| 1. |
- Anselm, Jonas, et al.
(författare)
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Bannlys alla politiska beslut som ger mer klimatutsläpp
- 2014
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Ingår i: Dagens Nyheter.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Torftig valdebatt. Dagspolitiken klarar inte att hantera ödesfrågan om klimatet, vilket oroar oss. Vi föreslår därför ett ”utsläppsmoratorium”: inga beslut får tas som ökar utsläppen av växthusgaser. Principen måste kopplas till mål om exempelvis förnybar energi och grön infrastruktur, skriver 23 forskare och debattörer.
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| 2. |
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| 3. |
- Barragán-Beaud, Camila, et al.
(författare)
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Carbon tax or emissions trading? : An analysis of economic and political feasibility of policy mechanisms for greenhouse gas emissions reduction in the Mexican power sector
- 2018
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 122, s. 287-299
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study provides a comparative assessment of carbon-pricing instruments for the Mexican electricity sector, contrasting a carbon tax with an emissions trading scheme (ETS). The assessment is performed in terms of economic impacts and political feasibility. Model-based scenarios considering different price and quantity levels are analyzed on Balmorel-MX, a cost optimization bottom-up model of the Mexican electricity system. The political feasibility is evaluated using an online survey and interviews with representatives of relevant stakeholder groups. The assessment suggests that an ETS is the most appropriate instrument for the Mexican case. We recommend to set the cap as 31% abatement in relation to a baseline, which is suggested to be 102 MtCO2 by 2030, given the business-as-usual baseline used as reference by the Mexican government (202 MtCO2) is found to leave cost-effective abatement potential untapped. An emission trading system with such design has higher cost-efficiency and lower distributional effects than a carbon tax at equivalent ambition level (15 USD/tCO2). The political feasibility analysis confirms the assessment, as it is in line with the priorities of the stakeholder groups, allows earmarking carbon revenue and avoids exempting natural gas from carbon pricing.
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| 4. |
- Broberg Viklund, Sarah, 1983-
(författare)
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System studies of the use of industrial excess heat
- 2015
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Energy, materials, and by-products, can be exchanged between companies, having positive effects in the form of improved resource efficiency, environmental benefits, and economic gains. One such energy stream that can be exchanged is excess heat, that is, heat generated as a by-product during, for example, industrial production. Excess heat will continue to play an important role in efforts to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improve energy efficiency. Using excess heat is therefore currently emphasized in EU policy as a way to reach EU climate targets.This thesis examines the opportunities of manufacturing industries to use industrial excess heat, and how doing so can positively affect industry, society, and the climate. Since different parts of the energy system are entangled, there is an inherent complexity in studying these systems and introducing excess heat in one part of the energy system may influence other parts of the system. This analysis has accordingly been conducted by combining studies from various perspectives, by applying both quantitative and qualitative methods and covering a broad range of aspects, such as technical possibilities as well as climate, policy, economics, and resource aspects.The results identify several opportunities and benefits accruing from excess heat use. Although excess heat is currently partly used as a thermal resource in district heating in Sweden, this thesis demonstrates that significant untapped excess heat is still available. The mapping conducted in the appended studies identifies excess heat in different energy carriers, mainly low-temperature water. Analysis of excess heat use in different recovery options demonstrated greater output when using excess heat in district heating than electricity production. Optimizing the trade-offs in excess heat used in a district heating network, heat-driven cooling, and electricity production under different energy market conditions while minimizing the system cost, however, indicated that the attractiveness of excess heat in district heating depends on the type of heat production in the system. Viewing excess heat as a low-cost energy source also makes it economically interesting, and creates opportunities to invest in excess heat-recovery solutions. Excess heat is often viewed as CO2 neutral since unused excess heat may be regarded as wasted energy. The GHG mitigation potential of using excess heat, however, was found to be ambiguous. The appended studies demonstrate that using excess heat for electricity production or for applications that reduce the use of electricity reduces GHG emissions. The effects of using excess heat in district heating, on the other hand, depend on the energy market development, for example, the marginal electricity production and marginal use of biomass, and on the type of district heating system replaced. The interviews performed reveal that energy policy does influence excess heat use, being demonstrated both to promote and discourage excess heat use. Beyond national energy policies, internal goals and core values were identified as important for improved energy efficiency and increased excess heat use.
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| 5. |
- Conti, Davide, et al.
(författare)
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A techno-economic assessment for optimizing methanol production for maritime transport in Sweden
- 2019
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Ingår i: ECOS 2019 - Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems. - : Institute of Thermal Technology. - 9788361506515 ; , s. 4703-4712
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The maritime transport sector is currently highly dependent on oil-based fuels. International regulations enforce tight limits regarding NOx emissions from the exhaust gases and maximum sulphur content in the fuel, enhancing the sector interest towards the development of cleaner alternative fuels. A transition to biomass-based liquid fuels is of interest as a common solution for reducing pollutant emissions and for CO2 emissions mitigation. In this paper, a case study on Sweden analyses the potential of methanol production, using gasification of woody residues from sawmills to cover domestic and international maritime energy demand. Methanol seems to be a promising alternative to heavy and light fossil oils as maritime fuel, and sawmills residues are an abundant resource in Sweden. The study considers the entire methanol production chain, starting by assessing the availability of sawmill by-products and ending with the energy demand of final users, identified as the Swedish ports. The analysis considers two scenarios until year 2035, assuming different share of energy demand covered by methanol. When considering the production and use of biofuels, the cost for transportation of the feedstock and the final product have a great impact on the final cost. An optimization model is used to locate the methanol production plants, so to minimize the cost of the production chain. Four possible plant sizes are considered, 100, 200, 300 and 400 MW of biomass fuel thermal input. The production plant is modelled to determine the material and energy streams involved in the process and to obtain the cost and efficiency of producing methanol at the synthesis plant. The results include the final methanol cost and an estimation of the CO2 emissions reduction potential from replacing oil fuels with methanol for the assumed scenarios.
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| 6. |
- Dahlquist, Erik, 1951-, et al.
(författare)
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Concluding remarks and perspectives on the future of energy systems using biomass
- 2013. - 1
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Ingår i: Biomass as Energy Source. - : Taylor & Francis Group. ; , s. 263-266
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The use of energy is approximately 140 000 TWh per year globally. It is then interesting to note that biomass production is approximately 270 000 TWh/year, or roughly twice as much. This shows that biomass is not a marginal energy resource but more than enough to cover all our needs for both energy and food, if just the biomass is used efficiently. There has been a lot of discussion about using food for energy. This is quite relevant, and if we look at all resources like agricultural and forestry waste, the need to use food for energy is not needed. We can cover all our needs anyhow. The resources we have available and some other aspects like using the energy efficiently is covered in this book. One way of using energy efficiently is to use waste biomass or cellulosic materials in bio refineries, where production of fibers and products from fibers is combined with production of most chemicals we need in our daily life. This includes clothes, soap, perfume, medicines etc. Conventional pulp and paper applications are also covered. But it also includes bio-fuel for vehicles and even fuel for aviation is covered. It also includes production of heat, cool and electricity. That is, biomass can cover all our needs. The difficulty is to use the resources efficiently without harming the productivity long term. This book has the aim to give facts and inspiration to professionals like engineers and researchers, students as well as those working for different type of authorities or societal organizations.
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| 7. |
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| 8. |
- de Almeida, Constanca Martins Leite, et al.
(författare)
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Using the Sustainable Development Goals to Evaluate Possible Transport Policies for the City of Curitiba
- 2021
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 13:21
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Cities across the world are becoming more engaged in tackling climate change and contributing to the achievement of international agreements. The city of Curitiba in Brazil is no exception. In December 2020, the city published PlanClima (Plano Municipal de Mitigacao e Adaptacao as Mudancas Climaticas), a climate plan developed with local and international organizations. PlanClima aims to guide policies and actions to mitigate and adapt to climate change. This study focuses on selecting and qualitatively evaluating transport policies that contribute to the city's 2030 climate and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). With PlanClima's analysis for the transport sector in mind, nine targets for 2030 are identified and connected to different transport policies. To evaluate the possible interactions between the policies and the different dimensions of the SDGs, four types of linkages were designed: essential, uncertain, limited, and opposite. These categories were developed to evaluate the several dimensions in which a policy can have a positive or negative impact. The results show that the implementation of zero emission zones/low emission zones, green public procurement, subsidy schemes for the uptake of clean vehicle technology, and the digitalization of the transport system through smarter public transport and digital platforms that couple bike sharing, taxis, and public transport are some of the measures that can contribute to the achievement of Curitiba's targets and ensure a positive impact on the sustainable development of the city. The study highlights how different policy instruments can contribute to achieve the city's targets, thus providing guidance to policymakers.
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| 9. |
- de Carvalho, Carolina Monteiro, et al.
(författare)
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Deforested and degraded land available for the expansion of palm oil for biodiesel in the state of Para in the Brazilian Amazon
- 2015
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Ingår i: Renewable & sustainable energy reviews. - : Elsevier BV. - 1364-0321 .- 1879-0690. ; 44, s. 867-876
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper maps the availability of deforested and degraded land in the state of Para in the eastern Amazon and discusses the feasibility of using this land for the expansion of palm crops for biodiesel production. The ultimate objective is to highlight land that is suitable for palm oil and its availability/distribution, so that the palm oil expansion envisaged by the Brazilian Government's Sustainable Palm Oil Program can be achieved in a sustainable way. The analysis is developed with the support of geoprocessing techniques that pull data together from different sources, including the Agroecological Zoning (ZAE) developed for palm oil in Brazil and degraded land data. The analysis identifies some of the challenges faced when planning and monitoring the expansion of palm oil in the Amazon, including the need for an operational concept to identify and use degraded land.
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| 10. |
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
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| 13. |
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| 14. |
- Dreier, Dennis, et al.
(författare)
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The influence of passenger load, driving cycle, fuel price and different types of buses on the cost of transport service in the BRT system in Curitiba, Brazil
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Transportation. - : Springer. - 0049-4488 .- 1572-9435. ; 46:6, s. 2195-2242
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study analyses the influence of passenger load, driving cycle, fuel price and four different types of buses on the cost of transport service for one bus rapid transit (BRT) route in Curitiba, Brazil. First, the energy use is estimated for different passenger loads and driving cycles for a conventional bi-articulated bus (ConvBi), a hybrid-electric two-axle bus (HybTw), a hybrid-electric articulated bus (HybAr) and a plug-in hybrid-electric two-axle bus (PlugTw). Then, the fuel cost and uncertainty are estimated considering the fuel price trends in the past. Based on this and additional cost data, replacement scenarios for the currently operated ConvBi fleet are determined using a techno-economic optimisation model. The lowest fuel cost ranges for the passenger load are estimated for PlugTw amounting to (0.198–0.289) USD/km, followed by (0.255–0.315) USD/km for HybTw, (0.298–0.375) USD/km for HybAr and (0.552–0.809) USD/km for ConvBi. In contrast, the coefficient of variation (Cv'>C v Cv) of the combined standard uncertainty is the highest for PlugTw (Cv'>C v Cv: 15–17%) due to stronger sensitivity to varying bus driver behaviour, whereas it is the least for ConvBi (Cv'>C v Cv: 8%). The scenario analysis shows that a complete replacement of the ConvBi fleet leads to considerable higher cost of transport service on the BRT route, amounting to an increase by 64% to 139%, depending on the bus fleet composition. Meanwhile, the service quality is improved resulting in 42% up to 64% less waiting time for passengers at a bus stop.
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| 15. |
- Dreier, Dennis, 1990-
(författare)
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Transition Technologies for Electrification and Optimisation of Bus Transport Systems
- 2020
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Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The topical issue of climate change has increasingly become important as scenarios indicate an increase of 2.5–7.8°C in the global mean temperature by the end of this century, if no greenhouse gas emissions are reduced. The transport sector depends strongly on fossil fuels and has been therefore considered as one key sector concerning climate change mitigation. In this regard, a key role is played by cities, since progressing urbanisation will presumably lead to a higher demand for urban transport.This doctoral thesis addresses the transition phase of public bus transport systems by exploring electrification as a vector for decarbonisation. The C40-city of Curitiba in Southern Brazil is used as a case study. The research is of explorative and empirical nature. Quantitative research methods are applied to compare bus technologies as well as new optimisation models and planning tools are developed to support data analytics and research in the areas of simulation, optimisation and (long-term) planning of energy and transport systems at different levels of consideration.The results from the comparison of different buses show large potentials to save energy and reduce emissions during the operation phase, for example, when using hybrid-electric or plug-in hybrid-electric buses instead of conventional buses. Moreover, energy savings in the operation phase also imply avoidance of fuel production and supply. Additionally, electrified buses can also reduce operational uncertainty caused by varying driving cycles and fluctuating fuel prices concerning an absolute variation of both energy use and fuel cost in the operation phase.A real-time optimisation model was developed, and its concept tested to estimate potentials for energy savings and all-electric operation from the operational optimisation of a plug-in hybrid-electric bus fleet. Different management strategies were simulated concerning the charging schedule and all-electric operation of the bus fleet. While energy savings can be significantly increased through a structural change towards more electrified buses, a large potential to increase the total all-electric operation of the bus fleet was estimated through operational optimisation. Consequently, both a structural change and operational optimisation should be jointly applied to maximise the benefits gained from electrification in a bus transport system.The software system OSeMOSYS-PuLP was developed for empirical deterministic-stochastic modelling based on the OSeMOSYS modelling framework, which enables the use of a Monte Carlo simulation. The open source design of the tool shall enhance transparency and trustworthiness in studies. It is transferable to many cases and makes it possible for analysts and researchers to generate new sets of conclusions together with associated probability distributions considering the use of real-world datasets, e.g. from open data initiatives as the one in Curitiba.In summary, the research findings, applied methods and developed tools can be used to support and inform analysts and decision-makers in the area of transport and energy systems planning in data-driven decision-making processes to develop and assess different technological options and strategies at different levels while considering associated uncertainties.
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| 16. |
- Dreier, Dennis, et al.
(författare)
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Well-to-Wheel analysis of fossil energy use and greenhouse gas emissions for conventional, hybrid-electric and plug-in hybrid-electric city buses in the BRT system in Curitiba, Brazil
- 2018
-
Ingår i: Transportation Research Part D. - : Elsevier. - 1361-9209 .- 1879-2340. ; 58, s. 122-138
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study estimates Well-to-Wheel (WTW) fossil energy use and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for six types of city buses with conventional, hybrid-electric and plug-in hybrid-electric powertrains, including two-axle, articulated and bi-articulated chassis in the BRT (Bus Rapid Transit) system in Curitiba, Brazil. Particular emphasis is put on the operation phase (Tank-to-Wheel, TTW) of the city buses using the Advanced Vehicle Simulator (ADVISOR). The simulations are based on real-world driving patterns collected from Curitiba, comprising 42 driving cycles that represent city bus operation on seven BRT routes with six operation times for each. Hybrid-electric and plug-in hybrid-electric two-axle city buses use 30% and 75% less WTW fossil energy per distance compared to a conventional two-axle city bus (19.46 MJfossil,WTW/km). This gives an absolute reduction of 1115 gCO2e,WTW/km in WTW GHG emissions when operating a plug-in hybrid-electric city bus instead of a conventional two-axle city bus (1539 gCO2e,WTW/km). However, a conventional bi-articulated city bus can be environment-friendlier than hybrid-electric city buses in terms of WTW fossil energy use and WTW GHG emissions per passenger-distance, if its passenger capacity is sufficiently utilised. Nonetheless, the plug-in hybrid-electric city bus remains the most energy-efficient and less polluting option. Hybrid-electric and plug-in hybrid-electric powertrains offer the possibility to achieve much higher levels of decarbonisation in the BRT system in Curitiba than the blending mandate of 7%vol biodiesel into diesel implemented in Brazil in 2016. In addition, the simulations show that TTW energy use can considerably vary by up to 77% between different operation times, BRT routes and types of city buses. In conclusion, advanced powertrains and large passenger capacity utilisation can promote sustainability in Curitiba's BRT system. The results of this analysis provide important insights for decision makers both in Curitiba and other cities with similar conditions.
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| 17. |
- Eckerberg, Katarina, et al.
(författare)
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Varför brister politikerna när det gäller miljömålen?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Dagens Nyheter. - 1101-2447.
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Vad ska vi svara? Politikernas ambitiösa miljömål uppfylls sällan eller aldrig. När våra elever frågar oss varför blir vi ofta svaret skyldiga. Om politikerna inte vill att väljarna ska dra slutsatsen att de har misslyckats, måste de ange en realistisk väg att nå de uppsatta målen. Det skulle väcka respekt, skriver ledande forskare och samhällsplanerare.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
- Freitas, Flavio L. M., 1986-, et al.
(författare)
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Offsetting legal deficits of native vegetation among Brazilian landholders : Effects on nature protection and socioeconomic development
- 2017
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Ingår i: Land use policy. - : Elsevier. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 68, s. 189-199
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Brazilian native vegetation supports essential ecosystem services and biodiversity for the global society, whileland use competition may intensify around the increasing needs for food, fibre and bioenergy. The Brazilian Forest Actof 2012 amplified a market-based mechanism for offsetting native vegetation deficits in private farmlands. Thismechanism enables a large-scale trading system allowing landholders to offset their own deficits of native vegetationby purchasing certificates associated with a surplus of native vegetation from other landholders. This mechanism is analternative for the more expensive restoration of native vegetation on own land. The launching of the mechanism nowdepends on specific regulations at state level, which may include geographical restrictions for offsetting deficits. Theaim of this study is to evaluate the effects in nature protection and socio-economic development of different offsettingimplementation alternatives. Our findings suggest that in a business-as-usual scenario the offsetting mechanism mayhave little or no additional effects on protection of native vegetation, because most of the offsetting is likely to takeplace where native vegetation is already protected by prevailing legislations. We concluded that it is possible tomaximise environmental and socio-economic returns from the offsetting mechanism without undermining productiveland. This would be possible if regulations ensure additionality in nature protection while enabling a self-sustainingmechanism for income generation for small-scale family farmers in the poorest region of Brazil, protecting biodiversityand counteracting major trade-offs between ecosystem services.
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| 20. |
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| 21. |
- Gan, J. B., et al.
(författare)
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The southern US forest bioenergy encyclopedia : Making scientific knowledge more accessible
- 2008
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Ingår i: Southern journal of applied forestry. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 0148-4419 .- 1938-3754. ; 32:1, s. 28-32
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Production of forest biomass in sustainably managed forests in the southern United States has great potential to improve forest health, make energy supplies more secure, and increase the social and economic welfare of rural communities. The awareness and access of landowners and forestry and natural resource professionals to new knowledge and market development opportunities must be increased, and new technological advances in knowledge dissemination systems can be very useful in this connection. The Encyclopedia of Southern Bioenergy was developed within The Forest Encyclopedia Network (www. forestencyclopeclia.net/) to facilitate the transfer of useable knowledge from scientific experts in bioenergy and bio-based products to natural resource professionals, landowners, and the general public. Using the encyclopedia as a base, a team of bioenergy and extension education experts has developed several new educational products. These materials are designed as components of an overall biomass training program for the South that is being disseminated through the Southern Regional Extension Forest network.
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| 22. |
- Gil Ribeiro, Carolina, et al.
(författare)
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The impact of financial incentives on the total cost of ownership of electric light commercial vehicles in EU countries
- 2024
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Ingår i: Transportation Research Part A. - : Elsevier BV. - 0965-8564 .- 1879-2375. ; 179
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Many EU countries have used financial incentives to promote electric light commercial vehicles and decarbonise urban freight transport. However, the high costs of electric light commercial vehicles still pose a significant adoption barrier. This paper evaluates the impact of financial incentives on the total cost of ownership of electric light commercial vehicles in the European Union and their role in achieving the cost-competitiveness of electric vehicles. A pairwise comparison is performed for three weight categories of electric and diesel vehicles in twelve countries. Our analysis shows that financial incentives have a high impact on the total cost of ownership and have proven necessary to achieve electric vehicles' cost-competitiveness in most cases. However, in specific cases, financial incentives may no longer be needed as the cost of electric vehicles' ownership would have been lower than diesel vehicles even without them. This paper demonstrates the importance of adjusting government incentives to avoid unnecessary funding allocations while promoting the decarbonisation of light commercial vehicles, particularly as the number of incentives does not directly correlate with electric vehicles penetration.
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| 23. |
- Golzar, Farzin, et al.
(författare)
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Impact of wastewater heat recovery in buildings on the performance of centralized energy recovery – a case study of Stockholm
- 2021
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Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 297
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- New concepts and technologies are needed to upgrade conventional energy systems and cope with environmental challenges. However, while emerging new technologies may serve to improve energy efficiency at the local level, they might also have disruptive effects at the system level. This paper investigates the potentially disruptive impacts of upscaling local wastewater heat recovery at the building level on the performance of the wastewater treatment and district heating systems in Stockholm. A hybrid model based on data-driven and process-driven mathematical models was developed to simulate the performance of the wastewater system and interlinkages among different actors. Two types of technologies (heat exchanger and heat pump) and different technology penetration scenarios (10%, 20%, and 40%) are considered for heat recovery in buildings. If 20% of the buildings install heat exchangers, the amount of heat demand in buildings decreases by 3% and total heat losses in the sewerage network decreases by 2%. In the case of local heat recovery using heat pumps in 20% of the buildings, there is a 4% reduction in the heat demand in buildings and 3% decrease in total heat losses in the network. Meanwhile, the heat demand in the wastewater treatment plant increases by 2% (with heat exchangers) or 4% (with heat pumps). Moreover, the district heating company recovers 5% and 9% less heat from the wastewater treatment plant, respectively, as compared to current conditions. These findings indicate that enhanced heat recovery in buildings could have disruptive impacts on currently centralized energy and water service provision over time. This justifies closer consideration of the balance between local and system-level solutions as policymakers define goals for energy efficiency, and evaluate potential societal and economic implications of different alternatives.
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| 24. |
- Golzar, Farzin, et al.
(författare)
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Implications of improved heat recovery in builidngs - a case study of Stockholm
- 2020
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Ingår i: Applied energy symposium MIT A+B. - Boston, USA.
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- A transition to new energy systems is required at global level to cope with the challenges of climate change. It is widely accepted that new technologies will play an important role in achieving this transition. Yet, the promises and threats of new technologies are prevalent issues in politics and social debates. For example, the choice of energy conversion technologies will have direct impact on greenhouse emissions or the number of jobs that may be created in a given context, and thus be subject of political discussions and preferences.Policymakers often look for guidance to identify and characterize the risks associated with new and emerging technologies. However, while concerns often focus direct negative impacts of specific technologies, some impacts may rather be at system level, leading to disruptive societal effects. At city level, disruptions could affect critical functions such as energy provision, water supply or transport. Such disruptions are more difficult to analyze and communicate, but improved understanding of the implications of system transformation is required to make sure policies are designed to forward optimal solutions and sustainable development. We explore a case in which technological innovation at local level may have implications at system level, leaving the overall societal and environmental benefits unclear.This paper explores the changing context of technological systems options for heat and water recovery in the city of Stockholm, Sweden. We aim at (i) casting light on the overall implications that system reconfiguration may have for resource efficiency, and (ii) guiding policy makers towards next steps in legislation for promoting energy efficiency in buildings.An assessment is carried out on the potential disruptive effects of new technological solutions for heat recovery. We use the system of wastewater heat recovery in Stockholm as a case study. Wastewater heat recovery can be performed locally or at system level. In the former, the heat is recovered where the wastewater is generated, or before the waste water is dispatched from the building. In the latter, the heat is transported with the wastewater, and recovered at the water treatment plant. Although local heat recovery could be beneficial, a broad use of new technologies to recover wastewater heat at the building site might result in disruptive impacts on prevailing centralized systems for water treatment and heat distribution at city level. Potential disruptions include technical adjustments requiring compensation for the reduced heat recovered, change in cost structure of service providers, and security of service supply, among others.Currently, a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the Stockholm region receives wastewater and treats it with combined mechanical, biological and chemical processes. Biogas is produced from digested sludge. The biogas is upgraded for use as bus fuel. The heat content of treated water is recovered by a heat pump (660 MW) and delivered to the district heating company. The district heating company uses various heat sources, including the recovered heat from WWTP, while the water utility company treats the sewage, and provides clean water for buildings.Stricter building regulations together with emerging technological solutions may result in property owners choosing to recover heat locally before discharging the wastewater to the municipal wastewater treatment facilities. At system level, this may reduce energy losses in the sewage network. However, from the point of view of the water treatment utility, the reduced input temperature will lead to higher heat demand for digesters. It means more costs for WWTP and higher prices for the drinking water. As a result, although property owners would pay less for heat due to local heat recovery, they would probably need to pay more for drinking water. There are also consequences for the district heating company, since less heat will be obtained from wastewater, while the heat demand of WWTP is increased. Therefore, the district heating company may need to look for new sources of heat. At present, incineration provides a significant part of the heat used in Stockholm, but development is going in the direction of more recycling and less incineration.In addition to heat recovery from wastewater, also water could be locally recovered. Again, property owners may be tempted to adopt combined systems for water and heat recovery on site, if they have space for it, and if cost-efficient technology options are commercially available. This would result in lower demand for treated water, with direct impact for the water utility. In this case, there are disruptions for both district heating companies and water utilities, reducing their interest to invest in new facilities. Stockholm is a rapidly growing city and this could have impact on energy and water supply security over time.Thus, if local recovery of energy and water is up-scaled, centralized service provision as organized today is likely to be affected in the long run, changing the configuration of water and energy provision in buildings. Since market driven competition is allowed in Sweden when it comes to technological solutions, there is a clear opportunity for new players when it comes to guaranteeing the delivery of energy and clean water in buildings. In this context, there is need for insights into the potential disruptive consequences that decentralized solutions for heat and water recovery may have on established centralized urban energy and water systems. What consequences could present policies for improved energy efficiency in buildings have on energy and water security at city level? Our analysis aims at contributing science-based information that can guide and support policies for improved resource efficiency and reduced climate impact.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Gómez, Maria F, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Delivering off-grid electricity systems in the Brazilian Amazon
- 2012
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Ingår i: Energy for Sustainable Development. - : Elsevier BV. - 0973-0826 .- 2352-4669. ; 16:2, s. 155-167
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In Brazil, more than 14 million people have benefited from the rural electrification program Luz Para Todos (LPT – Light for all), mainly through grid-extension. A new off-grid model is now required if remote areas in the Amazon region are to fully benefit from the program. In this paper, we explore the institutional and financial schemes that support LPT and their suitability for delivering off-grid solutions in the Amazon region. Our conclusions draw attention to the need for more local and site specific solutions, and new regulatory frameworks to allow the participation of new actors. We argue that the uniqueness of the Amazon region justifies renewable technologies focused on local needs and potential, adaptation of the LPT institutional framework and rethinking of funding channels. An off-grid approach will enhance the inclusion of remote areas in universal access goals while adjustments will help guarantee the sustainability of the electrification program.
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| 27. |
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| 28. |
- Gómez, Maria F, 1970-
(författare)
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Electricity access for human development in the Brazilian Amazon
- 2012
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Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Electricity access is widely recognized as a driver of development. The Brazilian government has incorporated this principle into its national rural electrification program, Luz Para Todos (LPT – Light for all), which has already benefited more than 14 million people in the country since its inception in 2003. But a different electrification model is required if remote areas in the Amazon region are to fully benefit from the program.In general, LPT has been implemented through a grid-based technology. However, the program has been less successful in providing electricity access in the Amazon region. In this region, about 24% of the rural population has no access to electricity. Key challenges are related to the exhaustion of the grid-extension model in isolated areas. Extending the grid in these areas is neither realistic because of the local topography and natural conditions, nor cost-effective because expensive investments would be required to benefit a small number of citizens with low income and consumption rates.This study suggests an adapted LPT model for delivering electricity access in isolated areas of the Amazon region. In particular, the study offers a policy maker perspective and details the specific needs of isolated communities. It was developed in the form of a case study and included a variety of data sources, gathering techniques and analysis approaches, including an extensive literature review, the collection of in-situ evidence through direct observations and semi- structured interviews.Conclusions draw attention to the need for more local and site-specific solutions. Three issues will be decisive in achieving universal, reliable and affordable access to electricity in the Amazon region. Firstly, harmonization with the regional context is essential as the Amazon is a vast and unique environment. Secondly, there is need for adapting the existing institutional structures to appreciate the conditions and specific needs of rural populations in the Amazon region. Thirdly, securing financial resource allocation and distribution will be decisive in a LPT model aimed at universal electrification in the Amazon.
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| 29. |
- Gómez, Maria F, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring the effect of subsidies on small-scale renewable energy solutions in the Brazilian Amazon
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Renewable energy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0960-1481 .- 1879-0682. ; 83, s. 1200-1214
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Brazilian government aims at universal electricity access. The national rural electrification initiative has provided electricity services to more than 14 million people since 2003, mainly through grid extension. However, the initiative has not been able to reach remote areas in the Amazon, thus requiring a review of conditions for small scale off-grid power generation projects. As a result, new rules established under the national rural electrification program address the design and implementation of off-grid power generation projects with an installed capacity up to 100kW. The objective of this paper is to explore the effects of the new set of rules on the levelized cost of electricity for different power generation solutions in the Amazon. Our study shows that the new rules may be beneficial to isolated communities, as they reduce the levelized cost of electricity, favor renewable energy technologies and may contribute to reduce CO2 emissions. In addition, the new rules may help engage new actors to provide rural electrification of the Amazon region. To fully take advantage of the current scheme, action at local level is required to define the most appropriate model for small-scale power generation projects and establish synergies between concessionaires and local energy providers.
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| 30. |
- Gómez, Maria F., et al.
(författare)
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Rural electrification of the Brazilian Amazon - Achievements and lessons
- 2010
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Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 38:10, s. 6251-6260
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Brazilian government has the ambition to provide complete electricity coverage for all citizens as a means to promote development and reduce inequalities. Full coverage implies the provision of electricity to 15 million people in the country by the end of 2010 through the program Luz para Todos (LPT - light for all) launched in 2003. So far, 11 million people have benefited, 2 million of which live in the Amazon. In this paper, we analyze the linkages between development and rural electrification through the Human Development Index (HDI) and within the context of the Amazon. We examine the suitability of the HDI as a planning and monitoring tool for improving energy access and development. We show that the recognition of electricity access as a driver for development has led to concrete goals for electrification, actual action and welfare improvement. Our study serves to highlight the role of LPT in the development of the Amazon region, and the specific features and achievements of the Brazilian policy for universal electrification. We conclude that some challenges related to the electrification of isolated areas still lie ahead. We finalize with a discussion on the relevance of the Brazilian experience to other developing countries.
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| 31. |
- Gómez, Maria F, 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
Technology for social inclusion : the case of electricity access in the Brazilian Amazon
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems. - : SDEWES Centre. - 1848-9257. ; 1:3, s. 237-259
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This paper explores the Social Technology concept and analyses how it can support the current Brazilian rural electrification initiative. It addresses the question: ‘can Social Technology principles serve to identify concrete tasks to overcome the challenges of universal access in the Amazon? If so, how can they be effectively incorporated into the current Brazilian rural electrification initiative?’ We conclude with the identification of two concrete actions to achieve universal access in isolated areas. First, the recognition, compilation and systematization of local knowledge are important tasks ahead. Second, effective communication channels and methods are needed to spread local knowledge and support the design, implementation, and operation of innovative solutions. Participatory activities are crucial to enable these concrete actions. We highlight the role of the government at central and local levels for the purpose of setting up the appropriate environment for these changes to happen.
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| 32. |
- Gómez, Maria F., 1970-, et al.
(författare)
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The Brazilian electrification program LPT (Light for All) – what lessons have been learnt?
- 2010
-
Ingår i: Renewable Energy for Development. - Stockholm : SEI. - 1101-8267. ; 23:1-2, s. 1-2
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Brazilian government aims to provide complete electricity coverage for all citizens as a means to promote development. Between 2003 and 2009, 11 million people have benefited from the electrification program Light for All (LPT). The success of policies for electricity access cannot be measured only in terms of the number of connections. Instead, the impact of electrification on development must be determined as a way to justify resource allocation and confirm welfare improvement. Although two million people have been connected through grid extension, one million inhabitants still lack electricity access in the Amazon. The results of LPT can be considered a great achievement for a nation that has recently been considered as a developing country. However, one million people still lack electricity in the Amazon. Other challenges ahead include concerns on the economic and social sustainability of the electrification system being put in place.
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| 33. |
- Gómez, Maria F., 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
The institutional dimension for off-grid rural electrification in the Amazon region
- 2011
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Ingår i: World Renewable Energy Congress – Sweden, 8–13 May, 2011, Linköping, Sweden. - : Linköping University Electronic Press, Linköpings universitet. - 9789173930703 ; , s. 3444-3451
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Brazilian government aims at providing complete electricity coverage for all citizens as a means to achieve development and reduce poverty. More than 2 million people living in the Amazon have benefited from the rural electrification program Luz Para Todos (LPT – Light for all), mainly through a grid-extension approach. Yet, there is general agreement on the need for an off-grid scheme in order to supply isolated areas. How can the actual institutional framework support the process of supplying electricity to these communities so that the trend of improving electricity access and quality of life continues? We aim at exploring the existing institutional dimension connected to LPT and identifying potential forms of organization for decentralized solutions in the Amazon region. Our analysis is based on current energy policy in Brazil, existing institutional framework, achievements of LPT and potentialities of the isolated areas in terms of resources. Our conclusions draw attention to potential approaches for the next step within LPT context. We argue that the off-grid approach must be based on the uniqueness of the isolated areas in the Amazon. We emphasize the relevance of renewable energy sources in the process of supplying electricity and securing inclusion of isolated areas in universal access.
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| 34. |
- Gómez, Maria F., 1970-, et al.
(författare)
-
The last mile in the Brazilian Amazon - A potential pathway for universal electricity access
- 2015
-
Ingår i: Energy Policy. - : Elsevier BV. - 0301-4215 .- 1873-6777. ; 82, s. 23-37
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The Brazilian rural electrification initiative Luz Para Todos - LPT (Light for All) has attracted attention internationally due to its ambitious targets and significant achievements in the last decade. The initiative has proved effective in its first phase, which has been developed through the extension of the grid. Yet, there are still important challenges to provide the service to inhabitants of remote areas in the Brazilian Amazon. We identify these challenges within institutional, technology, and funding structures operating within LPT. In line with these challenges, we propose a pathway to facilitate the achievement of universal electricity access in remote areas of the region. The proposed pathway is based on three key leverage points: (i) rules guiding the relationship among new agents and communities; (ii) the implementation of small-scale power generation technologies based on local resources; and (iii) optimized subsidies. It has the potential to allow (i) a better dimensioning of off-grid solutions considering local resources and realities, (ii) the creation of adapted institutions capable of implementing and operating the required systems and, (iii) an effective operation of off-grid solutions.
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| 35. |
- Gómez, Maria F, 1970-
(författare)
-
Universal Electricity Access in Remote Areas : Building a pathway toward universalization in the Brazilian Amazon
- 2014
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Worldwide, policymakers face important challenges in relation to the provision of reliable electricity services in remote areas. Brazil is not an exception. The Brazilian rural electrification initiative Luz Para Todos – LPT (Light for All) has attracted attention internationally due to its ambitious targets and significant achievements in a relatively short period. The initiative has proved effective in its first phase, which has been developed through the extension of the grid. However, there are still important challenges in connection with the operationalization of LPT in remote areas.The ultimate objective of this research is to propose a pathway to facilitate the achievement of universal electricity access in remote areas within the context of the Brazilian Amazon. The analysis was developed using a Mixed Methods Research (MMR) involving tools such as Causal Loops Diagrams (Consideo Modeller ®) and the energy modeling software for Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems (HOMER ®).This thesis addresses three key questions. The first question is concerned with the strengths and weaknesses of the national rural electrification initiative. The second question investigates institutional, technology and funding structures that specifically support the Brazilian rural electrification initiative in remote areas. The third question involves the identification of leverage points within these structures.The study concluded that the existing LPT scheme is not capable of achieving full electricity access in remote areas of the Brazilian Amazon. Important challenges remain when it comes to providing the service to inhabitants of these areas. There is a need to i) adapt the existing institutional structures; ii) harmonize technologies within the regional context and, iii) use government funds more effectively. In line with these challenges, identified leverage points indicate that i) rules guiding the relationship among new agents and communities; ii) implementation of small-scale power generation technologies based on local resources; and iii) optimized subsidies are essential to achieve universalization goals in remote areas.The research proposes a new pathway to activate the identified leverage points within the institutional, technology, and funding structures of LPT. The pathway requires well-informed decision making for the implementation and operation of off-grid solutions that can help to cover the last mile. Within this context, results of the study are expected to provide insights for policymakers, technology providers, project developers, researchers, and communities in general as they seek to increase electricity access in remote areas.
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| 36. |
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| 37. |
- Gorosabel, Oier Lopez de Briñas, et al.
(författare)
-
A framework for the assessment of electric bus charging station construction : A case study for Stockholm's inner city
- 2022
-
Ingår i: Sustainable cities and society. - : Elsevier BV. - 2210-6707. ; 78
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Electromobility has gained momentum in the last years following the efforts to reduce transportation-related emissions. In this context, efficient charging infrastructure is vital to foster the expansion of electric vehicles. This paper presents a standardized framework for micro-scale analysis of potential charging locations for electric buses aiming at easing the analysis process and promoting the expansion of electric buses. The framework is tailor-made for the Municipality of Stockholm and tested in two city-centre public transport hubs, namely Odenplan and Slussen. However, the framework can be used in other locations by implementing minimum changes. Connecting charging stations to the power grid is identified as the main drawback in city-centre locations due to their high impact on the grid. Lack of available capacity at nearby connection points results in long distance connections, reaching up to 1 km in some cases. Such connections impact the overall cost of electrification directly, as they may account for up to 63% of the total cost. Although other issues regarding space availability and operational efficiency also need to be addressed, such as the lack of enough dwell time to charge the batteries, the framework proves the suitability of these inner-city locations as charging points.
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| 38. |
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
- Harahap, Fumi, 1983-
(författare)
-
An evaluation of biodiesel policies : The case of palm oil agro-industry in Indonesia
- 2018
-
Licentiatavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Oil palm has flourished as an economically vital crop in Indonesia given its use in both food and non-food products (including biodiesel) for domestic and export markets. However, the expansion of oil palm plantations in Indonesia is controversial. While the crop generates fiscal earnings for the country, and regular income streams for farmers and companies, oil palm plantation expansion is claimed to cause deforestation, environmental degradation and biodiversity losses. At the same time, there is a national target to reduce GHG emissions from land use change and the production of palm oil. Climate change mitigation goals also include ambitious targets to blend biodiesel with fossil diesel in various economic sectors.This thesis looks at the palm oil agro-industry, from oil palm plantation to crude palm oil (CPO) production, and CPO based biodiesel production. It proposes a policy evaluation to verify policy implications in relation to the issue of land use allocation, and the poor profitability in palm oil biodiesel production. The overarching objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of prevailing policies used to promote the palm oil agro-industry for biodiesel production in Indonesia.The thesis is framed by policy research and ex-post policy evaluation. The focus is on the process of policy formulation and implementation, rather than outcome evaluation. Two specific analytical frameworks are used to answer the research questions while addressing the criteria of effectiveness in policy evaluation: (i) policy coherence analysis and (ii) life cycle cost analysis. Qualitative indicators are used to measure the coherence of biofuel policy with other sectoral policies (agriculture, climate and forestry) in relation to land allocation. Quantitative economic indicators are used to compare the costs and benefits of conventional palm oil biodiesel production with a biorefinery conceptual plant.There are valuable lessons to be learnt from this policy evaluation. The results indicate areas in which policy effectiveness can be improved. For land allocation, adjustments and improvements in policy formulation and implementation are crucial. Uncertainties when it comes to the allocation of land to meet multi sectoral policy goals are to be addressed by clarifying land use definitions and categories, which should be backed up by consistent land use definitions in various policy documents. The dual land classification presently applied should move towards a single land classification, linking actual landscape coverage and the legal status of the land. Policy information and guidance across sectoral policies should be compiled in a single database. Such a publicly available database would help enhance the efficiency of land allocation for multiple policy purposes. More importantly, the formulation of biodiesel policy has to engage various sectoral policies that compete for the same resources.The biorefinery conceptual plant allows the reduction of government subsidies, while also providing a pathway to enhance the use of renewable energy and reduce GHG emissions. Policies have been designed to enhance plant profits through the improved utilisation of biomass residues in the palm oil mill for energy generation and composting. However, the low implementation rate of policies indicates the need to improve the effectiveness of policy implementation, and therefore the need for better monitoring processes, and possibly more stringent consequences for non-compliance.
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| 42. |
- Harahap, Fumi, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
Conditions for a sustainable development of palm-oil-based biodiesel in Indonesia
- 2016
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- The government of Indonesia sees bioenergy as an attractive option to promote socio-economic development and improve energy security. Modernization of bioenergy can add value to existing resources and serve to meet increasing energy demand, as well as create jobs and reduce poverty. Policy efforts have given direction to this development, promoting biodiesel production and use. Indonesia is the largest palm oil producer and exporter in the world. At the same time, palm oil is the basis for both food and biodiesel production in the country. A 30% mandatory biodiesel blending target has been set for 2025. To meet the target, palm oil production needs to increase or palm oil diverted from other uses to produce biodiesel. In addition, the development of biodiesel will have to address environmental impacts, particularly land use change, and the dynamics of palm oil trade. Land allocation affects the development of the agro-industrial sector, and the capacity to deliver the mandatory targets. We investigate the land issue through a cross-sectoral analysis of four policy areas, i.e. renewable energy/biofuel, agriculture, climate and forestry. Our study examines the potential land available for biodiesel feedstock production and the potential yields that can be obtained. Preliminary results indicate that the blending target could be met from palm oil obtained from 5-7 Mha land after meeting palm oil domestic demand for food production and other industrial non-food uses. Degraded land could be used and thus no threat needs to be posed to food security, deforestation and climate change. However, to guarantee the sustainability of the development process, inconsistencies need to be addressed in the sectoral policies, areas suitable for plantation expansion need to be clearly mapped, conditions for exploration more strictly defined, and complementary policy instruments need to be put in place to promote schemes with enhanced yields and upgrading technologies over time. This research is part of the on-going program INSISTs (Indonesian Swedish Initiative for Sustainable Energy Solutions), a joint research and innovation platform established between Sweden and Indonesia.
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| 43. |
- Harahap, Fumi, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
Cost competitiveness of palm oil biodiesel production in Indonesia
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Energy Journal. - : Elsevier. - 0195-6574 .- 1944-9089. ; 170, s. 62-72
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study investigates opportunities to improve the cost competitiveness of the palm oil biodiesel industry in Indonesia. It compares costs and revenues of standalone conventional palm oil and biodiesel production with an integrated system that includes utilisation of biomass residues. Economic metrics, viz. net income, NPV, IRR, payback period and biodiesel breakeven price are evaluated. Sensitivity analyses are carried out to verify how parameter changes affect net income. The results show that the integrated concept with upgraded CPO and biodiesel processing plant (Biorefinery), which simultaneously produces biodiesel, electricity, heat and biofertiliser, can obtain an additional income of 14 USD/t-FFB compared to the Conventional System. The biorefinery system helps to reduce dependency on government subsidy for biodiesel production, and lowers the industry vulnerability to fluctuation of fossil diesel prices. The shift to modern facilities with value chain integration provides a pathway to enhance the share of renewable energy in Indonesia through increased biodiesel production and electricity generation from palm biomass residues. It may also promote resource efficiency and climate change mitigation through reduced emissions from untreated residues and fossil energy carriers. The analysis enhances understanding about potential gains and consequences of more stringent policy implementation in the country.
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| 44. |
- Harahap, Fumi, 1983-
(författare)
-
Exploring synergies between the palm oil industry and bioenergy production in Indonesia
- 2020
-
Doktorsavhandling (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Climate change along with increasing demand for food and fuel call for sustainable use of natural resources. One way to address these concerns is through efficient use of resources, which is also vital for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals and the Paris Agreement. In this context, the sustainable and efficient use of resources in the palm oil industry is an interesting case to scrutinise. This is particularly important for Indonesia, the leading palm oil producer in the world. Large quantities of oils and biomass are generated from oil palm plantations and processing, presenting the potential for the development of bio-based production systems. However, at present, sustainability is a matter of great concern in this industry, including land use issues and the fact that large portions of the residues generated are untreated, releasing greenhouse gas emissions, and imposing environmental threats.This doctoral thesis aims at exploring how resource efficiency can be enhanced in the palm oil industry. Three research questions are posed to address the objective. The first question examines the sectoral policy goals of biofuel, agriculture, climate, and forestry and their requirements for land. The second question is focused on new industrial configurations for efficient use of palm oil biomass for bioenergy production. The final question summarises the role of enhancing resource efficiency in the palm oil industry with regards to meeting the national bioenergy targets, which include 5.5 GWe installed capacity and biofuel blending with fossil fuels (30% biodiesel blending with diesel and 20% ethanol blending with gasoline) in the transport, industry, and power sectors. The research questions are explored using three main methods: policy coherence analysis, techno-economic analysis, and a spatio-temporal optimisation model (BeWhere Indonesia).The thesis identifies areas in which policy formulation, in terms of sectoral land allocation, can be improved. Adjustments and improvements in policy formulation and implementation are crucial for land allocation. The inconsistencies in the use of recognised land classifications in the policy documents, the unclear definition of specific land categories, and the multiple allocation of areas, should be addressed immediately to ensure coherent sectoral policies on land allocation. This can lead to more effective policy implementation, reduce pressure on land, enhance synergies, and resolve conflicts between policy goals.The transition towards a more sustainable palm oil industry requires a shift from current traditional practices. Such transition involves efficient use of palm oil biomass resources through improved biomass conversion technologies and integration of palm oil mills with energy production in biorefinery systems. The upgrading of the conventional production systems can serve multiple purposes including clean energy access and production of clean fuels for the transport, industry, and power sectors, ultimately helping the country meet its renewable energy and sustainable development targets, along with reduced emissions. More specifically, the efficient use of biomass and co-production of bioenergy carriers in biorefineries can enable Indonesia to reach its targets for bioenergy installed capacity and bio-based blending.At present, many government policies in Indonesia are working in the right direction. Nevertheless, various barriers still need to be overcome so that resource efficiency can be improved. This includes harnessing the full potential of bioenergy in the palm oil industry. There is room for enhancing the sustainability of the palm oil industry in Indonesia with adjustments to existing policies and practices, as shown in this thesis. First, guidance across sectoral policies can help to coordinate the use of basic resources. Second, the shift from traditional practices requires a strategy that includes improvement in agricultural practices (i.e., higher yields), infrastructure for biomass conversion technologies together with improved grid connectivity, and adoption of a biorefinery system. Strengthening policy support is needed to promote such a comprehensive shift. Third, various programmes can forge partnerships between oil palm plantations, the palm oil mills, and energy producers to ensure the development of sustainable industrial practices. A sustainable palm oil industry will improve resource and cost efficiency, and help open international markets for Indonesian products. This could pave the way for an enhanced role for the Indonesian palm oil industry in global sustainability efforts.
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| 45. |
- Harahap, Fumi, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
Integrated biorefinery vs. stand alone biodieselproduction in Indonesia – an economic analysis
- 2017
-
Ingår i: European Biomass Conference and Exhibition Proceedings. - 9788889407172
-
Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Biofuel policy instruments have largely steered the expansion of the biodiesel industry in Indonesia,promoting investments and creating fuel markets. Despite the growth, biodiesel use has not yet reached thedeployment targets set by the government. Low profitability and dysfunctional markets forces some plants to operatefar below the installed production capacity, which results in a deficit of biodiesel supply for domestic markets. At thesame time, biodiesel is being exported. The current production configuration of biodiesel in a standalone biodieselplant is perceived to be unprofitable without government subsidy. Therefore, we propose a comparative economicanalysis for biodiesel production in Indonesia using two configurations: the standalone production system typicallyused at present, and an integrated bio-refinery plant. The results show that the biodiesel production cost in thebiorefinery is 13% higher compared to the production cost in a standalone plant. However, due to higher revenuesgenerated in the biorefinery (16% higher than standalone system), biorefinery concept offers more profits to theindustry. Under current economic conditions, the integrated biorefinery concept brings advantages throughimprovement of efficiency in the biodiesel production system and higher production of other valuable products suchas electricity.
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| 46. |
- Harahap, Fumi, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
Land allocation to meet sectoral goals in Indonesia – An analysis of policy coherence
- 2017
-
Ingår i: Land use policy. - : Elsevier. - 0264-8377 .- 1873-5754. ; 61, s. 451-465
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Land is a scarce resource affecting the implementation of many sectoral policies. In Indonesia, the expansion of palm oil plantations has led to non-sustainable land use practices in past years, particularly deforestation. More recently, the government has set ambitious targets for the adoption of biodiesel which will require expansion of oil palm plantations, thus putting further pressure on land. Meanwhile, the need to guarantee food supply, forest conservation and climate change mitigation also imply challenges when it comes to land allocation and use. This paper examines the role that land plays in the implementation of sectoral policies in Indonesia, exploring the availability of land to satisfy the multiple goals defined in national policies. We explore land competition resulting from allocations made in official policy documents starting with biofuel policy. The analysis of policy goals and coherence when it comes to land allocation is made in relation to agriculture, climate and forestry policies. We conclude that adjustments need to be made in the policies to avoid overlappings and misinterpretations when it comes to land allocation. The area made available for meeting each sectoral policy goal when taking into account cross sectoral interactions is: 14.2 Mha for agriculture, 43 Mha for climate mitigation measures, 9.2 Mha for forestry, and 20.9 Mha for biofuels. A more uniform land classification and development of a common reference database will increase transparency on land allocation and use, and help to monitor land use change, ultimately supporting the achievement of multiple national goals.
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| 47. |
- Harahap, Fumi, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
Meeting the bioenergy targets from palm oil based biorefineries : An optimal configuration in Indonesia
- 2020
-
Ingår i: Applied Energy. - : Elsevier Ltd. - 0306-2619 .- 1872-9118. ; 278
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Biorefineries provide opportunities to improve the economic, environmental, and social performance of bio-based production systems. Prudent planning of plant configuration and localization is however of great merit to obtain maximum benefits from biorefineries. This study investigates optimal deployment of palm oil-based biorefineries on the two major islands of Indonesia, Sumatra and Kalimantan. In addition, the results of the optimal bioenergy (bioelectricity, biodiesel, ethanol) production are used to calculate the potential contribution of the palm oil industry according to the national bioenergy targets from 2020 to 2030. This work also offers a new perspective of analyzing the role of bioenergy in the palm oil industry in relation to meeting the bioenergy targets through the development of spatially explicit optimization model, BeWhere Indonesia. Results show that the palm oil-based biorefineries in Sumatra and Kalimantan can produce 1–1.25 GW of electricity, 4.6–12.5 bL of biodiesel, and 2.8–4.8 bL of ethanol in 2030. Significant efforts in terms of mobilization of resources and economic instruments are required to harness the full potential offered by the palm oil-based biorefineries. This study provides an important insight on how palm oil biorefineries can be developed for their enhanced roles in meeting global sustainability efforts.
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| 48. |
- Harahap, Fumi, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
Opportunities to Optimize the Palm Oil Supply Chain in Sumatra, Indonesia
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Energies. - : MDPI AG. - 1996-1073. ; 12:3
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Significant amounts of biomass residues were generated in Indonesia. While untreated, residues emit greenhouse gases during the decomposition process. On the other hand, if efficiently utilized, these residues could be used to produce value-added products. This study investigates opportunities for harnessing the full potential of palm oil residues (i.e., empty fruit bunches, kernel shells, fiber, and mill effluent). As far as we are aware, the study is the first attempt to model the palm oil supply chain in a geographically explicit way while considering regional infrastructures in Sumatra Island, Indonesia. The BeWhere model, a mixed integer linear programming model for energy system optimization, was used to assess the costs and benefits of optimizing the regional palm oil supply chain. Different scenarios were investigated, considering current policies and new practices leading to improved yields in small-scale plantations and power grid connectivity. The study shows that a more efficient palm oil supply chain can pave the way for the country to meet up to 50% of its national bioenergy targets by 2025, and emission reductions of up to 40 MtCO2eq/year. As much as 50% of the electricity demand in Sumatra could be met if residues are efficiently used and grid connections are available. We recommend that system improvements be done in stages. In the short to medium term, improving the smallholder plantation yield is the most optimal way to maximize regional economic gains from the palm oil industry. In the medium to long term, improving electricity grid connection to palm oil mills could bring higher economic value as excess electricity is commercialized.
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| 49. |
- Harahap, Fumi, 1983-, et al.
(författare)
-
The role of oil palm biomass to meet liquid biofuels target in Indonesia
- 2019
-
Ingår i: Proceedings of the 32nd International Conference on Efficiency, Cost, Optimization, Simulation and Environmental Impact of Energy Systems. - Poland : Institute of Thermal Technology. - 9788361506515 ; , s. 1509-1524
-
Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- Indonesia aims at reducing the dependence on oil import by liquid biofuels consumption (i.e., biodiesel and bio-ethanol) in industry, transport and power sectors. The palm oil industry has played significant role in the development of biodiesel in the country producing crude palm oil (CPO) and palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) based biodiesel. Opportunity exists for the industry to contribute to the development of bio-ethanol program by utilising the lignocellulosic biomass such as the empty fruit bunches (EFB). This study evaluates the potential of liquid biofuels production from oil palm biomass and the domestic demand for biofuels as per biofuel blending target set by the Indonesian government. The existing infrastructures as well as the investment opportunity of each type of biofuel are analyzed. While technology for biodiesel production is proven at large scale, the bio-ethanol production from EFB is not commercialized yet. The study shows that meeting the biodiesel blending target is at risk if Indonesia continues to solely reliance on the production of CPO and PFAD based biodiesel. Palm oil industry can produce nearly 7 billion litres biodiesel from CPO and PFAD in 2025 but the biodiesel domestic demand is 30% higher. The bio-ethanol program faces higher risk. EFB based ethanol through gasification and synthesis of alcohol can contribute to around 13% of the target in 2025, however the infrastructure is not ready yet. Feedstock diversification to produce liquid biofuels should be prioritized. We recommend a review of the current plan to a more achievable targets or prolong the timeline in order to secure domestic biofuels demand while continuing export. The study provides database for future modelling exercise on multi-period optimization study of palm biofuels supply chain in Indonesia in a geographically explicit way.
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| 50. |
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