| 1. |
- Bastos Lima, Mairon G., et al.
(författare)
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Large-scale collective action to avoid an Amazon tipping point - key actors and interventions
- 2021
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Ingår i: Current Research in Environmental Sustainability. - : Elsevier BV. - 2666-0490. ; 3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The destruction of the Amazon is a major global environmental issue, not only because of greenhouse gas emissions or direct impacts on biodiversity and livelihoods, but also due to the forest's role as a tipping element in the Earth System. With nearly a fifth of the Amazon already lost, there are already signs of an imminent forest dieback process that risks transforming much of the rainforest into a drier ecosystem, with climatic implications across the globe. There is a large body of literature on the underlying drivers of Amazon deforestation. However, insufficient attention has been paid to the behavioral and institutional microfoundations of change. Fundamental issues concerning cooperation, as well as the mechanisms facilitating or hampering such actions, can play a much more central role in attempts to unravel and address Amazon deforestation. We thus present the issue of preventing the Amazon biome from crossing a biophysical tipping point as a large-scale collective action problem. Drawing from collective action theory, we apply a novel analytical framework on Amazon conservation, identifying six variables that synthesize relevant collective action stressors and facilitators: information, accountability, harmony of interests, horizontal trust, knowledge about consequences, and sense of responsibility. Drawing upon literature and data, we assess Amazon deforestation and conservation through our heuristic lens, showing that while growing transparency has made information availability a collective action facilitator, lack of accountability, distrust among actors, and little sense of responsibility for halting deforestation remain key stressors. We finalize by discussing interventions that can help break the gridlock.
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| 2. |
- Thul, Peter J., et al.
(författare)
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A subcellular map of the human proteome
- 2017
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Ingår i: Science. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science. - 0036-8075 .- 1095-9203. ; 356:6340
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Resolving the spatial distribution of the human proteome at a subcellular level can greatly increase our understanding of human biology and disease. Here we present a comprehensive image-based map of subcellular protein distribution, the Cell Atlas, built by integrating transcriptomics and antibody-based immunofluorescence microscopy with validation by mass spectrometry. Mapping the in situ localization of 12,003 human proteins at a single-cell level to 30 subcellular structures enabled the definition of the proteomes of 13 major organelles. Exploration of the proteomes revealed single-cell variations in abundance or spatial distribution and localization of about half of the proteins to multiple compartments. This subcellular map can be used to refine existing protein-protein interaction networks and provides an important resource to deconvolute the highly complex architecture of the human cell.
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| 3. |
- Ahlborg, Helene, 1980, et al.
(författare)
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Small-scale hydropower in Africa: Socio-technical designs for renewable energy in Tanzanian villages
- 2015
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Ingår i: Energy Research and Social Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-6296. ; 5, s. 20-33
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this article, we explore the process of economic change following the NGO-led implementation of a small-scale off-grid hydropower system in Tanzania. We examine how the implementing actor deals with economic challenges and local ownership in order to achieve sustainable electricity supply. The qualitative case study shows that the NGO, ACRA-CCS, has overcome a number of constraints, which are sometimes associated with donor funding. This has been achieved by having multiple donors, an integrated approach and a longer presence. The 'logic' of implementation included active enhancement of productive electricity use, community services and benefits. As a result of these actions, the customer base grew quickly, rather than it taking many years to develop. The case illustrates the process whereby an off-grid system becomes economically viable. Local ownership has led to the project becoming an arena for community collaboration and problem solving, and creating values such as effective load management and protection of infrastructure. We suggest that attention should be given to possible public private community partnerships (PPCPs)-involving communities as crucial partners. The choice of a socio-technical system perspective was fruitful and provided crucial insights into how different factors manifested, interacted and played out in practice.
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| 4. |
- Ahlerup, Pelle, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Drought and Political Trust
- 2023
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Droughts can affect people’s political trust positively, through rallying effects, or negatively, through blame attribution. We examine how drought conditions affect political trust in the context of Africa. We link high-precision exogenous climate data to survey respondents, 2002–2018, and report moderate negative effects of drought conditions on people’s trust in their president. These negative effects increase with the severity of drought conditions. The political economy of favoritism, where some regions are preferentially treated by rulers, should result in heterogeneous effects across territories. We find that trust increases in capital regions and in leader birth regions during dry conditions. In contrast, when droughts take place in such regions, trust levels fall in other regions. This is in line with the idea that capital regions and leader birth regions could be preferentially treated in the aftermath of droughts. Understanding these processes further is important given their salience because of global warming.
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| 5. |
- Akhlaghi, Shahin, et al.
(författare)
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Degradation of fluoroelastomers in rapeseed biodiesel at different oxygen concentrations
- 2017
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Ingår i: Polymer degradation and stability. - : Elsevier. - 0141-3910 .- 1873-2321. ; 136, s. 10-19
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The degradation of fluoroelastomers (FKM) based on different monomers, additives and curing systems was studied after exposure to rapeseed biodiesel at 100 °C and different oxygen partial pressures. The sorption of fuel in the carbon black-filled FKM terpolymer was promoted by the fuel-driven cavitation in the rubber. The bisphenol-cured rubbers swelled more in biodiesel than the peroxide-cured FKM, presumably due to the chain cleavage caused by the attack of biodiesel on the double bonds formed during the bisphenol curing. With any of the selected types of monomer, the FKM rubbers absorbed biodiesel faster and to a greater extent with increasing oxygen partial pressure due to the increase in concentration of the oxidation products of biodiesel. Water-assisted complexation of biodiesel on magnesium oxide and calcium hydroxide particles led to dehydrofluorination of FKM, resulting in an extensive fuel uptake and a decrease in the strain-at-break and the Young's modulus of the rubbers. An increase in the CH2-concentration determined by infrared spectroscopy, and the appearance of biodiesel flakes in scanning electron micrographs of the extracted rubbers, were explained as being due to the presence of insoluble biodiesel grafted onto FKM on the unsaturated sites resulting from dehydrofluorination. The extensibility of the GFLT-type FKM was the least affected on exposure to biodiesel because this rubber contained less unsaturation and metal oxide/hydroxide particles.
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| 6. |
- Akhlaghi, Shahin, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of ageing conditions on degradation of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber filled with heat-treated ZnO star-shaped particles in rapeseed biodiesel
- 2017
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Ingår i: Polymer degradation and stability. - : Elsevier. - 0141-3910 .- 1873-2321.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The degradation of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) after exposure to biodiesel at different oxygen partial pressures in an automated ageing equipment at 80 °C, and in a high-pressure autoclave at 150 °C was studied. The oxidation of biodiesel was promoted by an increase in oxygen concentration, resulting in a larger uptake of fuel in the rubber due to internal cavitation, a greater decrease in the strain-at-break of NBR due to the coalescence of cavity, and a faster increase in the crosslinking density and carbonyl index due to the promotion of the oxidation of NBR. During the high-temperature autoclave ageing, less fuel was absorbed in the rubber, because the formation of hydroperoxides and acids was impeded. The extensibility of NBR aged in the autoclave decreased only slightly due to the cleavage of rubber chains by the biodiesel attack. The degradation of NBR in the absence of carbon black was explained as being due to oxidative crosslinking. The dissolution of ZnO crystals in the acidic components of biodiesel was retarded by removing the inter-particle porosity and surface defects through heat treating star-shaped ZnO particles. The rubber containing heat-treated ZnO particles swelled less in biodiesel than a NBR filled with commercial ZnO nanoparticles, and showed a smaller decrease in the strain-at-break and less oxidative crosslinking.
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| 7. |
- Berntsson, Lars-Olof, et al.
(författare)
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EAST-ADL 2.0 Specification
- 2008
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Rapport (refereegranskat)abstract
- This specification of the EAST ADL 2.0 is based on the EAST-ADL developed in the EAST EEA projectand has been further refined and harmonized with on-going modelling appraches in the automotiveindustry. It presents the modeling infrastructure, i.e. how the modeling elements should be represented inthe language and the UML representation. For each package a usage example is provided.The EAST-ADL 2.0 is harmonized with AUTOSAR.The metamodel and UML profile of EAST ADL 2.0 is defined in two steps: A domain (automotive)metamodel is defined, capturing only the domain specific needs of the language, without adding the UML2details. The basic concepts of UML are used for this purpose, such as classes, compositions andassociations. Based on the domain metamodel, a UML2 profile for the domain metamodel is defined,specifying stereotypes with properties and constraints.Comments on the content of this document are welcomed, and should be directed to .Please download the latest available specification and the XMI file ready for use in UML2 tools from the website.
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| 8. |
- Biehl, Matthias, et al.
(författare)
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A modular tool integration approach : experiences from two case studies
- 2010
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Ingår i: 3rd Workshop on Model-driven tool and Process Integration (MDTPI2010).
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In the model-driven development process of automotive embedded systems a number of specialized tools are used to support various development tasks. Each tool needs to work seamlessly with artifacts created by other tools to increase the efficiency of development. We identify desirable properties for integrating the data of different tools. We then propose an approach for decomposing the data integration into modular steps that fulfill these properties. We report our experiences from applying this approach to integrate simulation capabilities and functionality for safety analysis into a model-based development environment.
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| 9. |
- Cuenot, Philippe, et al.
(författare)
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Engineering support for automotive embedded systems : beyond Autosar
- 2008
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Ingår i: FISITA World Automotive Congress 2008, Congress Proceedings - Electronics. ; , s. 180-189
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The future de-facto standard for automotive electric/electronic (E/E) architectures, AUTOSAR (1), is becoming more and more mature. In December 2007 there has been a release of the version 3.0, and automotive OEMs are already using AUTOSAR technology in their series production projects. Even though there has been an evolution of which engineering information and concepts are part of AUTOSAR and there are still things to be defined, there will always be a number of issues outside the scope of this standardization initiative. As AUTOSAR has become a de facto standard, there is an obvious possibility now to define general systems engineering concepts complementary to and thus going beyond the current AUTOSAR specifications. In this paper we describe the advantages of having an integrated architecture description language (ADL) specific for the development of E/E systems in the automotive domain. We present the core concepts for such an integrated ADL which targets an overall systems engineering approach: the EAST-ADL2. The original EAST-ADL was developed in the EAST-EEA project (7) and basic concepts were reused in the AUTOSAR standardization initiative. Lately, the original EAST-ADL has been refined and extended in the ATESST project (www.atesst.org) to EAST-ADL2. The EAST-ADL2 conceptually integrates and links engineering information related to multiple engineering disciplines such as product line engineering, requirements engineering, control engineering, software engineering, safety engineering and real-time systems engineering. The ADL docs not prescribe a specific development process and it lends itself to top-down, bottom-up and middle-out development approaches and methods. As a central part, the EAST-ADL2 defines a system model which is organized in parts representing different levels of abstraction, reflecting different views and levels of details of the vehicle E/E architecture. By identifying AUTOSAR as belonging to only one certain level of abstraction, namely the implementation level, we also show that there is a way to define complementary ADL concepts without interfering with AUTOSAR. These describe engineering information that is more abstract, with different engineering focus and thus - from the EAST-ADL2 perspective - on different levels of abstraction.
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| 10. |
- Cuenot, Philippe, et al.
(författare)
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Managing Complexity of Automotive Electronics Using the EAST-ADL
- 2007
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Ingår i: 12TH IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENGINEERING COMPLEX COMPUTER SYSTEMS, PROCEEDINGS. - : IEEE Computer Society. - 0769528953 ; , s. 353-358
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- The complexity of embedded automotive systems calls for a more rigorous approach to system development compared to current state of practice. A critical issue is the management of the engineering information that defines the embedded system. Development time, cost efficiency, quality and dependability all benefit from appropriate information management. System modeling based on an architecture description language is a way to keep the engineering information within one information structure. The EAST-ADL was developed in the EAST-EEA project (www.easteea.net) and is an architecture description language for automotive embedded systems. It is currently refined in the ATESSTproject (www.atesst.org). This paper gives an overview of the EAST-ADL and accounts for some recent refinements as developed in the ATESST project. Areas covered include the relation to other standardization initiatives such as UML2.0, AADL, AUTOSAR, SysML, Marte profile, requirements management and variability.
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| 11. |
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| 12. |
- Fagerberg, Linn, et al.
(författare)
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Analysis of the human tissue-specific expression by genome-wide integration of transcriptomics and antibody-based proteomics
- 2014
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Ingår i: Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. - 1535-9476 .- 1535-9484. ; 13:2, s. 397-406
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Global classification of the human proteins with regards to spatial expression patterns across organs and tissues is important for studies of human biology and disease. Here, we used a quantitative transcriptomics analysis (RNA-Seq) to classify the tissue-specific expression of genes across a representative set of all major human organs and tissues and combined this analysis with antibody- based profiling of the same tissues. To present the data, we launch a new version of the Human Protein Atlas that integrates RNA and protein expression data corresponding to 80% of the human protein-coding genes with access to the primary data for both the RNA and the protein analysis on an individual gene level. We present a classification of all human protein-coding genes with regards to tissue-specificity and spatial expression pattern. The integrative human expression map can be used as a starting point to explore the molecular constituents of the human body.
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| 13. |
- Fagerberg, Linn, et al.
(författare)
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Contribution of antibody-based protein profiling to the human chromosome-centric proteome project (C-HPP)
- 2013
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Ingår i: Journal of Proteome Research. - : American Chemical Society (ACS). - 1535-3893 .- 1535-3907. ; 12:6, s. 2439-2448
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A gene-centric Human Proteome Project has been proposed to characterize the human protein-coding genes in a chromosome-centered manner to understand human biology and disease. Here, we report on the protein evidence for all genes predicted from the genome sequence based on manual annotation from literature (UniProt), antibody-based profiling in cells, tissues and organs and analysis of the transcript profiles using next generation sequencing in human cell lines of different origins. We estimate that there is good evidence for protein existence for 69% (n = 13985) of the human protein-coding genes, while 23% have only evidence on the RNA level and 7% still lack experimental evidence. Analysis of the expression patterns shows few tissue-specific proteins and approximately half of the genes expressed in all the analyzed cells. The status for each gene with regards to protein evidence is visualized in a chromosome-centric manner as part of a new version of the Human Protein Atlas (www.proteinatlas.org).
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| 14. |
- Fazel, Seena, et al.
(författare)
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Sexual Offending in Women and Psychiatric Disorder : A National Case-Control Study
- 2010
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Ingår i: Archives of Sexual Behavior. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0004-0002 .- 1573-2800. ; 39:1, s. 161-167
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Women commit 4-5% of all sexual crimes, but there is considerable uncertainty about associations with psychosis and substance abuse. We examined the prevalence of psychiatric hospitalization, psychotic disorders, and substance abuse in a nationwide sample of female sexual offenders. We obtained data from Swedish national registers for criminal convictions, hospital discharge diagnoses, and demographic and socioeconomic factors between 1988 and 2000, and merged them using unique identifiers. Convicted female sexual offenders (n = 93) were compared with all females convicted of non-sexual violent offences (n = 13,452) and a random sample of general population women (n = 20,597). Over 13 years, 36.6% of female sexual offenders had been admitted to psychiatric hospital and 7.5% been discharged with a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder. Compared to non-sexual violent offenders, there were no significant differences in the proportion diagnosed with psychosis or substance abuse. Compared to women in the general population, however, there was a significantly increased risk in sex offenders of psychiatric hospitalization (age-adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 15.4; 95% CI: 10.0-23.7), being diagnosed with a psychotic disorder (AOR = 16.2; 95% CI: 7.2-36.4), and with substance use disorders (AOR = 22.6; 95% CI: 13.0-39.1). We conclude that the prevalence of psychotic and substance use disorders was not different between sexual offenders and other violent offenders, suggesting non-specificity of sexual offending in women. Nevertheless, substantially increased prevalences of psychiatric disorder, underline the importance of screening and assessment of female sexual and other violent offenders.
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| 15. |
- Grapotte, Mathys, et al.
(författare)
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Discovery of widespread transcription initiation at microsatellites predictable by sequence-based deep neural network
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Nature Communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723.
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using the Cap Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE) technology, the FANTOM5 consortium provided one of the most comprehensive maps of transcription start sites (TSSs) in several species. Strikingly, ~72% of them could not be assigned to a specific gene and initiate at unconventional regions, outside promoters or enhancers. Here, we probe these unassigned TSSs and show that, in all species studied, a significant fraction of CAGE peaks initiate at microsatellites, also called short tandem repeats (STRs). To confirm this transcription, we develop Cap Trap RNA-seq, a technology which combines cap trapping and long read MinION sequencing. We train sequence-based deep learning models able to predict CAGE signal at STRs with high accuracy. These models unveil the importance of STR surrounding sequences not only to distinguish STR classes, but also to predict the level of transcription initiation. Importantly, genetic variants linked to human diseases are preferentially found at STRs with high transcription initiation level, supporting the biological and clinical relevance of transcription initiation at STRs. Together, our results extend the repertoire of non-coding transcription associated with DNA tandem repeats and complexify STR polymorphism.
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| 16. |
- Grapotte, M, et al.
(författare)
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Discovery of widespread transcription initiation at microsatellites predictable by sequence-based deep neural network
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Nature communications. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 2041-1723. ; 12:1, s. 3297-
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Using the Cap Analysis of Gene Expression (CAGE) technology, the FANTOM5 consortium provided one of the most comprehensive maps of transcription start sites (TSSs) in several species. Strikingly, ~72% of them could not be assigned to a specific gene and initiate at unconventional regions, outside promoters or enhancers. Here, we probe these unassigned TSSs and show that, in all species studied, a significant fraction of CAGE peaks initiate at microsatellites, also called short tandem repeats (STRs). To confirm this transcription, we develop Cap Trap RNA-seq, a technology which combines cap trapping and long read MinION sequencing. We train sequence-based deep learning models able to predict CAGE signal at STRs with high accuracy. These models unveil the importance of STR surrounding sequences not only to distinguish STR classes, but also to predict the level of transcription initiation. Importantly, genetic variants linked to human diseases are preferentially found at STRs with high transcription initiation level, supporting the biological and clinical relevance of transcription initiation at STRs. Together, our results extend the repertoire of non-coding transcription associated with DNA tandem repeats and complexify STR polymorphism.
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| 17. |
- Hellström, Micaela, et al.
(författare)
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LifeDNAquatic: Riktlinjer för optimal hantering och analys av akvatiskt eDNA som verktyg inom svensk miljöövervakning
- 2023
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Naturvårdsverket och Havs- och vattenmyndigheten i Sverige beviljade åtta forskningsprojekt 2018 för att undersöka hur eDNA kan användas som verktyg inom den svenska miljöövervakningen. Projektet LifeDNAquatic, presenteras i denna rapport.De tre första arbetspaketen inom projektet resulterade i två tekniska rapporter som behandlar fältplanering, provtagning i fält och olika sorters fältutrustning. Riktlinjer för laboratorier specifika för eDNA och extraktionsmetoder diskuteras.Sju undersökningar (5–11) utfördes för att validera eDNA som metod och för att utröna användbarheten av eDNA-flerartsanalyser som verktyg inom miljöövervakningen. Mer än 460 eDNA-prover samlades in under undersökningstiden.Delundersökning 5: Går det att jämföra artförekomster baserade på flerartsanalyser som kommer från helt olika eDNA-laboratorier? En jämförande undersökningutfördes där fem laboratorier deltog för att jämföra fiskdetektion från samma vatten. Artanalyserna från de olika laboratorierna visade förvånansvärt liknande resultat. Detta innebär att resultat från olika eDNA-utövare är jämförbara och att metoden är tillförlitlig.Delundersökning 6: Är resultaten av eDNA-analyser jämförbara då prover bevaras i olika konserveringsvätskor över tid? Analysen visade att prover som bevaras under kort tid oberoende av konservering uppvisar samma resultat. Då proverna bevaras mer än tre månader är resultaten jämförbara bara då proverna bevarats i etanol.Delundersökning 7: Går det att analysera filter som bevarats i etanol i 1,5 år? eDNA-prover som bevarats i etanol i kylskåp i 1,5 år visar att detektionsprecisionen av den biologiska mångfalden är lika hög oberoende om proverna bevarats kort eller lång tid.Delundersökning 8: Hur påverkar provtagningsdesign slutresultaten av en undersökning? Går det att undersöka artnärvaro i biflöden genom att enbart analyseraprover från dess huvudflöde? Slutsatsen från detta är att en genomtänkt provtagningsdesign och val av lokaler kan spara både tid och resurser då eDNA används som metodinom miljöövervakningen. För mera finskalig utbredning av arter bör flera lokaler inventeras. Vidare ger prover från huvudflöde inte information om artnärvaro i biflöden. Månatliga prover ger en mer korrekt relativ biomassa av fiskarter eftersom mjölke-eDNA då kan uteslutas från analysen.Delundersökning 9: Kan man utröna säsongsvariationer med eDNA över ett år? Hur många prover behöver samlas in på de enskilda lokalerna? Från detta arbetspaketdrar vi slutsatsen att prov som tas från samma lokal månadsvis under ett år är ett mycket kraftfullt verktyg för artinventeringar eftersom både arternas inbördes dominans i fisksamhället samt reproduktionstider kan fastslås. Antal prover som behöver samlas in vid en provpunkt framgår av undersökningen.Delundersökning 10: Hur skiljer sig resultatet mellan eDNA och nät-/elfisken? eDNA i marin miljö detekterade 24 fiskarter jämfört med 15 arter i nätfisket. eDNA i rinnande vatten detekterade 1,2 till 4,7 gånger fler arter än sammanslagna historiska elfiskedata.Delundersökning 11: Är eDNA kostnadseffektivt i relation till traditionella metoder? Flera olika demonstrationsprojekt visar att eDNA som metod är kostnadseffektivt i relation till traditionella inventeringsmetoder. Skillnaden beror på tidsåtgången i fält, som är betydligt högre för traditionella metoder jämfört med eDNA.
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| 18. |
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| 19. |
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| 20. |
- Jagers, Sverker C., 1967, et al.
(författare)
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On the preconditions for large-scale collective action
- 2020
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Ingår i: Ambio. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-7447 .- 1654-7209. ; 49:7, s. 1282-1296
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The phenomenon of collective action and the origin of collective action problems have been extensively and systematically studied in the social sciences. Yet, while we have substantial knowledge about the factors promoting collective action at the local level, we know far less about how these insights travel to large-scale collective action problems. Such problems, however, are at the heart of humanity's most pressing challenges, including climate change, large-scale natural resource depletion, biodiversity loss, nuclear proliferation, antibiotic resistance due to overconsumption of antibiotics, and pollution. In this paper, we suggest an analytical framework that captures the theoretical understanding of preconditions for large-scale collective action. This analytical framework aims at supporting future empirical analyses of how to cope with and overcome larger-scale collective action problems. More specifically, we (i) define and describe the main characteristics of a large-scale collective action problem and (ii) explain why voluntary and, in particular, spontaneous large-scale collective action among individual actors becomes more improbable as the collective action problem becomes larger, thus demanding interventions by an external authority (a third party) for such action to be generated. Based on this, we (iii) outline an analytical framework that illustrates the connection between third-party interventions and large-scale collective action. We conclude by suggesting avenues for future research.
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| 21. |
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| 22. |
- Jagers, Sverker C., 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Paradise Islands? Island States and the provision of environmental goods
- 2016
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Ingår i: Sustainability. - : MDPI AG. - 2071-1050. ; 8:3
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Island states have been shown to outperform continental states on a number of large-scale coordination-related outcomes, such as levels of democracy and institutional quality. The argument developed and tested in this article contends that the same kind of logic may apply to islands’ environmental performance, too. However, the empirical analysis shows mixed results. Among the 105 environmental outcomes that we analyzed, being an island only has a positive impact on 20 of them. For example, island states tend to outcompete continental states with respect to several indicators related to water quality but not in aspects related to biodiversity, protected areas, or environmental regulations. In addition, the causal factors previously suggested to make islands outperform continental states in terms of coordination have weak explanatory power in predicting islands’ environmental performance. We conclude the paper by discussing how these interesting findings can be further explored.
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| 23. |
- Jagers, Sverker C., 1967, et al.
(författare)
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Trust, corruption, and compliance with regulations: Attitudes to rule violations in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park
- 2021
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Ingår i: Social Science Quarterly. - : Wiley. - 0038-4941 .- 1540-6237. ; 102:6, s. 2661-2675
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective While trust is proposed as a key concept to understand people's compliance in natural resource governance, research would benefit from being more precise. Our aim is to test whether more specific survey measures of people's tendency to violate rules and the degree to which law enforcing rangers are seen as corrupt trumps more commonly used items on intra-personal trust and trust in institutions. Methods We analyze an original survey of residents within the boundaries of the Great Limpopo Park, straddling Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. Results While general trust items predict compliance intentions in a first model, these effects largely disappear when we introduce more specific measures. We find consistent negative effects from perceived corruption among rangers. We also report negative effects from perceptions of other people's noncompliant behavior. Conclusion Compliance to natural resource regulations hinges on specific perceptions of how rule enforcing agents and other resource users act.
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| 24. |
- Jagers, Sverker, et al.
(författare)
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Democracy and the environment revisited : the case of African fisheries
- 2011
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Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)abstract
- In a growing body of literature in political science and environmental studies, scholars debate the effect of democracy on environmental degradation While some analysts argue that democracy reduces environmental degradation others hold that democracy may not reduce environmental degradation or may in fact even be harmful This article seeks to address this debate by focusing on the effect of democracy and political–regime type on levels of overfishing in sub–Saharan Africa. In this region, the democratization since the late 1980s has spurred increased optimism about the environment but there is clearly a lack of empirical investigations on what effects increased levels of democracy have had on, for example, overfishing. After a discussion of the theoretical literature on the subject – as well as of the proposed causal mechanisms – this paper tests the theoretical propositions about democracy’s potential effects on overfishing in a cross–country time series analysis using various democracy indices and the marine trophic index as independent and dependent variables respectively.
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| 25. |
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| 26. |
- Jones, Kevin, et al.
(författare)
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Seasonal variation and importance of catchment area composition for transport of bioavailable carbon to the Baltic Sea
- 2023
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Ingår i: Biogeochemistry. - 0168-2563 .- 1573-515X. ; 165:3, s. 265-276
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Transport of terrestrial carbon through riverine systems to coastal water has a negative impact on oxygen concentration in coastal areas. However, information on seasonal variation and the impact of catchment composition on the bioavailability of allochthonous carbon is lacking. In this project we address this knowledge gap by investigating the reactivity of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at river mouths which originate from agricultural or forested dominated catchments over a year. Using a high-capacity oxygen sensing system biological oxygen demand (BOD) was measured and converted to carbon utilization rate. This allowed a spatial and temporal resolution necessary to understand how concentrations of total nitrogen, total phosphorus, DOC, as well as carbon composition influence carbon bioavailability. Seasonality and the differing catchment compositions yielded variable results about which factors were significantly contributing to reactivity. In addition, we found that carbon utilization rate was highest during April, June, and October for most rivers. The bioavailable fraction (BFc) was significantly higher in rivers with agricultural compared to forest dominated catchments during January, April, June, and October. However, rivers with agricultural dominated catchment had a significantly higher carbon utilization rate in August. This indicate that rivers dominated by forest transport larger and more refractory pools of carbon, while rivers with agricultural dominated catchments have a higher percentage of BFc. Based on these results we suggest that management efforts, to reduce the transport of bioavailable carbon, would be most efficient during spring and autumn with equal importance on rivers with catchment areas dominated by agriculture and forest.
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| 27. |
- Karlsson, Max, et al.
(författare)
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A single-cell type transcriptomics map of human tissues
- 2021
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Ingår i: Science Advances. - : American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). - 2375-2548. ; 7:31
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Advances in molecular profiling have opened up the possibility to map the expression of genes in cells, tissues, and organs in the human body. Here, we combined single-cell transcriptomics analysis with spatial antibody-based protein profiling to create a high-resolution single-cell type map of human tissues. An open access atlas has been launched to allow researchers to explore the expression of human protein-coding genes in 192 individual cell type clusters. An expression specificity classification was performed to determine the number of genes elevated in each cell type, allowing comparisons with bulk transcriptomics data. The analysis highlights distinct expression clusters corresponding to cell types sharing similar functions, both within the same organs and between organs.
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| 28. |
- Karlsson, Max, et al.
(författare)
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Genome-wide single cell annotation of the human protein-coding genes
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Annan publikation (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- An important quest for the life science community is to deliver a complete annotation of the human building-blocks of life, the genes and the proteins. Here, we report on a genome-wide effort to annotate all protein-coding genes based on single cell transcriptomics data representing all major tissues and organs in the human body, integrated with data from bulk transcriptomics and antibody-based tissue profiling. Altogether, 25 tissues have been analyzed with single cell transcriptomics resulting in genome-wide expression in 444 single cell types using a strategy involving pooling data from individual cells to obtain genome-wide expression profiles of individual cell type. We introduce a new genome-wide classification tool based on clustering of similar expression profiles across single cell types, which can be visualized using dimensional reduction maps (UMAP). The clustering classification is integrated with a new “tau” score classification for all protein-coding genes, resulting in a measure of single cell specificity across all cell types for all individual genes. The analysis has allowed us to annotate all human protein-coding genes with regards to function and spatial distribution across individual cell types across all major tissues and organs in the human body. A new version of the open access Human Protein Atlas (www.proteinatlas.org) has been launched to enable researchers to explore the new genome-wide annotation on an individual gene level.
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| 29. |
- Larses, Ola, et al.
(författare)
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Experiences from Model supported Configuration Management and Production of Automotive Embedded Software
- 2007
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Ingår i: SAE World Congress & Exhibition. - 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States : SAE International.
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Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- Configuration management of products containing software with complex interrelationships is a challenge for the automotive industry. Configurations are usually addressed through hierarchical product structures based on a mechanical tradition. We report experiences from the development of a demonstrator: a scale model truck, including a software platform, active safety functionality and a tool environment. Our experiences in particular indicate that commercial Product Data Management (PDM) systems meet the needs for embedded software configuration management, providing improved traceability, configuration and production support for in-vehicle software. The software middleware provides execution independent of location, facilitating portability. Supplemented with an adapted PDM solution this provides efficient configuration support. The need for analysis support for the timing behavior of distributed applications was identified but not implemented. We conclude by discussing experiences and future opportunities with the demonstrator.
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| 30. |
- Linell, Amanda, et al.
(författare)
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Governing transboundary commons in Africa: the emergence and challenges of the Kavango–Zambezi Treaty
- 2019
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Ingår i: International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1567-9764 .- 1573-1553. ; 19, s. 53-68
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- © 2018, The Author(s). The advent of ‘Peace Parks’ on the African continent is puzzling from the perspective of institutional theory. We focus on the world’s largest transfrontier conservation cooperation that exists to date, the Kavango–Zambezi Treaty, which was ratified by Angola, Botswana, Namibia, Zambia, and Zimbabwe in 2011. The collaboration seeks to foster sustainable governance of resources in the region. The paper asks two questions: What were the main factors facilitating the establishment of the Kavango–Zambezi Treaty? What potential challenges for the treaty remain on the operational level? Analysing interviews with key informants, we contribute by providing insights regarding the emergence and existing challenges of the treaty. Factors reducing coordination problems during the treaty’s establishment included that it did not compete with existing institutions at the international level, the important role played by moral authorities such as Nelson Mandela, and that consensus rather than conflict prevailed between respective political actors as they realized the function of this cooperation. The treaty is challenged by differences in macro-institutional factors amongst participating nations and a variation in the extent to which communities trust in and comply with these institutions. There are significant remaining obstacles with regard to harmonizing policies in the five partner countries.
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| 31. |
- Långström, Niklas, et al.
(författare)
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Risk factors for violent offending in autism spectrum disorder : a national study of hospitalized individuals.
- 2009
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Ingår i: Journal of Interpersonal Violence. - : SAGE Publications. - 0886-2605 .- 1552-6518. ; 24:8, s. 1358-70
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Little is known about risk factors for violence among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study uses data from Swedish longitudinal registers for all 422 individuals hospitalized with autistic disorder or Asperger syndrome during 1988-2000 and compares those committing violent or sexual offenses with those who did not. Thirty-one individuals with ASD (7%) were convicted of violent nonsexual crimes and two of sexual offenses. Violent individuals with ASD are more often male and diagnosed with Asperger syndrome rather than autistic disorder. Furthermore, comorbid psychotic and substance use disorders are associated with violent offending. We conclude that violent offending in ASD is related to similar co-occurring psychopathology as previously found among violent individuals without ASD. Although this study does not answer whether ASDs are associated with increased risk of violent offending compared with the general population, careful risk assessment and management may be indicated for some individuals with Asperger syndrome.
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| 32. |
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| 33. |
- Mohammadi, Nasibeh, et al.
(författare)
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Guanylate-Binding Proteins Are Critical for Effective Control of Francisella tularensis Strains in a Mouse Co-Culture System of Adaptive Immunity
- 2020
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2235-2988. ; 10
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Francisella tularensis is a Select Agent that causes the severe disease tularemia in humans and many animal species. The bacterium demonstrates rapid intracellular replication, however, macrophages can control its replication if primed and activation with IFN-γ is known to be essential, although alone not sufficient, to mediate such control. To further investigate the mechanisms that control intracellular F. tularensis replication, an in vitro co-culture system was utilized containing splenocytes obtained from naïve or immunized C57BL/6 mice as effectors and infected bone marrow-derived wild-type or chromosome-3-deficient guanylate-binding protein (GBP)-deficient macrophages. Cells were infected either with the F. tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS), the highly virulent SCHU S4 strain, or the surrogate for F. tularensis, F. novicida. Regardless of strain, significant control of the bacterial replication was observed in co-cultures with wild-type macrophages and immune splenocytes, but not in cultures with immune splenocytes and GBPchr3-deficient macrophages. Supernatants demonstrated very distinct, infectious agent-dependent patterns of 23 cytokines, whereas the cytokine patterns were only marginally affected by the presence or absence of GBPs. Levels of a majority of cytokines were inversely correlated to the degree of control of the SCHU S4 and LVS infections, but this was not the case for the F. novicida infection. Collectively, the co-culture assay based on immune mouse-derived splenocytes identified a dominant role of GBPs for the control of intracellular replication of various F. tularensis strains, regardless of their virulence, whereas the cytokine patterns markedly were dependent on the infectious agents, but less so on GBPs.
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| 34. |
- Mohammadi, Nasibeh, et al.
(författare)
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Macrophages Demonstrate Guanylate-Binding Protein-Dependent and Bacterial Strain-Dependent Responses to Francisella tularensis
- 2021
-
Ingår i: Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. - : Frontiers Media S.A.. - 2235-2988. ; 11
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Francisella tularensis is a facultative intracellular bacterium and the etiological agent of tularemia, a zoonotic disease. Infection of monocytic cells by F. tularensis can be controlled after activation with IFN-γ; however, the molecular mechanisms whereby the control is executed are incompletely understood. Recently, a key role has been attributed to the Guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs), interferon-inducible proteins involved in the cell-specific immunity against various intracellular pathogens. Here, we assessed the responses of bone marrow-derived murine macrophages (BMDM) and GBP-deficient BMDM to F. tularensis strains of variable virulence; the highly virulent SCHU S4 strain, the human live vaccine strain (LVS), or the widely used surrogate for F. tularensis, the low virulent F. novicida. Each of the strains multiplied rapidly in BMDM, but after addition of IFN-γ, significant GBP-dependent control of infection was observed for the LVS and F. novicida strains, whereas there was no control of the SCHU S4 infection. However, no differences in GBP transcription or translation were observed in the infected cell cultures. During co-infection with F. novicida and SCHU S4, significant control of both strains was observed. Patterns of 18 cytokines were very distinct between infected cell cultures and high levels were observed for almost all cytokines in F. novicida-infected cultures and very low levels in SCHU S4-infected cultures, whereas levels in co-infected cultures for a majority of cytokines showed intermediate levels, or levels similar to those of F. novicida-infected cultures. We conclude that the control of BMDM infection with F. tularensis LVS or F. novicida is GBP-dependent, whereas SCHU S4 was only controlled during co-infection. Since expression of GBP was similar regardless of infecting agent, the findings imply that SCHU S4 has an inherent ability to evade the GBP-dependent anti-bacterial mechanisms.
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| 35. |
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| 36. |
- Norström, Albert V., et al.
(författare)
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Three necessary conditions for establishing effective Sustainable Development Goals in the Anthropocene
- 2014
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Ingår i: Ecology and Society. - 1708-3087. ; 19:3, s. 8-
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The purpose of the United Nations-guided process to establish Sustainable Development Goals is to galvanize governments and civil society to rise to the interlinked environmental, societal, and economic challenges we face in the Anthropocene. We argue that the process of setting Sustainable Development Goals should take three key aspects into consideration. First, it should embrace an integrated social-ecological system perspective and acknowledge the key dynamics that such systems entail, including the role of ecosystems in sustaining human wellbeing, multiple cross-scale interactions, and uncertain thresholds. Second, the process needs to address trade-offs between the ambition of goals and the feasibility in reaching them, recognizing biophysical, social, and political constraints. Third, the goal-setting exercise and the management of goal implementation need to be guided by existing knowledge about the principles, dynamics, and constraints of social change processes at all scales, from the individual to the global. Combining these three aspects will increase the chances of establishing and achieving effective Sustainable Development Goals.
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| 37. |
- Ntuli, H., et al.
(författare)
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Factors influencing local communities' perceptions towards conservation of transboundary wildlife resources: the case of the Great Limpopo Trans-frontier Conservation Area
- 2019
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Ingår i: Biodiversity and Conservation. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0960-3115 .- 1572-9710. ; 28:11, s. 2977-3003
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Local communities' perceptions of protected areas are important determinants of the success of conservation efforts in Southern Africa, as these perceptions affect people's attitudes and behaviour with respect to conservation. As a result, the involvement of local communities in transboundary wildlife conservation is now viewed as an integral part of regional development initiatives. Building on unique survey data and applying regression analysis, this paper investigates the determinants of the perceptions of local communities around the Great Limpopo Trans-frontier Conservation Area in Zimbabwe and South Africa. Our results illustrate that people perceiving the park as well-managed tend to have more positive perceptions regarding the benefits from the park, rules governing the park, and wildlife conservation in general. Household expertise on resource extraction, in turn, tends to make people more likely to perceive environmental crime as morally acceptable. Furthermore, the results indicate that if people perceive the rules of the park in a negative way, then they are less likely to conserve wildlife. Receiving benefits from the park has a positive impact on people's perceptions of the rules governing the park, as well as on their perception of wildlife conservation in general, but not on perceptions about environmental crime. Surprisingly, perceived high levels of corruption is positively associated with people's perception of wildlife benefits and with perceptions of that environmental crime is morally justified. There is also evidence of the role of socioeconomic variables on people's perceptions towards wildlife. However, unobservable contextual factors could be responsible for explaining part of the variation in people's perceptions. Our results speak to the literature on large-scale collective action since perceptions of wildlife benefits, corruption, environmental crime, park management and rules governing the parks, all affect local communities' ability and willingness to self organize. These variables are interesting because they can be influenced by policy through training and awareness campaigns.
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| 38. |
- Ntuli, Herbert, et al.
(författare)
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Understanding the drivers of subsistence poaching in the great limpopo transfrontier conservation area : What matters for community wildlife conservation?
- 2021
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Ingår i: Ecology and Society. - : Resilience Alliance. - 1708-3087. ; 26:1
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Although subsistence poaching is a large threat to wildlife conservation in Southern Africa, this behavior is seldom researched. Our understanding of individual and community level factors that drive such behavior is limited because of both lack of data and the literature’s predominant focus on commercial poaching. The main objective of this study is to contribute to this scanty literature by examining the factors that are correlated to subsistence poaching in the Great Limpopo, a transfrontier reserve spanning across Mozambique, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. We use collected primary data from a sample of 2282 respondents and 85 villages that are part of the transfrontier conservation area. We focus on two features, reported subsistence poaching incidences in the community and the previous hunting of individuals, a behavior that is now forbidden in this area. We find through multivariate regression analysis that the likelihood for reported poaching incidences was higher in communities with a larger proportion of young men, plenty of wildlife, and experiencing wildlife conflict. In addition, our survey results illustrate that there is less poaching in communities where local people trust each other, respect institutions, perceive that the management of the park is good, and view wildlife as an asset. Some of these variables can be influenced by appropriate interventions; our findings suggest that capacity building in local institutions, use of community-based crime prevention approaches, training related to wildlife management, and public awareness campaigns could be used by policy makers to affect individuals’ perceptions and behaviors in this context.
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| 39. |
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| 40. |
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| 41. |
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| 42. |
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| 43. |
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| 44. |
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| 45. |
- Persson, Anna, 1977, et al.
(författare)
-
•Government Structures and Behavior Change in the Politics of HIV/AIDS
- 2008
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Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract
- During the past decades, the worldwide spread of the human immuno-deficiency virus (HIV) has created one of the deadliest epidemics in human history. Despite widely available bio-medical knowledge about how to prevent transmission of the virus, and technologies and resources to treat people living with HIV/AIDS, the disease continues to spread, and especially in sub-Saharan Africa. However, despite the general precarious situation in sub-Saharan Africa, there is in fact great variation among African states as regards HIV prevalence. This paper builds a framework for increasing our understanding of the sources of this variation. More specifically, we argue that HIV/AIDS is a different kind of problem than other diseases in the sense that effective prevention demands sacrifices on the behalf of individuals that are costly in both material and non-material terms. The failure to recognize these costs makes standard solutions, such as for example increased access to medication, expanded funds, and health sector reforms, potentially ineffective. With the point of departure in the costs and individual sacrifices demanded for the successful combating of HIV/AIDS, this paper suggests that future research on HIV/AIDS would benefit from exploring the impact of varying institutional arrangements such as for example the degree to which state power is centralized or decentralized on HIV/AIDS outcomes. Institutions have commonly been argued to shape and constrain individual behavior. Yet, their impact on sexual behavior and behavior change remains largely unexplored.
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| 46. |
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| 47. |
- Persson, Anna, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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Responsive and Responsible Leaders: A Matter of Political Will?
- 2012
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Ingår i: Perspectives on Politics. - : Cambridge University Press (CUP). - 1537-5927 .- 1541-0986. ; 10:3, s. 617-632
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Policy makers and policy-oriented scholars concerned with development and reform commonly appeal to "political will" as a cornerstone of development. We question the circular and voluntaristic view of leadership behavior inherent in such an approach, and argue that-to be more useful for the analysis of development outcomes, as well as for policy design-the discourse on political will should be firmly integrated into a more systematic framework of analysis. In particular, we suggest that it should engage in more active dialogue with the combined insights offered by principal-agent theory and what we refer to as state theory. More specifically, in the framework we develop, the principal-agent framework offers the analytical tools for analyzing leadership behavior at the micro level, while state theory provides crucial insights regarding the macro-level factors shaping leadership behavior. In the end, these two perspectives in tandem have the potential to significantly increase our understanding of empirically observed leadership behavior as well as our theoretical understanding of how the context-and especially the character of underlying social contracts-shapes and constrains "political will."
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| 48. |
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| 49. |
- Persson, Anna, 1977, et al.
(författare)
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State Legitimacy and the Corruptibility of Leaders
- 2012
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Ingår i: Good government : the relevance of political science / edited by Sören Holmberg and Bo Rothstein. - Cheltenham : Edward Elgar. - 9780857934925
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Bokkapitel (refereegranskat)
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| 50. |
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