| 1. |
- Salager, Serge E., et al.
(author)
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Influence of the Stirrer Initial Position on Emulsion Morphology. Making Use of the Local Water-to-Oil Ratio Concept for Formulation Engineering Purpose
- 2001
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In: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 40:22, s. 4808-4814
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The initial location of the stirrer in the emulsification vessel can induce the resulting emulsion type. The interpretation in terms of mixing phenomena leads to the use of the local water-to-oil ratio (WOR) concept in the formulation-compn. map. The know-how assocd. with this phenomenol. allows us to interpret in a straightforward way the kind of complex procedures commonly employed in emulsion manufg., particularly those assocd. with inversion and multiple emulsion attainment. [on SciFinder (R)]
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| 2. |
- Allouche, Joachim, et al.
(author)
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Simultaneous Conductivity and Viscosity Measurements as a Technique To Track Emulsion Inversion by the Phase-Inversion-Temperature Method
- 2004
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In: Langmuir. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0743-7463 .- 1520-5827. ; 20:6, s. 2134-2140
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Two kinds of transitions can occur when an emulsified water-oil-ethoxylated nonionic surfactant system is cooled under const. stirring. At a water-oil ratio close to unity, a transitional inversion takes place from a water-in-oil (W/O) to an oil-in-water (O/W) morphol. according to the so-called phase-inversion-temp. method. At a high water content, a multiple W/O/W emulsion changes to a simple O/W emulsion. The continuous monitoring of both the emulsion cond. and viscosity allows the identification of several phenomena that take place during the temp. decrease. In all cases, a viscosity max. is found on each side of the three-phase behavior temp. interval and correlates with the attainment of extremely fine emulsions, where the best compromise between a low-tension and a not-too-unstable emulsion is reached. The studied system contains Polysorbate 85, a light alkane cut oil, and a sodium chloride brine. All transitions are interpreted in the framework of the formulation-compn. bidimensional map.
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| 3. |
- Allouche, Joachim, et al.
(author)
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Single- and Two-Step Emulsification To Prepare a Persistent Multiple Emulsion with a Surfactant-Polymer Mixture
- 2003
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In: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 42:17, s. 3982-3988
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The regions corresponding to different emulsion morphol. occurrences have been clearly identified on a bidimensional formulation-compn. map. Multiple emulsions spontaneously form when there is a conflict between the formulation and compn. effects. In such systems the most external emulsion is found to be unstable when the formulation effect is produced by a single surfactant. The use of a proper surfactant-polymer mixt. allows one to strongly inhibit the mass transfer and to considerably lengthen the equilibration between interfaces. As a consequence, the multiple emulsion can be stable enough to be used in encapsulation and controlled-release applications. The area where multiple emulsions occur and their characteristics (cond. and amt. of encapsulated external phase) are reported for a system contg. a sorbitan ester lipophilic surfactant and a diblock poly(ethylene oxide)-poly(propylene oxide) hydrophilic polymer, as a function of the formulation and compn., for a single-step process in which a specific amt. of mech. energy (stirring) is supplied. An increase in the oil viscosity is found to alter the map and to modify the multiple emulsion characteristics. The application of the results to emulsion-making technol. is discussed.
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| 4. |
- Mira, Isabel, et al.
(author)
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Emulsion Catastrophic Inversion from Abnormal to Normal Morphology. 2. Effect of the Stirring Intensity on the Dynamic Inversion Frontier
- 2003
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In: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 42:1, s. 57-61
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The stirring intensity has a complex effect on the catastrophic inversion of emulsions in the direction of change from abnormal to normal morphol. At both low and high stirring energy, the inversion takes place early, after a low amt. of the internal phase is added and through the occurrence of a multiple emulsion. At some intermediate stirring energy, the inversion appears to be delayed and it takes place without the occurrence of multiple emulsions. [on SciFinder (R)]
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| 5. |
- Perez, Mirella, et al.
(author)
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Surfactant-oil-water systems near the affinity inversion. XII. Emulsion drop size versus formulation and composition
- 2002
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In: Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology. ; 23:1-3, s. 55-63
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Emulsion drop size depends on the both formulation and compn. of the surfactant-oil-water system, as well as on the stirring conditions prevailing during emulsification. General trends vs. formulation or compn. changes are presented. However, it is shown that the effects are not independent and that a proper combination of these parameters allows the attainment of very small drop size, even at low stirring energy. An overall phenomenol. is presented on a two-dimensional formulation-compn. map from which it is easy to select the best emulsification conditions. [on SciFinder (R)]
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| 6. |
- Salager, Jean-Louis, et al.
(author)
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Current Phenomenological Know-How and Modeling of Emulsion Inversion
- 2000
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In: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 39:8, s. 2665-2676
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- This paper encompasses classic trends as well as recent advances in the understanding of emulsion inversion phenomena. The generalized formulation issue is first discussed from hydrophilic-lipophilic balance to the most recent concepts. The so-called std. inversion line on the formulation-compn. map exhibits several branches, referred to as transitional and catastrophic inversions, that bound normal and abnormal emulsion regions. Dynamic inversion is also discussed with its hysteresis zones, where both types of emulsions may be attained, depending upon the system's previous history of the formulation-compn. map. Recent findings are reported concerning the effect of variables with practical relevance (i.e., stirring energy, viscosity of phases, surfactant concn., and partitioning) on the std. and dynamic inversion patterns. State-of-the-art emulsion inversion modeling is briefly discussed. [on SciFinder (R)]
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| 7. |
- Salager, Jean-Louis, et al.
(author)
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Principles of emulsion formulation engineering
- 2003
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In: <em>Adsorption and Aggregation of Surfactants in Solution</em>. - : Marcel Dekker. ; , s. 501-523
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Book chapter (peer-reviewed)abstract
- A review on the current state of the art in emulsion science, with emphasis on the formulation-compn. mapping of emulsion properties. Emulsion properties depend mainly upon three kinds of variables: physicochem. formulation, compn., and manufg. protocol. The current state of the art allows the interpretation of the effects of these variables on such properties in the framework of a generalized phenomenol. that includes temporal changes, either instantaneous or delayed, as they take place in manufg. processes. The know-how can be readily translated into guidelines and constraints concerning the process operation and equipment design. This approach is referred to as formulation engineering. [on SciFinder (R)]
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| 8. |
- Tyrode, Eric, et al.
(author)
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Emulsion Catastrophic Inversion from Abnormal to Normal Morphology. 3. Conditions for Triggering the Dynamic Inversion and Application to Industrial Processes
- 2003
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In: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. ; 42:19, s. 4311-4318
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- The catastrophic emulsion inversion from abnormal to normal morphol. is produced in different conditions, as far as the exptl. protocol is concerned. Far from optimum formulation, the inversion is found to take place when the fraction of the dispersed phase, which may be a single phase or an inner emulsion of a multiple emulsion, reaches a crit. packing value. Near optimum formulation, a so-called low-tension streaming-bicontinuity regime is found to happen instead of an emulsion morphol. The phenomenol. is used to interpret the emulsification of viscous oil phases in industrial processes. [on SciFinder (R)]
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| 9. |
- Tyrode, Eric, et al.
(author)
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Emulsion Catastrophic Inversion from Abnormal to Normal Morphology. 4. Following the Emulsion Viscosity during Three Inversion Protocols and Extending the Critical Dispersed-Phase Concept
- 2005
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In: Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 0888-5885 .- 1520-5045. ; 44:1, s. 67-74
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Journal article (peer-reviewed)abstract
- Three protocols are tested to invert an abnormal emulsion into a normal one: a dynamic process with continuous addn. of an internal phase, continuous stirring of a given emulsion with no addn. of an internal phase, and the combination of the previous ones, i.e., a standstill dynamic process in which the addn. of an internal phase is interrupted at some time and then followed by continued stirring. In situ follow-up of both cond. and viscosity data in a rheomixer vessel provides complementary information to corroborate the crit. dispersed-phase concept as a condition for the inversion to take place in all cases. Some applications are discussed. [on SciFinder (R)]
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| 10. |
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