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics. - 1050-2947 .- 1094-1622. ; 87:5, s. 053405-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We investigate the photoionization spectrum of helium by attosecond XUV pulses both in the spectral region of doubly excited resonances as well as above the double ionization threshold. In order to probe for convergence, we compare three techniques to extract photoelectron spectra from the wave packet resulting from the integration of the time-dependent Schrodinger equation in a finite-element discrete variable representation basis. These techniques are projection on products of hydrogenic bound and continuum states, projection onto multichannel scattering states computed in a B-spline close-coupling basis, and a technique based on exterior complex scaling implemented in the same basis used for the time propagation. These methods allow one to monitor the population of continuum states in wave packets created with ultrashort pulses in different regimes. Applications include photo cross sections and anisotropy parameters in the spectral region of doubly excited resonances, time-resolved photoexcitation of autoionizing resonances in an attosecond pump-probe setting, and the energy and angular distribution of correlated wave packets for two-photon double ionization.
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| 22. |
- Arshamian, Artin, et al.
(författare)
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The functional neuroanatomy of odor evoked autobiographical memories cued by odors and words
- 2013
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Ingår i: Neuropsychologia. - : Elsevier BV. - 0028-3932 .- 1873-3514. ; 51:1, s. 123-131
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Behavioral evidence indicates that odor evoked autobiographical memories (OEAMs) are older, more emotional, less thought of and induce stronger time traveling characteristics than autobiographical memories (AMs) evoked by other modalities. The main aim of this study was to explore the neural correlates of AMs evoked by odors as a function of retrieval cue. Participants were screened for specific OEAMs and later presented with the odor cue and its verbal referent in an fMRI paradigm. Because the same OEAM was retrieved across both cue formats (odor and word), potential cue dependent brain activations were investigated. The overall results showed that odor and word cued OEAMs activated regions typically associated with recollection of autobiographical information. Although no odors were presented, a verbal cuing of the OEAMs activated areas associated with olfactory perception (e.g., piriform cortex). However, relative to word cuing, an odor cuing of OEAMs resulted in more activity in MTL regions such as the parahippocampus, and areas involved in visual vividness (e.g., occipital gyrus and precuneus). Furthermore, odor cues activated areas related to emotional processing, such as limbic and tempopolar regions significantly more. In contrast, word cues relative to odor cues recruited a more widespread and bilateral prefrontal activity. Hippocampus activity did not vary as function of the remoteness of the memory, but recollection of OEAMs from the 1st vs the 2nd decade of life showed specific activation in the right OFC, whereas the 2nd reflected a higher activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus.
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| 23. |
- Berg, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Electrical Characterization and Modeling of Gate-Last Vertical InAs Nanowire MOSFETs on Si
- 2016
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Ingår i: IEEE Electron Device Letters. - 0741-3106. ; 37:8, s. 966-969
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Vertical InAs nanowire transistors are fabricated on Si using a gate-last method, allowing for lithography-based control of the vertical gate length. The best devices combine good ON- and OFF-performance, exhibiting an ON-current of 0.14 mA/μm, and a sub-threshold swing of 90 mV/dec at 190 nm LG. The device with the highest transconductance shows a peak value of 1.6 mS/μm. From RF measurements, the border trap densities are calculated and compared between devices fabricated using the gate-last and gate-first approaches, demonstrating no significant difference in trap densities. The results thus confirm the usefulness of implementing digital etching in thinning down the channel dimensions.
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| 24. |
- Berg, Martin, et al.
(författare)
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Self-aligned, gate-last process for vertical InAs nanowire MOSFETs on Si
- 2016
-
Ingår i: Technical Digest - International Electron Devices Meeting, IEDM. - 9781467398930 ; 2016-February
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this work, we present a novel self-aligned gate-last fabrication process for vertical nanowire metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors. The fabrication method allows for exposure dose-defined gate lengths and a local diameter reduction of the intrinsic channel segment, while maintaining thicker highly doped access regions. Using this process, InAs nanowire transistors combining good on-and off-performance are fabricated demonstrating Q = gm,max/SS = 8.2, which is higher than any previously reported vertical nanowire MOSFET.
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| 25. |
- Bird, Alexander, et al.
(författare)
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Introduction
- 2006
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Ingår i: Synthese. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0039-7857 .- 1573-0964. ; 149:3, s. 445-450
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- Abstract in Undetermined This volume contains essays by five British philosophers and one Swedish philosopher working in metaphysics and in particular metaphysics as it relates to the philosophy of science. These philosophers are the core of a tight network of European philosophers of science and metaphysicians and their essays have evolved as a result of workshops in Lund, Edinburgh, and Athens.
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| 26. |
- Blennow, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Climate Change : Believing and seeing implies adapting
- 2012
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 7:11, s. 1-7
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Knowledge of factors that trigger human response to climate change is crucial for effective climate change policy communication. Climate change has been claimed to have low salience as a risk issue because it cannot be directly experienced. Still, personal factors such as strength of belief in local effects of climate change have been shown to correlate strongly with responses to climate change and there is a growing literature on the hypothesis that personal experience of climate change (and/or its effects) explains responses to climate change. Here we provide, using survey data from 845 private forest owners operating in a wide range of bio-climatic as well as economic-social-political structures in a latitudinal gradient across Europe, the first evidence that the personal strength of belief and perception of local effects of climate change, highly significantly explain human responses to climate change. A logistic regression model was fitted to the two variables, estimating expected probabilities ranging from 0.07 (SD 60.01) to 0.81 (SD 60.03) for self-reported adaptive measures taken. Adding socio-demographic variables improved the fit, estimating expected probabilities ranging from 0.022 (SD 60.008) to 0.91 (SD 60.02). We conclude that to explain and predict adaptation to climate change, the combination of personal experience and belief must be considered.
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| 27. |
- Blennow, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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Climate change: Motivation for taking measure to adapt
- 2009
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Ingår i: Global Environmental Change. - : Elsevier BV. - 1872-9495 .- 0959-3780. ; 19, s. 100-104
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We tested two consequences of a currently influential theory based on the notion of seeing adaptations to climate change as local adjustments to deal with changing conditions within the constraints of the broader economic-social-political arrangements. The notion leaves no explicit role for the strength of personal beliefs in climate change and adaptive capacity. The consequences were: (i) adaptive action to climate change taken by an individual who is exposed to and sensitive to climate change is not influenced to a considerable degree by their strength of belief in climate change and (ii) adaptive action to climate change taken by an individual who is exposed to and sensitive to climate change is not influenced to a considerable degree by their strength of belief in an adaptive capacity. Data from a 2004 questionnaire of 1950 Swedish private individual forest owners, who were assumed exposed to and sensitive to climate change, were used. Strength of belief in climate change and adaptive capacities were found to be crucial factors for explaining observed differences in adaptation among Swedish forest owners. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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| 28. |
- Blennow, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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”Modul 1 Skogsbruk”. Klimatet och skogen – underlag för nationell forskning
- 2006
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Ingår i: Kungl. Skogs- och Lantbruksakademiens tidskrift. - 0023-5350. ; 145:9, s. 13-18
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Behovet av ny kunskap i anslutning till klimatförändringen är enormt. Det behövs ny kunskap om hur • klimatet kan komma att utvecklas. • skogsekosystemet kan komma att utvecklas. • dessa system interagerar. Detta kunskapsuppbyggande är högst angeläget att påbörja men kommer att ta tid. Många beslut inom skogsbruket måste fattas redan idag utan tillgång till forskningsresultaten. Man tvingas alltså redan nu förhålla sig till ett osäkert klimat. Därför, och för att det trots allt alltid kommer att finnas osäkerhet inför framtiden, vill vi stödja besluten genom att utveckla ett rationellt förhållningssätt till osäkerhet och risk. För att snabbt kunna ta fram praktiskt användbar kunskap vill vi i hög grad utgå från skogliga beslutssituationer när vi väljer vilka problemställningar vi ska hantera inom programmet. Framtagandet av ny kunskap skapar i sig ett problem för riskkommunikation. Kunskapsklyftan i förhållande till mottagaren ökar. Att överbrygga den klyftan är en av de viktigaste faktorerna för att lyckas förändra mottagarens kunskapsläge, och därigenom dennes beteende.
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| 29. |
- Blennow, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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The role of beliefs, expectations and values in decision-making favoring climate change adaptation : implications for communications with European forest professionals
- 2020
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Ingår i: Environmental Research Letters. - : IOP Publishing. - 1748-9326.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Beliefs, expectations and values are often assumed to drive decisions about climate change adaptation. We tested hypotheses based on this assumption using survey responses from 508 European forest professionals in 10 countries. We used the survey results to identify communication needs and the decision strategies at play, and to develop guidelines on adequate communications about climate change adaptation. We observed polarization in the positive and negative values associated with climate change impacts accepted by survey respondents. We identified a mechanism creating the polarization that we call the 'blocked belief' effect. We found that polarized values did not correlate with decisions about climate change adaptation. Strong belief in the local impacts of climate change on the forest was, however, a prerequisite of decision-making favoring adaptation. Decision-making in favor of adaptation to climate change also correlated with net values of expected specific impacts on the forest and generally increased with the absolute value of these in the absence of "tipping point" behavior. Tipping point behavior occurs when adaptation is not pursued in spite of the strongly negative or positive net value of expected climate change impacts. We observed negative and positive tipping point behavior, mainly in SW Europe and N-NE Europe, respectively. In addition we found that advice on effective adaptation may inhibit adaptation when the receiver is aware of effective adaptation measures unless it is balanced with information explaining how climate change leads to negative impacts. Forest professionals with weak expectations of impacts require communications on climate change and its impacts on forests before any advice on adaptation measures can be effective. We develop evidence-based guidelines on communications using a new methodology which includes Bayesian machine learning modeling of the equivalent of an expected utility function for the adaptation decision problem.
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| 30. |
- Blennow, Kristina, et al.
(författare)
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To Mitigate or Adapt? : Explaining Why Citizens Responding to Climate Change Favour the Former
- 2021
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Ingår i: Land. - : MDPI AG. - 2073-445X. ; 10:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Why do citizens’ decisions made because they favour the mitigation of climate change outnumber those made because they favour adaptation to its impacts? Using data collected in a survey of 338 citizens of Malmö, Sweden, we tested two hypotheses. H1: the motivation for personal decisions because they favour adaptation to the impacts of climate change correlates with the decision-making agent´s knowledge of specific local impacts of climate change, and H2: the motivation for personal decisions because they favour mitigation of climate change correlates with the risk perception of the decision-making agent. While decisions made because they favour mitigation correlated with negative net values of expected impacts of climate change (risk perception), decisions made because they favour adaptation correlated with its absolute value unless tipping point behaviour occurred. Tipping point behaviour occurs here when the decision-making agent abstains from decisions in response to climate change in spite of a strongly negative or positive net value of expected impacts. Hence, the decision-making agents´ lack of knowledge of specific climate change impacts inhibited decisions promoting adaptation. Moreover, positive experiences of climate change inhibited mitigation decisions. Discussing the results, we emphasised the importance of understanding the drivers of adaptation and mitigation decisions. In particular, we stress that attention needs to be paid to the balance between decisions solving problems ‘here and now’ and those focusing on the ‘there and then’.
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| 31. |
- Borgmästars, Emmy, et al.
(författare)
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Improved Detection of Norovirus and Hepatitis A Virus in Surface Water by Applying Pre-PCR Processing
- 2017
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Ingår i: Food and Environmental Virology. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1867-0334 .- 1867-0342. ; 9:4, s. 395-405
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) detection of waterborne RNA viruses generally requires concentration of large water volumes due to low virus levels. A common approach is to use dead-end ultrafiltration followed by precipitation with polyethylene glycol. However, this procedure often leads to the co-concentration of PCR inhibitors that impairs the limit of detection and causes false-negative results. Here, we applied the concept of pre-PCR processing to optimize RT-qPCR detection of norovirus genogroup I (GI), genogroup II (GII), and hepatitis A virus (HAV) in challenging water matrices. The RT-qPCR assay was improved by screening for an inhibitor-tolerant master mix and modifying the primers with twisted intercalating nucleic acid molecules. Additionally, a modified protocol based on chaotropic lysis buffer and magnetic silica bead nucleic acid extraction was developed for complex water matrices. A validation of the modified extraction protocol on surface and drinking waters was performed. At least a 26-fold improvement was seen in the most complex surface water studied. The modified protocol resulted in average recoveries of 33, 13, 8, and 4% for mengovirus, norovirus GI, GII, and HAV, respectively. The modified protocol also improved the limit of detection for norovirus GI and HAV. RT-qPCR inhibition with Cq shifts of 1.6, 2.8, and 3.5 for norovirus GI, GII, and HAV, respectively, obtained for the standard nucleic acid extraction were completely eliminated by the modified protocol. The standard nucleic acid extraction method worked well on drinking water with no RT-qPCR inhibition observed and average recoveries of 80, 124, 89, and 32% for mengovirus, norovirus GI, GII, and HAV, respectively.
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| 32. |
- Bostrom, Mathias, et al.
(författare)
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Self-preserving ice layers on CO2 clathrate particles : Implications for Enceladus, Pluto, and similar ocean worlds
- 2021
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Ingår i: Astronomy and Astrophysics. - : EDP Sciences. - 0004-6361 .- 1432-0746. ; 650
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Context. Gas hydrates can be stabilised outside their window of thermodynamic stability by the formation of an ice layer - a phenomenon termed self-preservation. This can lead to a positive buoyancy for clathrate particles containing CO2 that would otherwise sink in the oceans of Enceladus, Pluto, and similar oceanic worlds.Aims. Here we investigate the implications of Lifshitz forces and low occupancy surface regions on type I clathrate structures for their self-preservation through ice layer formation, presenting a plausible model based on multi-layer interactions through dispersion forces.Methods. We used optical data and theoretical models for the dielectric response for water, ice, and gas hydrates with a different occupancy. Taking this together with the thermodynamic Lifshitz free energy, we modelled the energy minima essential for the formation of ice layers at the interface between gas hydrate and liquid water.Results. We predict the growth of an ice layer between 0.01 and 0.2 mu m thick on CO, CH4, and CO2 hydrate surfaces, depending on the presence of surface regions depleted in gas molecules. Effective hydrate particle density is estimated, delimiting a range of particle size and compositions that would be buoyant in different oceans. Over geological time, the deposition of floating hydrate particles could result in the accumulation of kilometre-thick gas hydrate layers above liquid water reservoirs and below the water ice crusts of their respective ocean worlds. On Enceladus, the destabilisation of near-surface hydrate deposits could lead to increased gas pressures that both drive plumes and entrain stabilised hydrate particles. Furthermore, on ocean worlds, such as Enceladus and particularly Pluto, the accumulation of thick CO2 or mixed gas hydrate deposits could insulate its ocean against freezing. In preventing freezing of liquid water reservoirs in ocean worlds, the presence of CO2-containing hydrate layers could enhance the habitability of ocean worlds in our Solar System and on the exoplanets and exomoons beyond.
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| 33. |
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| 34. |
- Brinck, Ingar, et al.
(författare)
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Investigating the development of creativity : The Sahlin hypothesis
- 2015
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Ingår i: Against boredom : 17 essays : on ignorance, values, creativity, metaphysics, decision-making, truth, preference, art, processes, Ramsey, ethics, rationality, validity, human ills, science and eternal life : to Nils-Eric Sahlin on the occasion of his 60th birthday - 17 essays : on ignorance, values, creativity, metaphysics, decision-making, truth, preference, art, processes, Ramsey, ethics, rationality, validity, human ills, science and eternal life : to Nils-Eric Sahlin on the occasion of his 60th birthday. - 9789187935374 ; , s. 7-23
-
Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How should the development of creativity be approached? Many accounts of children’s creativity focus on the relation between creativity and pretend play, placing make-believe and the mental exploration of possible scenarios about the world at the fore. Often divergent thinking and story-telling are used to measure creativity with fluency, originality, and flexibility as indicators. I will argue that the strong focus on conceptual processes and higher-order thought leaves procedural forms of creativity in the dark and hinders a proper investigation of the development of creativity. Creativity involves both strategic and procedural elements and the mental and physical manipulation of ideas are equally important. Sahlin’s notion of rule-based creativity might serve as the starting-point for an approach to the development of creativity that is neutral as to the underlying nature of creativity and that permits investigating creativity independently of language. On this approach, creativity is characterized by the violation and subsequent replacement of a rule or norm that underlies a given activity with a novel strategy or procedure. When, where, and how children will manifest creativity is conditional on the kind of rule or norm that is violated.
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| 35. |
- Brinck, Ingar, et al.
(författare)
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Why metaphysicians do not explain
- 2014
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Ingår i: Mind, Values and Metaphysics. - Cham : Springer International Publishing. ; , s. 5-19
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 36. |
- Brinck, Ingar, et al.
(författare)
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Why metaphysicians do not explain
- 2011
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Ingår i: Philosophical papers dedicated to Kevin Mulligan.
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The paper discusses the concept of explanation in metaphysics. Different types of explanation are identified and explored. Scientific explanation is compared with (alleged) metaphysical explanation. The comparison illustrates the difficulties with applying the concept of explanation in metaphysics.
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| 37. |
- Broström, Linus, et al.
(författare)
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Known unknowns and proto-second-personal address in photographic art
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Against Boredom : 17 essays : on ignorance, values, creativity, metaphysics, decision-making, truth, preference, art, processes, Ramsey, ethics, rationality, validity, human ills, science and eternal life : to Nils-Eric Sahlin on the occasion of his 60th birthday - 17 essays : on ignorance, values, creativity, metaphysics, decision-making, truth, preference, art, processes, Ramsey, ethics, rationality, validity, human ills, science and eternal life : to Nils-Eric Sahlin on the occasion of his 60th birthday. - 9789187935374
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Bokkapitel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
- Castor, Anders, et al.
(författare)
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Mycket svåra beslut
- 2008
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Ingår i: Risk & Risici. - 9789157805188 ; , s. 231-248
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Bokkapitel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Dewitt, Barry, et al.
(författare)
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Perceptions of Clinical Experience and Scientific Evidence in Medical Decision Making : A Survey of a Stratified Random Sample of Swedish Health Care Professionals
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Ingår i: Medical Decision Making. - 0272-989X.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Background: Evidence-based medicine recognizes that clinical expertise gained through experience is essential to good medical practice. However, it is not known what beliefs clinicians hold about how personal clinical experience and scientific knowledge contribute to their clinical decision making and how those beliefs vary between professions, which themselves vary along relevant characteristics, such as their evidence base.Design: We investigate how years in the profession influence health care professionals' beliefs about science and their clinical experience through surveys administered to random samples of Swedish physicians, nurses, occupational therapists, dentists, and dental hygienists. The sampling frame was each profession's most recent occupational registry.Results: Participants (N = 1,627, 46% response rate) viewed science as more important for decision making, more certain, and more systematic than experience. Differences among the professions were greatest for systematicity, where physicians saw the largest gap between the 2 types of knowledge across all levels of professional experience. The effect of years in the profession varied; it had little effect on assessments of importance across all professions but otherwise tended to decrease the difference between assessments of science and experience. Physicians placed the greatest emphasis on science over clinical experience among the 5 professions surveyed.Conclusions: Health care professions appear to share some attitudes toward professional knowledge, despite the variation in the age of the professions and the scientific knowledge base available to practitioners. Training and policy making about clinical decision making might improve by accounting for the ways in which knowledge is understood across the professions.Highlights: Study participants, representing 5 health care professions-medicine, nursing, occupational therapy, dentistry, and dental hygiene-viewed science as more important for decision making, more certain, and more systematic than their personal clinical experience.Of all the professions represented in the study, physicians saw the greatest differences between the 2 types of knowledge.The effect of years of professional experience varied but tended to be small, attenuating the differences seen between science and clinical experience.
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| 42. |
- Dewitt, Barry, et al.
(författare)
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The epistemic roles of clinical expertise : An empirical study of how Swedish healthcare professionals understand proven experience
- 2021
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 16:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Clinical expertise has since 1891 a Swedish counterpart in proven experience. This study aims to increase our understanding of clinicians’ views of their professional expertise, both as a source or body of knowledge and as a skill or quality. We examine how Swedish healthcare personnel view their expertise as captured by the (legally and culturally relevant) Swedish concept of “proven experience,” through a survey administered to a simple random sample of Swedish physicians and nurses (2018, n = 560). This study is the first empirical attempt to analyse the notion of proven experience as it is understood by Swedish physicians and nurses. Using statistical techniques for data dimensionality reduction (confirmatory factor analysis and multidimensional scaling), the study provides evidence that the proven experience concept is multidimensional and that a model consisting of three dimensions–for brevity referred to as “test/evidence”, “practice”, and “being an experienced/competent person”–describes the survey responses well. In addition, our results cannot corroborate the widely held assumption in evidence-based medicine that an important component of clinical expertise consists of experience of patients’ preferences.
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| 43. |
- Diaz de Grenu, Borja, et al.
(författare)
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Fluorescent Discrimination between Traces of Chemical Warfare Agents and Their Mimics
- 2014
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Ingår i: Journal of the American Chemical Society. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0002-7863 .- 1520-5126. ; 136:11, s. 4125-4128
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- An array of fluorogenic probes is able to discriminate between nerve agents, sarin, soman, tabun, VX and their mimics, in water or organic solvent, by qualitative fluorescence patterns and quantitative multivariate analysis, thus making the system suitable for the in-the-field detection of traces of chemical warfare agents as well as to differentiate between the real nerve agents and other related compounds.
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
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| 46. |
- Fiedler, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
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Dispersion forces in inhomogeneous planarly layered media : A one-dimensional model for effective polarizabilities
- 2019
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Ingår i: Physical Review A. - 2469-9926. ; 99:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Dispersion forces such as van der Waals forces between two microscopic particles, the Casimir-Polder forces between a particle and a macroscopic object, or the Casimir force between two dielectric objects are well studied in vacuum. However, in realistic situations the interacting objects are often embedded in an environmental medium. Such a solvent influences the induced dipole interaction. With the framework of macroscopic quantum electrodynamics, these interactions are mediated via an exchange of virtual photons. Via this method the impact of a homogeneous solvent medium can be expressed as local-field corrections leading to excess polarizabilities which have previously been derived for hard boundary conditions. In order to develop a more realistic description, we investigate a one-dimensional analog system illustrating the influence of a continuous dielectric profile.
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| 47. |
- Fiedler, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
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Effective Polarizability Models
- 2017
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Ingår i: Journal of Physical Chemistry A. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1089-5639 .- 1520-5215. ; 121:51, s. 9742-9751
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Theories for the effective polarizability of a small particle in a medium are presented using different levels of approximation: we consider the virtual cavity, real cavity, and the hard-sphere models as well as a continuous interpolation of the latter two. We present the respective hard-sphere and-cavity radii as obtained from density-functional simulations as well as the resulting effective polarizabilities at discrete Matsubara frequencies. This enables us to account for macroscopic media in van der Waals interactions between molecules in water and their Casimir-Polder interaction with an interface.
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| 48. |
- Fiedler, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
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Full-Spectrum High-Resolution Modeling of the Dielectric Function of Water
- 2020
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Ingår i: Journal of Physical Chemistry B. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1520-6106 .- 1520-5207. ; 124:15, s. 3103-3113
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In view of the vital role of water, exact knowledge of its dielectric function over a large frequency range is important. We report on currently available measurements of the dielectric function of water at room temperature (25 degrees C) across the full spectrum: microwave, IR, UV, and X-ray (up to 100 eV). We parameterize the complex dielectric function of water with two Debye (microwave) oscillators and high resolution of IR and UV/X-ray oscillators. We also report dielectric parameters for ice-cold water with a microwave/IR spectrum measured at 0.4 degrees C, while taking the UV spectrum at 25 degrees C (assuming negligible temperature dependence in UV). We employ van der Waals dispersion interactions to contrast our model of ice-cold water with earlier models. Air bubbles in water and dissolved gas molecules show attraction toward interfaces rather than repulsion. The van der Waals interaction promotes complete freezing rather than supporting a thin layer of water on ice. We infer that premelting is driven by charge and ion adsorption. Density-based extrapolation from warm to cold water of the dielectric function is satisfactory in microwave but poor (40% error) at IR frequencies.
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| 49. |
- Fiedler, Johannes, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of effective polarisability models on the near-field interaction of dissolved greenhouse gases at ice and air interfaces
- 2019
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Ingår i: Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP. - : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC). - 1463-9084 .- 1463-9076. ; 21:38, s. 21296-21304
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We present a theory for Casimir-Polder forces acting on greenhouse gas molecules dissolved in a thin water film. Such a nano-sized film has been predicted to arise on the surface of melting ice as stabilized by repulsive Lifshitz forces. We show that different models for the effective polarisability of greenhouse gas molecules in water lead to different predictions for how Casimir-Polder forces influence their extractions from the melting ice surface. For instance, in the most intricate model of a finite-sized molecule inside a cavity, dispersion potentials push the methane molecules towards the ice surface whereas the oxygen typically will be attracted towards the closest interface (ice or air). Previous models for effective polarisability had suggested that O2 would also be pushed towards the ice surface. Release of greenhouse gas molecules from the surface of melting ice can potentially influence climate greenhouse effects. With this model, we show that some molecules cannot escape from water as single molecules. Due to the contradiction of the results and the escape dynamics of gases from water, we extended the models to describe bubble filled with several molecules increasing their buoyancy force.
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| 50. |
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