| 1. |
- Tierney, W., et al.
(författare)
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A creative destruction approach to replication : Implicit work and sex morality across cultures
- 2021
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Ingår i: Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0022-1031 .- 1096-0465. ; 93
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- How can we maximize what is learned from a replication study? In the creative destruction approach to replication, the original hypothesis is compared not only to the null hypothesis, but also to predictions derived from multiple alternative theoretical accounts of the phenomenon. To this end, new populations and measures are included in the design in addition to the original ones, to help determine which theory best accounts for the results across multiple key outcomes and contexts. The present pre-registered empirical project compared the Implicit Puritanism account of intuitive work and sex morality to theories positing regional, religious, and social class differences; explicit rather than implicit cultural differences in values; self-expression vs. survival values as a key cultural fault line; the general moralization of work; and false positive effects. Contradicting Implicit Puritanism's core theoretical claim of a distinct American work morality, a number of targeted findings replicated across multiple comparison cultures, whereas several failed to replicate in all samples and were identified as likely false positives. No support emerged for theories predicting regional variability and specific individual-differences moderators (religious affiliation, religiosity, and education level). Overall, the results provide evidence that work is intuitively moralized across cultures.
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| 2. |
- Sator, Lea, et al.
(författare)
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Overdiagnosis of COPD in Subjects With Unobstructed Spirometry A BOLD Analysis
- 2019
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Ingår i: Chest. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-3692 .- 1931-3543. ; 156:2, s. 277-288
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- BACKGROUND: There are several reports on underdiagnosis of COPD, while little is known about COPD overdiagnosis and overtreatment. We describe the overdiagnosis and the prevalence of spirometrically defined false positive COPD, as well as their relationship with overtreatment across 23 population samples in 20 countries participating in the BOLD Study between 2003 and 2012.METHODS: A false positive diagnosis of COPD was considered when participants reported a doctor's diagnosis of COPD, but postbronchodilator spirometry was unobstructed (FEV1/FVC > LLN). Additional analyses were performed using the fixed ratio criterion (FEV1/FVC < 0.7).RESULTS: Among 16,177 participants, 919 (5.7%) reported a previous medical diagnosis of COPD. Postbronchodilator spirometry was unobstructed in 569 subjects (61.9%): false positive COPD. A similar rate of overdiagnosis was seen when using the fixed ratio criterion (55.3%). In a subgroup analysis excluding participants who reported a diagnosis of "chronic bronchitis" or "emphysema" (n = 220), 37.7% had no airflow limitation. The site-specific prevalence of false positive COPD varied greatly, from 1.9% in low- to middle-income countries to 4.9% in high-income countries. In multivariate analysis, overdiagnosis was more common among women, and was associated with higher education; former and current smoking; the presence of wheeze, cough, and phlegm; and concomitant medical diagnosis of asthma or heart disease. Among the subjects with false positive COPD, 45.7% reported current use of respiratory medication. Excluding patients with reported asthma, 34.4% of those with normal spirometry still used a respiratory medication.CONCLUSIONS: False positive COPD is frequent. This might expose nonobstructed subjects to possible adverse effects of respiratory medication.
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| 3. |
- Studnicka, Michael, et al.
(författare)
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COPD : Should Diagnosis Match Physiology?
- 2020
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Ingår i: Chest. - : Elsevier BV. - 0012-3692 .- 1931-3543. ; 157:2, s. 473-475
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Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
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| 4. |
- Masemola, Maphoko, et al.
(författare)
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Regional adiposity and insulin sensitivity-interactions with menopause and HIV in middle-aged black African women
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. - : Oxford University Press. - 0021-972X .- 1945-7197.
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objective: To explore depot-specific functional aspects of adipose tissue, examining the putative role for menopause and HIV status on insulin sensitivity (SI) and beta-cell function in Black South African women.Methods: Women (n = 92) from the Middle-Aged Soweto Cohort, including premenopausal HIV-negative women (n = 21); premenopausal women living with HIV (LWH; n = 11); postmenopausal HIV-negative women (n = 42); and postmenopausal women LWH (n = 18) underwent the following tests: body composition (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry); fasting bloods for sex hormones, inflammation, and adipokines; frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test for SI and beta-cell function (disposition index, DI); abdominal (aSAT) and gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue (gSAT) biopsies for cell size, and mRNA expression of adipokines, inflammation, and estrogen receptors (ER).Results: Depot-specific associations between gene expression and insulin parameters did not differ by HIV or menopause status. Pooled analysis showed significant models for SI (P = .002) and DI (P = .003). Higher SI was associated with lower leptin and CD11c expression in aSAT and higher adiponectin in gSAT. Higher DI was associated with higher aSAT and gSAT expression of adiponectin, lipoprotein lipase, ER alpha, and PPAR gamma, and lower leptin in aSAT. Women LWH had higher expression of adiponectin and lower expression of leptin in both aSAT (P = .002 and P = .005) and gSAT (P = .004 and P = .002), respectively, and a larger proportion of smaller cells in aSAT (P < .001).Conclusion: Insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function were distinctively associated with aSAT and gSAT. While menopause did not influence these relationships, HIV had a significant effect on adipose tissue, characterized by variations in cell size distribution and transcript levels within the depots.
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| 5. |
- Seipone, Ikanyeng D., et al.
(författare)
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SHBG, free testosterone, and type 2 diabetes risk in middle-aged African men : a longitudinal study
- 2024
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Ingår i: Journal of the Endocrine Society. - : Endocrine Society. - 2472-1972. ; 8:8
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Objectives: To investigate longitudinal changes in SHBG and free testosterone (free T) levels among Black middle-aged African men, with and without coexistent HIV, and explore associations with incident dysglycaemia and measures of glucose metabolism.Design: This longitudinal study enrolled 407 Black South African middle-aged men, comprising primarily 322 men living without HIV (MLWOH) and 85 men living with HIV (MLWH), with normal fasting glucose at enrollment. Follow-up assessments were conducted after 3.1 ± 1.5 years.Methods: At baseline and follow-up, SHBG, albumin, and total testosterone were measured and free T was calculated. An oral glucose tolerance test at follow-up determined dysglycaemia (impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, type 2 diabetes) and glucose metabolism parameters including insulin sensitivity (Matsuda index), insulin resistance (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance), and beta(β)cell function (disposition index). The primary analysis focussed on MLWOH, with a subanalysis on MLWH to explore whether associations in MLWOH differed from MLWH.Results: The prevalence of dysglycaemia at follow-up was 17% (n = 55) in MLWOH. Higher baseline SHBG was associated with a lower risk of incident dysglycaemia (odds ratio 0.966; 95% confidence interval 0.945-0.987) and positively associated with insulin sensitivity (β = 0.124, P < .001) and β-cell function (β = 0.194, P = .001) at follow-up. Free T did not predict dysglycaemia. In MLWH, dysglycaemia prevalence at follow-up was 12% (n = 10). Neither baseline SHBG nor free T were associated with incident dysglycaemia and glucose metabolism parameters in MLWH.Conclusion: SHBG levels predict the development of dysglycaemia in middle-aged African men but do not exhibit the same predictive value in MLWH.
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