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1.	Algers, Bo, et al. (författare) Hög tid att förbjuda minkfarmer i Sverige 2021 Ingår i: Upsala nya tidning. - 1104-0173. Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
2.	Algers, Bo, et al. (författare) Inget stöd till minkfarmar - bäst är att lägga ned alla 2021 Ingår i: Dagens ETC. - 1652-8980 .- 1402-6309. Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)
3.	Alsanius, Beatrix, et al. (författare) Green wheel : om målkonflikten rörande tunga batteridrivna vägtransporter och mikrobiella faror samt hållbarhet av bladgrönsaker 2022 Rapport (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract Låg självförsörjningsgrad, centralisering av marknaden, samt mycket varierande klimatförhållanden i Sverige som hindrar lokalproduktion av vegetabilier, detta är tre viktiga anledningar varför det svenska livsmedelssystemet är beroende av transporter. För att nå målet för ett "hållbart livsmedelssystem" måste transporter övergå till andra än fossila energikällor. Transporter av varor som är beroende av en kylkedja kräver inte bara energi för själva transporten, utan också för att hålla temperaturen på en nivå som inte äventyrar livsmedelssäkerhet och produktens hållbarhet. Maximitemperatur under transport av temperaturkänsliga matvaror har varit ett återkommande ämne i många brancher. I föreliggande rapport ställde vi oss frågan vilken betydelse temperaturskillnaden mellan 4 och 8 C under transport av bladgrönsaker har för tre mycket generaliserade körscenarion (200, 400 och 900 km) ur ett kvalitets- och livsmedelsäkerhetsperspektiv, med den psykrofila patogenen Listeria monocytogenes som modell. Studien utgår från två laddningskapaciteter för batterier (150 resp. 350 kW). Vi visar att laddningsinfrastrukturen är den mest avgörande faktorn som påverkar produkthållbarhet och livsmedelssäkerhet. Risk för nedsatt kvalitet och i synnerhet livsmedelsäkerhet ökar avsevärd med långa körtider vid en temperatur av 8 C i lastutrymmet.
4.	Alsanius, Beatrix, et al. (författare) Green wheel – om målkonflikten rörande tunga batteridrivna vägtransporter och mikrobiella faror samt hållbarhet av bladgrönsaker 2022 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
5.	Alsanius, Beatrix, et al. (författare) The "one health"‐concept and organic production of vegetables and fruits 2019 Ingår i: Acta Horticulturae. - 0567-7572 .- 2406-6168. ; 1242, s. 1-14 Konferensbidrag (refereegranskat)
6.	Andersson, Maria, et al. (författare) Transport av dräktiga djur, transport av unga djur och åldersbestämning av foster 2023 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract De flesta lantbruksdjur transporteras endast enstaka gånger i livet och har därför sällan möjlighet att vänja sig vid transporter på ett sätt som skulle förebygga stress och bidra till en god transportupplevelse. Att skapa förutsättningar som minimerar påverkan på djuren och underlättar drivning av djuren är därför av stor vikt. Livdjurstransport eller transport till slakt kan vara en mycket stressfylld situation för djur. EFSA har under 2022 publicerat tre olika utlåtanden om transport av nötkreatur, små idisslare och gris. EFSA har i sina utlåtanden identifierat följande relevanta välfärdsrisker: social stress i samband med omgruppering, stress då djuren hanteras av ovarsamma människor eller av människor som de inte är vana vid, stress på grund av värme eller kyla, skador, rörelsestress (orsakat av fordonets rörelser), predationsstress (specifikt hos får som drivs med hund), hunger, törst, respiratoriska problem (specifikt hos nötkreatur), begränsade rörelsemöjligheter, svårigheter att vila och sensorisk överstimulering. Sammantaget kan dessa välfärdsrisker leda till ackumulerad och hög stress, rädsla, smärta, obehag och utmattning hos djuren.Nötkreatur, grisar och får är sociala djur som lätt stressas om de separeras från sin grupp. Att ta hänsyn till deras naturliga flockbeteende genom att t.ex. inte driva djur enskilt utan i grupp (undantag för vuxna handjur som ofta behöver hanteras enskilt) är därför viktigt både före, under och efter transport. Omgrupperingar och social stress riskerar att leda till aggressioner och oönskade beteenden då djuren kan komma att skada sig själva eller varandra.Djurs tidigare erfarenheter av att bli hanterade av människor påverkar deras upplevelse och stressnivå vid hantering i samband med transport. En mer vänlig hantering av djuren tidigt i livet kan underlätta hanteringen i samband med transport. Djurens rädsla utgör en välfärdsrisk, både för djuren själva och för den transportör som ska hantera dem. Utlastningsutrymmen och drivvägar behöver vara väl designade för att få ett bra flöde när djuren lastas respektive lastas av och den som hanterar djuren behöver ha god kunskap om djurens naturliga beteenden.Hunger och törst kan uppstå hos djur under tiden från lastning till transport och urlastning. Risken för att djuren ska uppleva hunger och törst ökar med längre transporttider. Unga djur har ett naturligt tätare födointag vilket man kan behöva ta hänsyn till vid transport genom att erbjuda djuren möjlighet att äta och dricka oftare än äldre djur. I nuläget finns det inga optimala lösningar på hur man ska kunna tillgodose behovet av vatten eller annan utfodring på transport då intaget även påverkas av stress och sociala faktorer utöver vana vid utrustningen.Djurtätheten på transportfordonet är en viktig faktor som påverkar djurens möjligheter att hålla balansen och att kunna ligga ned och vila, men även risken för skador och död. Behovet av att kunna ligga ned under transport ökar med transportens längd och huruvida djuren ligger ned är kopplat till vilket utrymme som ges, där större utrymme leder till att fler djur ligger ned.Sen dräktighet räknas som ett tillstånd då det inte är lämpligt att transportera ett djur eftersom transport under denna period kan leda till negativa konsekvenser för djurets välfärd och risker för avkomman. Dräktighet innebär ökad sårbarhet både fysiskt och fysiologiskt. För dräktiga djur innebär därför den stress som förflyttning, lastning, ny miljö, okända människor, rörlig och ostabil transport, transportfordonets förutsättningar, samt avsaknad av foder och vatten under längre perioder, en större påfrestning med en ökad risk för negativa konsekvenser, än för icke-dräktiga djur. Dräktiga djur har en ökad metabolism och värmeproduktion, framförallt under sen dräktighet, vilket gör dräktiga djur mer känsliga för värmestress än icke-dräktiga djur. Vidare blir fysisk ansträngning jobbigare för det dräktiga djuret beroende både på den ökade tyngden och dess påverkan på rörelseapparaten. Även cirkulationssystemet blir mer ansträngt med en förhöjd hjärtfrekvens som följd. Vid värmestress ökar dessutom andningsfrekvensen påtagligt.Kortisol har en viktig roll i slutet av dräktigheten och för att initiera förlossning. I slutet av dräktigheten stiger kortisolnivåerna i moderdjurets blod till följd av att fostrets kortisolproduktion ökar. Förhöjda kortisolnivåer till följd av stress och fysisk ansträngning i samband med lastning, hantering, omgruppering, transport och nya miljöer kan orsaka abort eller för tidig igångsättning av förlossningen. Flera studier visar att det även finns risker under andra delar av dräktigheten. Transport ökar till exempel risken för embryonala förluster under tidig dräktighet hos gris, framför allt under vecka två till fyra, vilket är en kortisolkänslig period. För nötkreatur finns det risk för embryonala förluster vid transporter under dräktighetens första två månader och studier på får har visat på negativa effekter på lamm och ökad risk för fosterdöd vid förhöjda kortisolnivåer hos tackan. Det finns även en risk för epigenetiska effekter hos fostren vid stress hos moderdjuret, vilka kan komma att påverka avkomman senare i livet.När hondjuren ökar i vikt genom fostertillväxt och ökad volym av fostervätskor, påverkas deras rörlighet och förmåga att hålla balansen vilket kan göra att både lastning och transport försvåras samt innebära en ökad risk för halkskador och fläkningsskador. Eventuella led- och klövproblem kan dessutom förvärras eller försvåra rörelsemöjligheterna, även om uppenbar hälta inte alltid kan ses. Den ökade storleken gör att dräktiga djur kräver större plats under transporten, både för att djuren i sig är större, men också för att de ska kunna parera rörelser och hålla balansen. Dräktiga grisar minskar sin aktivitetsnivå och har större behov av att ligga ned och vila vilket behöver tillgodoses under transport.I slutet av dräktigheten, oklart exakt när, sker en uppmjukning av vävnaderna i bäckenregionen vilket är mer påtagligt för nötkreatur än för små idisslare och suggor. Uppmjukningen kvarstår även en tid efter förlossningen. Uppmjukningen ger försämrad stabilitet vid rörelse, vilket innebär risker vid både lastning och transport. Det är därför viktigt att man tar hänsyn till detta och har god tidsmarginal vid transport av dräktiga eller nyförlösta djur, så att djuren inte riskerar att transporteras under den tid som bäckenet är instabilt.Den vetenskapliga evidensen för EU:s regel om 90 % av den förväntade dräktighetstiden som gräns för transport av dräktiga djur förefaller oklar. Rådet ställer sig bakom konklusionen i EFSA:s utlåtande om transport av nötkreatur, små idisslare och gris, om att vetenskapliga belägg för den exakta nu gällande gränsdragningen saknas, samtidigt som det är tydligt att långt gången dräktighet är en riskfaktor för negativ djurvälfärd under transport. I de aktuella utlåtandena finns dock flera studier citerade som visar på sårbarhet för de dräktiga djuren och deras foster under en period som i många fall är längre än de sista 10 % av dräktighetstiden samt att det finns en ökad sårbarhet även under andra delar av dräktigheten och att både moderdjur och foster kan påverkas negativt av att transporteras.Det finns risk för att den stress som en transport innebär kan leda till att det sent dräktiga djuret aborterar eller att förlossningen sätts igång under eller strax efter transport. Då det således föreligger risker för foster och moderdjur vid transport av dräktiga djur under stora delar av dräktighetsperioden anser Rådet att transport av dräktiga djur (nötkreatur, får och gris) om möjligt bör undvikas.Vid transport av unga kalvar, smågrisar och lamm måste hänsyn tas till flera faktorer, såsom ålder, immunförsvarets utveckling, djurens allmänna hälsostatus, huruvida djuren är avvanda eller inte, social stress, etc. Unga djur är generellt känsligare än vuxna djur, och påverkas än mer av att utsättas för hunger och törst, kalla och varma transporter, och begränsade möjligheter att vila under transport. Under perioden då det passiva immunförsvaret går ned samtidigt som det aktiva immunförsvaret är under uppbyggnad är djuren extra känsliga för infektioner.Hur väl ett ungt djur klarar en transport beror bl.a. på längden på transporten (ju längre transport desto större risk för djurens välfärd), samt djurets ålder och vikt. Tiden mellan två och fyra veckor är en känslig ålder för transport av kalvar. Enligt EFSA bör inte kalvar transporteras tidigare än vid fem veckors ålder och de bör väga minst 50 kg. För lamm rekommenderas att djuren transporteras först efter avvänjning. Vidare behöver hänsyn tas till djurens behov av foder och vatten, så att deras närings- samt vätskebehov tillgodoses. Hänsyn behöver även tas till på vilket sätt de är vana vid att inta foder och vatten, och om djuret hålls på liknande sätt i transporten som de är vana vid, exempelvis i samma grupp eller tillsammans med sin mamma. Det kan vara klokt att utfodra djuren innan transport för att minska risken för hunger under transporten. Vid mjölkgiva till kalv behöver tid ges för digestion innan transport för att minska risken för diarré.Icke avvanda djur upplever en större stress runt transport än avvanda djur (vid transport utan moderdjur) och det är därför bättre att företrädesvis transportera djuren efter avvänjning. Unga djur är heller inte motoriskt färdigutvecklade, vilket kan påverka deras balans under transport samt vid på- och avlastning. Yngre djur ligger ned oc
7.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Guidance on the assessment criteria for studies evaluating the effectiveness of stunning interventions regarding animal protection at the time of killing 2013 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This guidance defines the assessment process and the criteria that will be applied by the Animal Health and Welfare Panel to studies on known new or modified legal stunning interventions to determine their suitability for further assessment. The criteria that need to be fulfilled are eligibility criteria, reporting quality criteria and methodological quality criteria. The eligibility criteria are based upon the legislation and previously published scientific data. They focus on the intervention and the outcomes of interest, i.e. immediate onset of unconsciousness and insensibility or absence of avoidable pain, distress and suffering until the loss of consciousness and sensibility, and duration of the unconsciousness and insensibility (until death). If a study fulfils the eligibility criteria, it will be assessed regarding a set of reporting quality criteria that are based on the REFLECT and the STROBE statements. As a final step in this first assessment phase, the methodological quality of the submitted study will be assessed. If the criteria regarding eligibility, reporting quality and methodological quality are fulfilled, a full assessment of the animal welfare implications of the proposed alternative stunning intervention, including both pre-stunning and stunning phases, and an evaluation of the quality, strength and external validity of the evidence presented would be carried out at the next level of the assessment. In the case that the criteria regarding eligibility and reporting quality and methodological quality are not fulfilled, the assessment report of the panel will highlight the shortcomings and indicate where improvements are required before the study can be assessed further. In addition to the assessment criteria, the guidance also specifies general aspects applicable to studies on stunning interventions that should be considered when studying the effectiveness of stunning interventions.
8.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Leddjurs förmåga att känna smärta och uppleva lidande 2023 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)
9.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Oyster mortality 2015 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 13 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This updated scientific opinion on oyster mortality addresses 1) the role of ostreid herpesvirus (OsHV-1) in mortality, 2) evidence for a role of Vibrio aestuarianus in mortality, 3) effectiveness of water treatment in inactivating OsHV-1 and V. aestuarianus and 4) feasibility, availability and effectiveness of the disease prevention and control measures. A new pattern of mass mortality of Pacific oysters (C. gigas) was observed in France and other European countries from 2008 onwards. Similar outbreaks were reported in 2010-11 from Australia and New Zealand. Studies performed since 2010 has provided strong evidence that OsHV-1 µVar is causally linked to increased oyster spat mortality at sea water temperatures above 16 °C. V. aestuarianus subsp. francensis was detected in France in 2001 in moribund oysters; since then this bacterium has been regularly detected during oyster mortality events. Owing to a lack of information, the causal relationship between V.aestuarianus and oyster mortality has not been established. Discharge of untreated seawater from depuration plants remains a potential mode of transmission of diseases affecting bivalves and other marine life. Effective disinfection of seawater effluent from depuration and holding facilities will minimize the risk of transmission of infectious agents. Unrestricted movement of oysters is associated with a high risk of spread of OsHV-1. Wild populations of C. gigas also contribute to spread of OsHV-1. Only a few areas in Europe continue to remain free from OsHV-1. Once infected, an area is not likely to regain freedom from OsHV-1 if a wild population of C. gigas is present. Almost all OsHV-1 strains isolated after 2008 conform to the definition of microvariants. Therefore, it appears unnecessary to maintain a separate definition of microvariants for disease control purposes. The criteria in Directive 2006/88/EC for listing of non-exotic diseases are currently not fulfilled for mortality caused by OsHV-1 microvariants.
10.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific opinion concerning a multifactorial approach on the use of animal and non-animal-based measures to assess the welfare of pigs 2014 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 12 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Pigs have a need for manipulable materials to satisfy a range of behavioural needs, which can be different in different classes of pig. When these needs are not met, a range of adverse welfare consequences result, one of these being an increased risk for tail-biting in weaners and rearing pigs. The ability to control the risk of tailbiting is essential when aiming to avoid tail-docking. Based on available scientific information this Opinion identifies the multiple interactions between risk factors, welfare consequences and animal and non-animal-based measures on the two subjects requested (i) the absence of functional manipulable materials, for pigs at different stages in life and (ii) tail-biting, for weaners and rearing pigs only. An attempt is made to quantify the relationships between the identified interactions by carrying out a statistical analysis of information from available databases, those being an international dataset collected using the Welfare Quality® protocol, which was not designed to evaluate risk factors for tail-biting and therefore, it had limitations in fitness for this analysis, and a large Finnish dataset with undocked pigs. Based on the current state of knowledge, the AHAW Panel proposes two simple tool-boxes for on farm use to assess (i) the functionality of the supplied manipulable material and (ii) the presence and strength of risk factors for tail biting. Both proposed tool-boxes include a combination of the most important resource-based and animal-based measures. Further development and validation of decision–support tools for customised farm assessment is strongly recommended and a proposal for harmonised data collection across the range of European farming circumstances is presented. A series of further recommendations are made by the AHAW Panel.
11.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific Opinion on African swine fever 2014 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 12 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The risk for endemicity of ASF in the eastern neighbouring countries of the EU and spread of ASFV to unaffected areas was updated until 31/01/2014. The assessment was based on a literature review and expert knowledge elicitation. The risk that ASF is endemic in Georgia, Armenia and the Russian Federation has increased from moderate to high, particularly due to challenges in outbreak control in the backyard production sector. The risk that ASFV will spread further into unaffected areas from these countries, mainly through movement of contaminated pork, infected pigs or contaminated vehicles, has remained high. In Ukraine and Belarus, the risk for ASF endemicity was considered moderate. Although only few outbreaks have been reported, which have been stamped out, only limited activities are ongoing to facilitate early detection of secondary spread. Further, there is a continuous risk of ASFV re-introduction from the Russian Federation, due to transboundary movements of people, pork or infected wild boar. The number of backyard farms is greatest in the west of Ukraine and westwards spread of ASFV could result in an infected area near the EU border, difficult to control. In Georgia, Armenia and the Russian Federation, the risk for endemicity of ASF in the wild boar population is considered moderate, mainly due to spill-over from the domestic pig population, whereas in Ukraine and Belarus this was considered to be low. In those areas in the Russian Federation where wild boar density is high, this risk may be higher. Intensive hunting pressure in affected wild boar populations may increase the risk for spread, possibly with severe implications across international borders. The risk for different matrices to be infected/contaminated and maintain infectious ASFV at the moment of transportation into the EU was assessed and ranged from very high for frozen meat, to very low for crops.
12.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific Opinion on canine leishmaniosis 2015 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 13 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This Scientific Opinion presents a characterisation of canine leishmaniosis (CanL) in Europe and its potential for spreading. The efficacy of available preventative measures to protect dogs against CanL was assessed, with the objective of mitigating the probability of introduction of CanL into free areas in the European Union through movement of infected dogs. Several systematic reviews (SRs) of literature were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of vaccines, topically applied insecticides and prophylactic medication. Additionally, SRs on the sensitivity of diagnostic tests and treatment efficacy were carried out to evaluate the possibility of testing and excluding or treating infected dogs to mitigate the risk of introduction into free areas. The probability of introduction and establishment of CanL in a non-endemic region with competent sandflies was estimated, using a stochastic simulation model. The probability of establishment defined as the local transmission of L. infantum from vector to host and vice versa, was very high. The most effective mitigation measure to reduce the probability of introduction and establishment of CanL was topically applied insecticide. Vaccination had only limited effect on the probability of establishment in a non-endemic region. Testing dogs before their introduction into a non-endemic area is of limited value if applied too soon after exposure to infected sandflies, because it takes several months to obtain a positive result after exposure. Test and treatment in the endemic area, prior to movement into a non-endemic area, does not appear to be an efficient and realistic option to mitigate the probability of introduction of CanL, as no treatment against CanL can guarantee to prevent future transmission. It was concluded that the main limitation to CanL spread is represented by the vectors. This reinforces the need for knowledge on the vectorial competence, distribution and abundance of potential vectors of CanL in the EU.
13.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific opinion on electrical requirements for poultry waterbath stunning equipment 2014 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 12 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The European Commission (EC) requested that the EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW Panel) delivers a scientific opinion on a study that proposes parameters for poultry electrical waterbath stunning different to those laid down in Council Regulation (EC) No 1099/2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing. The submitted study reports upon the use (mean + SD) of a current of 104.00 ± 3.88 mA, a voltage of 125.86 ± 3.28 V and a frequency of 589.78 ± 0.63 Hz using a square wave in alternating current (AC) with a 50 % duty cycle. These conditions were applied for 15 seconds to chickens under laboratory and slaughterhouse conditions. The submitted study was peer-reviewed by the AHAW Panel in the manner detailed in its ‘Guidance on the assessment criteria for studies evaluating the effectiveness of stunning intervention regarding animal protection at the time of killing'. The methodology and the data reported do not provide conclusive evidence that the combination of the proposed electrical frequency and current induced unconsciousness without exposing the chickens to avoidable pain and suffering. Further, some chickens did not remain unconscious for a sufficient time to prevent avoidable pain and suffering during slaughter. Because the information provided in the study was incomplete and insufficient, it did not pass the eligibility phase of the assessment. In the context of Directive 2010/63/EU on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, and current scientific evidence, a frequency of 600 Hz with a current of 104 mA does not result in efficient stunning of poultry. Therefore, additional research into these stunning parameters is not recommended.
14.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific Opinion on field trials for bovine tuberculosis vaccination 2013 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The opinion provides advice relating to the design of field trials to test the performance of a vaccine for bovine tuberculosis (bTB), along with a test to Detect Infected among Vaccinated Animals (DIVA). The objective of cattle vaccination is to use the vaccine in combination with presently applied control measures within the EU as an aid towards bTB eradication. The ideal field trials for the DIVA test will follow the OIE guidelines for test validation. Any deviations from the ideal trial design in relation to DIVA test performance should be justified, and the bias that may subsequently be introduced should be accounted for. The ideal field trial design for vaccination performance should implement a double-blind randomised test scenario, and allow for known risk factors in the field situation. Any deviations from the ideal trial design in relation to vaccine performance should also be justified and bias that may subsequently be introduced should be accounted for. Relevant risk factors and possible confounders that should be taken into consideration in the design of field trials are described in this opinion. The safety of a candidate vaccine is guaranteed in the registration of a vaccine medication by a competent authority. The field trials will need to fulfil these requirements to prove that the use of this vaccine in the field is safe for both public health and the environment. Some additional remarks regarding the safety of this specific vaccine are included in this opinion.
15.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific Opinion on infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) 2012 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 10 Tidskriftsartikel (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Atlantic salmon is the only species in which the disease infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) has been observed naturally. Initial reports of findings of infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV) before 2002, did not distinguish between non virulent HPR0 and virulent HPRΔ viruses, thus making interpretation of older findings difficult in the light of current knowledge. Following a request from the European Commission, EFSA was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the relationship between HPR0 and HPRΔ, the risk of HPRΔ ISAV emerging from HPR0 ISAV, and possible risk factors for such an emergence. HPR0 ISAV does not cause clinical disease in Atlantic salmon; however, it causes a transient subclinical infection and replicates mainly in gills. There is no evidence for HPR0 ISAV leading to natural infection and replication in fish species other than Atlantic salmon. Virulent ISAV have deletions in the HPR region of the HE gene and they have either an insertion or the Q266L mutation in the F gene. The most plausible hypothesis is that virulent ISAV (HPRΔ) is derived from HPR0 ISAV. This is further supported by the close association between the genetic relatedness and spatio-temporal distances of virus strains in solitary outbreaks. Epidemiological and historical data from solitary disease outbreaks indicates that the risk of HPRΔ ISAV emerging from HPR0 is low, but not negligible. The risk factors for HPRΔ emergence from HPR0 are unknown. Nevertheless, any factor that affects virus replication or host susceptibility could possibly influence the risk of emergence. More research is needed on the drivers for transition from HPR0 to HPRΔ and factors affecting host susceptibility and thereby emergence of clinical disease. A quantitative assessment of the different evolutionary forces for ISA would be useful, as well as the prevalence of ISAV HPR0 in farmed and wild Atlantic salmon.
16.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific opinion on lumpy skin disease 2015 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 13 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease of cattle characterised by severe losses, especially in naive animals. LSD is endemic in many African and Asian countries, and it is rapidly spreading throughout the Middle East, including Turkey. LSD is transmitted by mechanical vectors, but direct/indirect transmission may occur. The disease would mainly be transferred to infection-free areas by transport of infected animals and vectors. In the EU, it could only happen through illegal transport of animals. The risk for that depends on the prevalence in the country of origin and the number of animals illegally moved. Based on a model to simulate LSD spread between farms, culling animals with generalised clinical signs seems to be sufficient to contain 90 % of epidemics around the initial site of incursion, but the remaining 10 % of simulated epidemics can spread up to 400 km from the site of introduction by six months after incursion. Whole-herd culling of infected farms substantially reduces the spread of LSD virus, and the more rapidly farms are detected and culled, the greater the magnitude of the reduction is. Only live attenuated vaccines against LSD are available. Homologous vaccines are more effective than sheep pox strain vaccines. The safety of the vaccines should be improved and the development of vaccines for differentiating between infected and vaccinated animals is recommended. Epidemics are not self-limiting when effective vaccination or culling are not applied. Active surveillance, rapid detection and prompt culling of infected herds are effective measures for LSD control. The role of vectors for LSD transmission should be further investigated in both controlled environments and the field. Awareness-raising campaigns for farmers and veterinary staff to promote recognition of LSD should be considered. The cooperation of the EU with neighbouring countries should be encouraged to prevent transboundary disease spread.
17.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific opinion on monitoring procedures at slaughterhouses for bovines 2013 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 11(12) Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This scientific opinion proposes toolboxes of welfare indicators for developing monitoring procedures at slaughterhouses for bovines stunned with penetrative captive bolt or slaughtered without stunning. In particular, the opinion proposes welfare indicators together with their corresponding outcomes of consciousness, unconsciousness or death. In the case of slaughter with captive bolt stunning, the opinion proposes a toolbox of indicators and the outcomes to be used to assess consciousness in bovine animals at three key stages of monitoring: (a) after stunning and during shackling and hoisting; (b) during neck cutting or sticking; and (c) during bleeding. For slaughter of bovines without stunning, a set of indicators and outcomes are proposed in another toolbox to be used for (a) assessing unconsciousness, before releasing bovines from restraint; and (b) confirming death before carcass dressing begins. Various activities-including a systematic literature review, an online survey and stakeholders' and hearing experts' meetings-were conducted to gather information about the specificity, sensitivity and feasibility of the indicators that can be included in the toolboxes. The frequency of checking differs according to the role of each person responsible for ensuring animal welfare. Personnel performing stunning, shackling, hoisting and/or bleeding will have to check all the animals and confirm that they are not conscious following stunning or before release from the restraint. For the animal welfare officer, who has the overall responsibility for animal welfare, a mathematical model for the sampling protocols is proposed, giving some allowance to set the sample size of animals that he/she needs to check at a given throughput rate (total number of animals slaughtered in the slaughterhouse) and tolerance level (number of potential failures). Finally, different risk factors and scenarios are proposed to define a ‘normal' or a ‘reinforced' monitoring protocol, according to the needs of the slaughterhouse.
18.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific Opinion on monitoring procedures at slaughterhouses for pigs 2013 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 11, s. 1831-4732 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This scientific opinion proposes toolboxes of welfare indicators for developing monitoring procedures at slaughterhouses for pigs stunned with the head-only electrical method or carbon dioxide at high concentration. In particular, the opinion proposes welfare indicators together with their corresponding outcomes of consciousness, unconsciousness or death. The opinion proposes a toolbox of indicators and the outcomes to be used to assess consciousness in pigs at three key stages of monitoring: (a) after stunning and during shackling and hoisting, (b) during sticking and (c) during bleeding. Various activities-including a systematic literature review, an online survey and stakeholders' and hearing experts' meetings-were conducted to gather information about specificity, sensitivity and feasibility of the indicators that are to be included in the toolboxes for monitoring welfare. On the basis of information gathered during these activities, a methodology was developed to select the most appropriate indicators that could be used in the monitoring procedures. The frequency of checking differs according to the role of each person with responsibility for ensuring animal welfare at slaughter. The personnel performing stunning, shackling, hoisting and/or bleeding will have to check all the animals and confirm that they are not conscious following stunning. For the animal welfare officer, who has the overall responsibility for animal welfare, a mathematical model for the sampling protocols is proposed, giving some allowance to set the sample size of animals that he/she needs to check at a given throughput rate (total number of animals slaughtered in the slaughterhouses) and tolerance level (number of potential failures-animals that are conscious after stunning; animals that are not unconscious or not dead after slaughter without stunning). The model can also be applied to estimate threshold failure rate at a chosen throughput rate and sample size. Finally, different risk factors and scenarios are proposed to define a ‘normal' or a ‘reinforced' monitoring protocol, according to the needs of the slaughterhouse.
19.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific Opinion on monitoring procedures at slaughterhouses for poultry 2013 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This scientific opinion proposes toolboxes of welfare indicators, and their corresponding outcomes of consciousness, unconsciousness or death, for developing monitoring procedures at slaughterhouses for poultry stunned using electrical waterbaths and gas mixtures or slaughtered without stunning. For waterbath stunning, the opinion proposes a toolbox of indicators for assessing consciousness in poultry at two key stages of monitoring: (a) between the exit from the waterbath stunner and neck cutting and (b) during bleeding. For gas stunning, the opinion proposes a toolbox of indicators for assessing consciousness in poultry at two key stages of monitoring: (a) during shackling and (b) during bleeding. For slaughter without stunning, a toolbox is proposed for confirming death prior to entering scald tanks. Various activities-including a systematic literature review, an online survey and stakeholders' and hearing experts' meetings-were conducted to gather information about the specificity, sensitivity and feasibility of the indicators. On the basis of such information, a methodology was developed to select the most appropriate indicators to be used in the monitoring procedures. The frequency of checking differs according to the role of each person with responsibility for ensuring poultry welfare. The personnel will have to check all the birds and confirm that they are not conscious following stunning with electrical waterbaths or gas mixtures and that they are dead before entering scald tanks. For the animal welfare officer, a mathematical model for the sampling protocols is proposed, giving some allowance to set the sample size of birds that he/she needs to check at a given throughput rate (total number of birds slaughtered in the slaughterhouses) and threshold failure rate (number of potential failures-birds that are conscious after stunning). Finally, different risk factors and scenarios are proposed to define a ‘normal' or a ‘reinforced' monitoring protocol, according to the needs of the slaughterhouse.
20.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific Opinion on monitoring procedures at slaughterhouses for sheep and goats 2013 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This scientific opinion proposes toolboxes of welfare indicators for developing monitoring procedures at slaughterhouses for sheep and goats stunned with the head-only electrical method or slaughtered without stunning. In particular, the opinion proposes welfare indicators together with their corresponding outcomes of consciousness, unconsciousness or death. In the case of slaughter with head-only electrical stunning, the opinion proposes a toolbox to assess consciousness at three key stages of monitoring: (a) after electrical stunning and during shackling and hoisting, (b) during neck cutting and (c) during bleeding. For slaughter without stunning, another toolbox is proposed for (a) assessing unconsciousness before releasing the animals from restraint, and (b) confirming death before carcass dressing begins. Various activities-including a systematic literature review, an online survey and stakeholders' and hearing experts' meetings-were conducted to gather information about the sensitivity, specificity and feasibility of the indicators. On the basis of such information, a methodology was developed to select the most appropriate indicators to be used in the monitoring procedures. The frequency of checking differs according to the role of each person with responsibility for ensuring animal welfare. The personnel performing stunning, shackling, hoisting and/or bleeding will have to check all the animals and confirm that they are not conscious following stunning or before releasing from the restraint. For the animal welfare officer, who has the overall responsibility for animal welfare, a mathematical model for the sampling protocols is proposed, giving some allowance to set the sample size of animals to be checked at a given throughput rate (total number of animals slaughtered in the slaughterhouses) and threshold failure rate (number of potential failures-proportion of animals that are conscious after stunning). Finally, different risk factors and scenarios are proposed to define a ‘normal' or a ‘reinforced' monitoring protocol, according to the needs of the slaughterhouse.
21.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific Opinion on peste des petits ruminants 2015 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 13 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a severe viral disease of small ruminants caused by a Morbillivirus closely related to rinderpest virus. It is widespread in Africa and Asia and is currently also found in Turkey and Northern Africa. PPR is transmitted via direct contact, and the disease would mainly be transferred to infection-free areas by transport of infected animals. In the EU, it could only happen through illegal transport of animals. The risk of that depends on the prevalence in the country of origin and the number of animals illegally moved. The extent of the spread would depend mainly on the time during which it is undetected, the farm density, the frequency and distance of travel of animals. PPR has a high within-herd transmission rate, therefore contacts between flocks, e.g. through common grazing areas, should be avoided when PPR is present. If PPR enters EU areas with dense sheep population but low goat density, it may spread rapidly undetected, since goats are considered more susceptible than sheep. Effective measures in limiting the spread of PPR in the EU include prompt culling of infected herds, rapid detection, movement restriction, and disinfection. Live attenuated vaccines against PPR are available, safe and effective, and have been successfully used to control PPR epidemics, but no method exists for differentiating between infected and vaccinated animals; therefore, the development of one is recommended. Awareness-raising campaigns for farmers and veterinary staff to promote recognition of the disease should be considered. The cooperation of the EU with neighbouring countries should be encouraged to prevent the spread of PPR and other transboundary diseases.
22.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific Opinion on porcine epidemic diarrhoea and emerging porcine deltacoronavirus 2014 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 12 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
23.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific Opinion on Review of the European Union Summary Report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks—Terms of reference 2 to 7 2013 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW) Panel of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has evaluated the European Union Summary Report on Trends and Sources of Zoonoses, Zoonotic Agents and Food-borne Outbreaks by EFSA and ECDC (the report) with regard to data needs and subsequent analyses that will minimise the impact of existing data gaps and inconsistencies. Specific assessments performed for bovine tuberculosis, echinococcosis, Q fever, brucellosis, rabies, cysticercosis and tularaemia show that the report gives an accurate picture of the epidemiological situation for the infections which have an EU harmonised monitoring system. Generally the data analysis is descriptive; further analysis for specific purposes and quantification of the trends should be considered. Specific information for each disease should contain (i) a clear case definition, (ii) a clear description of sampling techniques and diagnostic tests used, (iii) relevant epidemiological characteristics and (iv) relevant control measures or surveillance. Prioritisation of diseases from a public health viewpoint is not in the remit of the AHAW Panel. Proposed criteria to assess the value of including additional diseases in the report are (1) the disease is reported regularly in animals and humans in some EU Member States; (2) the disease is considered a serious public health issue; and (3) monitoring in animals is epidemiologically justifiable. The first two criteria are inclusion criteria; the third is used to prioritise diseases for inclusion in the report. The last section of the opinion addresses the value of the data included in the report for AHAW risk assessment. Their usefulness is often compromised by missing case definition, insufficient metadata or outdated data. It is recommended that data needs are further analysed to improve the preparedness of the AHAW Panel to answer risk questions, via some readily available and stable data as well as good knowledge of ad-hoc data models and sources throughout the EU.
24.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific Opinion on Rift Valley fever 2013 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Based on a comprehensive review of literature and OIE (World Animal Health Organisation) outbreak reports, this scientific opinion reports, first, that there is no evidence that Rift Valley fever (RVF) has spread to previously uninfected countries during the past 10 years. Nevertheless, RVF has moved north within Mauritania, in a desert area. Secondly, maps of Europe and the southern Mediterranean Basin are provided, displaying the geographic distribution of the reported presence of nine potentially competent Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) vectors of the region, based on a systematic literature review. From environmental and eco-climatic data, predicted presence maps were generated that suggest the suitability of several parts of Europe and the southern Mediterranean Basin for these potentially competent RVFV vectors. Thirdly, to assess the risk of introduction of RVFV into some designated countries in the southern Mediterranean Basin (hereafter defined as the region concerned, RC), especially through the movements of live animals and vectors, a quantitative model was constructed and model parameters were derived based on expert knowledge elicitation (EKE). The EKE model indicates that some hundreds of RVFV-infected animals will be moved into the RC when an epidemic in the source areas occurs. The risk of RVFV entering the RC through the movement of vectors is expected to be small in comparison with the risk of entry through infected animals. Because of a lack of quantitative information on the seasonality of vector abundance and vertical transmission of RVFV within local vector species, the risk of endemicity could not be assessed. However, based on the abundance of the vector Culex pipiens, the livestock densities and the temperature in the region, there is a potential for the occurrence of RVF spread in the coastal areas of the RC.
25.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific opinion on sheep and goat pox 2014 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 12 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Sheep pox (SPP) and goat pox (GTP) are viral diseases of sheep and goats characterised by severe losses, especially in naive animals. SPP and GTP are endemic in many African, Middle Eastern and Asian countries, with recurrent epidemics in Greece and Bulgaria, as in 2013–2014. The main mode of SPP/GTP transmission is direct contact between animals, but, since the virus can survive in the environment, indirect transmission may also occur through fomites such as human movement, vehicles, wildlife and trade of hides when insufficiently treated. According to a model developed to evaluate the spread of SPP, the probability of spread of the infection in south-eastern Europe is <1 %, while, if introduced in the Iberian Peninsula, the probability that SPP would spread is more than 50 %. The long-term survival of the SPP virus in the environment enhances the likelihood of SPP endemicity; however, this can be reduced by extensive cleaning and disinfection, and with a waiting period before re-stocking culled herds. Early detection and notification, prompt movement restriction of animals, an extension of duration and size of the protection zone and culling affected herds, based on clinical signs, are effective and time-saving control measures recommended by the AHAW Panel. Only live attenuated vaccines are available for SPP/GTP, which are not licensed within the EU and without principle for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals. The AHAW Panel recommends further investigation of potential SPP/GTP transmission through arthropods and wildlife, the survival of SPP/GTP viruses in grazing sites and in animal feed and hides and the development of inactivated vaccines. Sentinel animals could be used prior to re-stocking culled herds. Awareness-raising campaigns for farmers and veterinary staff to promote recognition of the disease should be considered. The cooperation of EU with neighbouring countries should be encouraged to prevent transboundary disease spread.
26.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific Opinion on the assessment of dairy cow welfare in small-scale farming systems 2015 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 13 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This opinion reviews information on small-scale dairy cow farming systems in Europe, including the impact of production diseases on welfare of cows, and proposes a methodology for welfare assessment in those systems. To address specific expectations of consumers that food be produced locally or regionally or maintaining acceptable animal welfare conditions, in addition to herd size, criteria to define farms as "non-conventional" were proposed. Several sources were investigated for identifying criteria for the description and categorisation of small-scale farms, including dairy umbrella organisations and literature. In addition to herd size (up to 75 cows), proposed criteria related to small-scale farming comprise the workforce source, input level, indigenous breed use and production type certification. To cover the large diversity of farming systems across Europe, it was proposed that farms meeting at least two of these criteria be considered non-conventional. To adapt the welfare assessment to small-scale farms, the same risk factors and welfare consequences, as measured by corresponding animal-based measures identified in previous opinions for intensive farming systems were considered to be also relevant for small-scale systems. In addition, factors related to resources provided on pasture (e.g. shelter), management of pasture (e.g. mixing herds) and management of the cows (e.g. use of local breeds) were considered more likely to be present in small-scale systems. An on-farm survey was run to collect data for welfare assessment from 124 European farms. The distribution of risk factors and animal-based measures varied across the full range in study farms and showed similar patterns in farms with different grazing systems (from no time to full year on pasture). The animal-based measures identified for intensive farming are well suited for application in small-scale dairy farms. Production disease impact on the individual animal's welfare state does not depend on herd size or farming system.
27.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific Opinion on the assessment of studies on the use of carbon dioxide for stunning rabbits 2015 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 13 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW Panel) was asked by the European Commission to deliver a scientific opinion on two studies concerned with the use of carbon dioxide for stunning rabbits. The European Commission had received from the Spanish authorities a report of a study entitled ‘Carbon dioxide stunning of rabbits' and another study entitled ‘Stunning of rabbits with carbon dioxide', provided as a complement to the first study. The latter was undertaken in a commercial abattoir where a commercial carbon dioxide stunner was installed. The results of electrocardiography and animal-based measures (nasal discomfort and vocalisation) produced in the experimental slaughterhouse study clearly indicated that the rabbits were subjected to pain and suffering prior to the loss of consciousness. The data presented do not describe stable, controlled or repeatable experimental conditions. The statistical tests used to analyse the data were not appropriate. The study in the commercial abattoir was not based on sound scientific conclusions resulting from the experimental slaughterhouse study. For all of these reasons, the submitted studies did not meet the minimum criteria for eligibility in the EFSA guidance on the assessment criteria for studies evaluating the effectiveness of stunning interventions. Therefore, they were not further assessed.
28.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific Opinion on the electrical parameters for the stunning of lambs and kid goats 2013 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The Panel on Animal Health and Welfare was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on two studies performed by IRTA: "Evaluation of the electrical stunning effectiveness in sheep with a current intensity lower than 1 Ampere" and "Evaluation of the electrical stunning effectiveness with electric currents lower than 1 A in lambs and kid goats". To achieve this, the first step was to define the type of study, critical variables, experimental design, data collection and analysis and reporting needed to supply scientific evidence that a given electrical stunning protocol of small ruminants provides a level of animal welfare at least equivalent to that ensured by the use of a minimum current of 1 A. These criteria were then applied to the two IRTA studies. The submitted studies are not adequate for a full welfare assessment of the alternative method studied because they do not fulfil the eligibility criteria and the reporting quality criteria defined in this opinion. The shortcomings of the studies are identified to make clear where improvements are required. To be considered for a full assessment of the welfare implications of the use of minimum currents lower than 1 A for electrical stunning of small ruminants a study must meet the eligibility standards described herein. A full assessment of the welfare implications of the use of minimum currents lower than 1 A for electrical stunning of small ruminants would need to take into account the restraining methods, the pre-stunning, and the stunning phases of the slaughter process and the correlation of the study findings with the results of other scientific evidence.
29.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific opinion on the possible risks posed by the influenza A (H3N2v) virus for animal health and its potential spread and implications for animal and human health 2013 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Swine are an important host in influenza virus ecology since they are susceptible to infections with both avian and human influenza A viruses. In 2011 and 2012, clusters of human infection with a swine-origin influenza A(H3N2) variant virus (H3N2v) containing the matrix (M) gene from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic virus were reported in the United States (US). The likelihood of introduction of H3N2v virus into the EU, and subsequent exposure and infection of EU pig herds was assessed. The overall likelihood of a pig holding in the EU being infected by exposure to H3N2v virus through either imported infectious pigs or humans coming from the US was estimated to be low. Efficient separation of imported pigs for 30 days would reduce the likelihood of exposure to a negligible level. The likelihood that H3N2v would spread to other pig holdings was judged to be high, assuming frequent movements of pigs between holdings. Currently, applied real time RT-PCRs can detect all swine influenza A viruses and, combined with gene sequencing, would identify the emergence of H3N2v virus. However, sequencing is not done on a routine basis in EU. Experimental studies in pigs show that the infection is purely of respiratory nature and follows a relatively mild course with fever, coughing and inappetence, similar to that of the endemic swine influenza viruses. Immunity resulting from vaccination with European vaccines may provide some cross-protection against infection with H3N2v virus whereas vaccines based on US swine H3N2 strains would offer superior protection. It is not possible to predict which changes within H3N2v virus might enable it to develop pandemic properties. Hence, it is not possible at present to set up a specific system to monitor such a risk. Nevertheless, it is recommended to reinforce the monitoring of influenza strains circulating in pigs in EU.
30.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific Opinion on the risk of entry of Aethina tumida and Tropilaelaps spp. in the EU 2013 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 11 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Small hive beetle (SHB) and Tropilaelaps are bee diseases considered exotic in the EU. SHBis a flying coleopteran that can be attracted to the odours of bees and bee products. In addition, SHB can survive and reproduce on a variety of ripe fruits. Tropilaelaps is an ectoparasite that does not survive long without honey bee brood and cannot fly by itself. The methodology used to assess the risk of entry of these pests in this scientific opinion was adapted from a pest risk assessment for entry used in the field of plant health. A qualitative risk assessment was performed taking into account current legislation but excluding the implementation of risk reduction options. This approach allowed the assessment of the worst case scenario for each risk factor. The risk pathways with a high risk of pest entry are ‘import of bee products (use in apiculture)' for SHB and ‘accidental import of bees' (unintended presence of bees in a non-bee consignment) for both pests. The other risk pathways are associated with a moderate or low risk of SHB or Tropilaelaps entry into the risk assessment area. Risk reduction options were assessed separately from the risk assessment. Examples of risk reduction options with a high effectiveness and a high technical feasibility are the use of health certificates to guarantee pest freedom of consignments and keeping consignments without honey bee brood. Options with a high effectiveness and technical feasibility were identified in all risk pathways except ‘accidental import of bees' and ‘dispersal of the pest via natural means and/or flight'. The AHAW Panel identified the need for validated rapid detection methods and for handling and sampling of imported bees in insect-proof environments. Education and training could help to monitor the pest distribution and to prevent pest entry by improving awareness, skills and expertise.
31.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific Opinion on the scientific assessment of studies on electrical parameters for stunning of small ruminants (ovine and caprine species) 2015 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 13 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW Panel) was asked by the European Commission to deliver a scientific opinion on three studies evaluating electrical parameters for the stunning of lambs and kid goats. The Commission received the studies from the Spanish authorities. One study was in the form of a manuscript entitled ‘Electrical stunning effectiveness with current levels lower than 1 A in lambs and kid goats'. The second study consisted of a summary in English entitled ‘Effect of the electrical stunning with inferior intensities of current to 1 Ampere on the carcass quality in Pascuales lambs', and the third study consisted of a summary in English entitled ‘Effect of electrical stunning with inferior intensities to 1 Ampere on the induction to the unconsciousness in lambs'. Reported outcomes for different animal categories were inconsistent and contradictory, indicating a need to validate if the stunning equipment delivered the intended current levels to the animals. The head-only stunning and slaughter intervention failed to achieve and/or maintain unconsciousness during bleeding and the head-to-body stunning and slaughter intervention failed to achieve cardiac ventricular fibrillation in all of the animals, as evidenced by the presence of corneal reflex and rhythmic breathing. No evidence of absence of pain and suffering is presented in the studies. The submitted studies are not considered adequate for a full welfare assessment of the alternative stunning method because they do not fulfil the eligibility criteria and the reporting quality criteria defined in the EFSA guidance on the assessment criteria for studies evaluating the effectiveness of stunning interventions or the EFSA opinion on monitoring welfare at slaughter of small ruminants.
32.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific Opinion on the use of a gamma interferon test for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis 2012 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 10 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The procedures for gaining, maintaining, suspending, withdrawing or re-gaining official bovine tuberculosis free herd status and for certification for intra-Union trade are based on the results of tuberculin skin tests. The skin test has a number of drawbacks, therefore the suitability of the gamma interferon test and other tests to be included by EU legislation was assessed. Suitability means that the test has a sensitivity equivalent or superior to the standard test currently used in the European Union and specificity not lower than that of the standard test with the lowest specificity used in the EU. Furthermore, there should be no foreseeable practical difficulties that could compromise test performance. It was concluded that purified protein derivative based gamma interferon tests can be included amongst the official tests for the purpose of demonstrating freedom. However, some results suggest that the specificity of the purified protein derivative based gamma interferon tests may not always be as high as the single intradermal tuberculin test. In case the test is included, the protocols for its use for this purpose should be harmonised in the EU. Based on the reviewed information, other tests should not yet be considered for inclusion in the official tests for the purpose of granting and retaining official tuberculosis free herd status. Further evaluation of the suitability of the gamma interferon tests test should study the influence of factors such as the presence of environmental mycobacteria, prevalence of bovine tuberculosis in the herd, the age type and bovine tuberculosis test history of the animals all of which may affect test specificity and hence the suitability of the test for demonstrating freedom from bovine tuberculosis in different situations
33.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific opinion on the use of carbon dioxide for stunning rabbits 2013 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 11, s. 1-33 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The Panel on Animal Health and Welfare was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the use of carbon dioxide for stunning rabbits. Specifically, EFSA was asked to give its view on the findings of the study performed by the Polytechnic University of Valencia (Spain) and the Animal Technology Centre CITA-ITAVIA "Estudio sobre la valoración mediante parámetros técnicos y de manejo del sistema de aturdimiento con gas CO2". As a first step, the type of study, critical variables, experimental design, data collection and analysis and reporting methods needed to supply scientific evidence that the use of CO2 is an acceptable alternative for the stunning of rabbits were defined. These criteria were then applied to the study. The submitted study is not adequate for a full welfare assessment of the alternative method studied because it does not fulfil the eligibility criteria and the reporting quality criteria defined in this opinion. The shortcomings of the study have been highlighted to indicate where improvements are required. To be considered for a full assessment of the welfare implications of the use of high concentrations of CO2 as a stunning method for rabbits, a study must meet the eligibility standards described herein. A full assessment of the welfare implications of the use of high concentrations of CO2 as a stunning method for rabbits would need to take into account the restraining methods, the pre-stunning, and the stunning phases of the slaughter process and the correlation of the study findings with the results of other scientific evidence.
34.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific Opinion on the use of low atmosphere pressure system (LAPS) for stunning poultry 2014 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 12 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract The EFSA's Panel on Animal Health and Welfare (AHAW Panel) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the use of a low atmosphere pressure system (LAPS) for stunning poultry. Four documents were provided by the European Commission (EC) as the basis for an assessment of the extent to which the LAPS is able to provide a level of animal welfare at least equivalent to that ensured by the current allowed methods for stunning poultry. The LAPS is described as rendering poultry unconscious by gradually reducing oxygen tension in the atmosphere leading to progressive hypoxia in the birds. In order to be allowed in the EU, new stunning methods must ensure 1) absence of pain, distress and suffering until the onset of unconsciousness, and 2) that the animal remains unconscious until death. The submitted studies were peer-reviewed by the AHAW Panel as outlined in its "Guidance on the assessment criteria for studies evaluating the effectiveness of stunning intervention regarding animal protection at the time of killing". It is unclear from the submitted documents whether the rate of decompression used in LAPS induces unconsciousness and death without causing avoidable pain and suffering in poultry. The assessed studies did not pass the eligibility assessment and, therefore, no further assessment was undertaken.
35.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific Opinion on the welfare risks related to the farming of sheep for wool, meat and milk production 2014 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 12, s. 1-128 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
36.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Scientific Opinion on welfare aspects of the use of perches for laying hens 2015 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 13 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract This opinion investigated the use of perches for laying hens in cage and non-cage systems. It is based on various activities reviewing the effects of perch height and design on hen health and welfare. Systematic and extensive literature reviews were conducted to assess the scientific evidence about hen motivation to grasp and seek elevation, and the appropriate height of perches as well as other features (position, material, colour, temperature, shape, width and length). In addition, an expert knowledge elicitation (EKE) exercise was run with technical hearing experts to discuss and prioritise the various design aspects of perches. Overall, the body of literature on perches is limited. Relevant features of perches are often confounded with others. In the literature, the most commonly used animal-based measures to assess perch adequacy are keel bone damages, foot pad lesions and perch use by hens. Overall, hens seek elevation during the day as well as during the night, when they select a site for roosting. Elevated perches allow hens to monitor the environment, to escape from other hens, avoid disturbances and improve thermoregulation. For night-time roosting hens show a preference for perches higher than 60cm compared with lower perches. However, elevated perches can have negative consequences with increased prevalence of keel deformities and fractures. The risk of injury increases when hens have to jump a distance of more than 80cm vertically, horizontally or diagonally to reach or leave a perch, or jump an angle between 45 and 90° (measured at the horizontal plane). Material, shape, length and width of the perch also influence perch preference by hens. The EKE exercise suggests that an adequate perch is elevated, accessible and functional (providing sufficient overview). The opinion concludes that for the design of an adequate perch, different features of perches need to be further investigated and integrated.
37.	Berg, Lotta, et al. (författare) Statement on a conceptual framework for bovine tuberculosis 2014 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 12 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
38.	Bonnedah, Jonas, et al. (författare) Occurrence of Yersinia rohdei among feral reindeer (Rangifer t. tarandus) and kelp gulls (Larus dominicanus) on the Sub-Antarctic island South Georgia. 2018 Ingår i: Infection Ecology & Epidemiology. - : Informa UK Limited. - 2000-8686. ; 8:1 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)
39.	Boqvist, Sofia, et al. (författare) EHEC utmaning från jord till bord 2015 Ingår i: SVAvet. - 0281-7519. ; , s. 16-16 Tidskriftsartikel (populärvet., debatt m.m.)abstract Ehec sprids vanligen via gödselförorenade livsmedel. Flera olika livsmedel har rapporterats orsaka sjukdomsutbrott, till exempel opastöriserad mjölk och yoghurt, kallrökt salami, medvurst, rostbiff och hamburgare, men även vegetabilier som sallad och groddar, samt opastöriserad äppeljuice gjord på fallfrukt.
40.	Boqvist, Sofia, et al. (författare) Food safety challenges and One Health within Europe 2018 Ingår i: Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 0044-605X .- 1751-0147. ; 60 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract This review discusses food safety aspects of importance from a One Health perspective, focusing on Europe. Using examples of food pathogen/food commodity combinations, spread of antimicrobial resistance in the food web and the risk of transmission of zoonotic pathogens in a circular system, it demonstrates how different perspectives are interconnected. The chosen examples all show the complexity of the food system and the necessity of using a One Health approach. Food safety resources should be allocated where they contribute most One Health benefits. Data on occurrence and disease burden and knowledge of source attribution are crucial in assessing costs and benefits of control measures. Future achievements in food safety, public health and welfare will largely be based on how well politicians, researchers, industry, national agencies and other stakeholders manage to collaborate using the One Health approach. It can be concluded that closer cooperation between different disciplines is necessary to avoid silo thinking when addressing important food safety challenges. The importance of this is often mentioned, but more proof of concept is needed by the research community.
41.	Cassi, Xavier Fernandez, et al. (författare) Microbial communities and Food safety aspects of crickets (Acheta domestica) reared under controlled conditions 2020 Ingår i: Journal of insects as food and feed. - 2352-4588. ; 6, s. 429-440 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract In an approach combining microbiological culture methods with high-throughput sequencing, this study investigated the microbial communities (bacteria, moulds and yeasts) in Swedish-produced edible crickets (Acheta domesticus) reared in a controlled environment. The effects of different feeds on microbial loads and populations in crickets were also studied. The crickets used were third-generation offspring from wild-caught individuals from Sweden, which are adapted to grow in a laboratory environment. The efficiency of rinsing to decrease microbial load was evaluated not obtaining a significant decrease of plating counts for total aerobic counts (TAC) and Enterobacteriaceae. Crickets were divided into three batches and fed different diets (control feed, early-cut red clover hay (ECH), late-cut fresh red clover (LCF)) for 62 days. Bacterial numbers (TAC and Enterobacteriaceae) on whole raw crickets ranged between 7 and 8 log cfu/g. Pre-rinsing in water did not reduce these levels (P=0.19). All batches tested negative for the food-borne bacteria Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Clostridium perfringens. The mean mould count for crickets fed control feed was 2.8 log cfu/g, while the values for crickets fed ECH and LCF were 4.2 and 4.5 log cfu/g, respectively. The dominant bacterial communities were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes, with Firmicutes and Proteobacteria dominating in crickets fed control feed, Firmicutes dominating in crickets fed LCF and Proteobacteria dominating in crickets fed ECH. Aspergillus flavus, a fungus that is capable of producing mycotoxins, was detected in control feed and ECH reared crickets. More work is needed to identify specific food-borne pathogens in edible crickets and establish possible bacterial quality reference values, as an important step in developing microbial quality and safety parameters to ensure consumer safety.
42.	Cassi, Xavier Fernandez, et al. (författare) The house cricket (Acheta domesticus) as a novel food: a risk profile 2019 Ingår i: Journal of insects as food and feed. - 2352-4588. ; 5, s. 137-157 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract Novel foods represent sustainable alternatives to traditional farming and conventional foodstuffs. The house cricket (Acheta domesticus) is considered as one of the most promising reared insects due to their attractive nutritional profile and lower feed conversion ratio compared to other animals. However, putative health hazards associated with consumption of crickets have previously not been investigated. The present study assesses the risks of A. domesticus reared in closed systems controlled by the implementation of hazard analysis and critical control points and good farming practices. Due to the novelty of the topic, data scarcity has been a limiting factor, hence comparative evidence from closely related species belonging to the order Orthoptera (e.g. grasshoppers, locusts, and other cricket species) have been included. The present risk profile identified as main hazards: (1) high total counts of aerobic bacteria; (2) presence of spore-forming bacteria post thermal processing; (3) accumulation of cadmium and other heavy metals; and (4) a possible increase of allergenic reactions due to exposure to insects and insect derived products. Important data gaps regarding edible crickets and their safety as novel foods have been highlighted in the future perspective section, representing aims for future research. Identified data gaps include: (1) farming conditions of the insects being studied; (2) data on the impact of thermal processing of the products prior to consumption; (3) fungal communities and mycotoxins-producing fungi in reared crickets; and (4) heavy metals not fully assessed (chromium, aluminium and arsenic) and other chemical hazards produced during processing (i.e. heterocyclic aromatic amines, acrylamide). The present risk profile explores food safety risks related to consumption of A. domesticus, thereby constituting an example of chemical and microbial hazards risk profiling on edible insects, covering rearing to consumption.
43.	Darlison, Julia, et al. (författare) Plant species affects establishment of Escherichia coli O157:H7 gfp+ on leafy vegetables 2019 Ingår i: Journal of Applied Microbiology. - : Oxford University Press (OUP). - 1364-5072 .- 1365-2672. ; 127, s. 292-305 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Aims Greenhouse trials were conducted with different cultivars of baby leaf spinach, rocket and Swiss chard and inoculation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 gfp+, to determine whether plant species and cultivar have an impact on the establishment of this strain. Methods and Results Three cultivars each of spinach, rocket and Swiss chard were spray inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 gfp+ at doses of log 7 CFU per ml. Due to the different lengths of growing period spinach and Swiss chard were spray inoculated three times and rocket five times, with final inoculation performed 3 days prior to harvest. After a growing period of 26-33 days, E. coli O157:H7 gfp+ was recovered from the leaf surface in mean populations between log 1 and 6 CFU per gram. The lowest occurrence of E. coli O157:H7 gfp+ was found on rocket leaves and the highest on spinach. There was no significant difference in the establishment of E. coli O157:H7 gfp+ between cultivars, but there were differences between plant species. Indigenous phyllosphere bacteria were pure cultured and identified with 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Conclusions Despite the same high inoculation dose of E. coli O157:H7 gfp+ on leaves, the establishment rate differed between plant species. However, plant cultivar did not affect establishment. Pantoea agglomerans dominated the identified bacterial isolates. Significance and Impact of the Study As previous studies are inconclusive on choice of model plant species and cultivar, we studied whether plant species or cultivar determines the fate of E. coli O157:H7 gfp+ on leafy vegetables. The findings indicate that plant species is a key determinant in the establishment of E. coli O157:H7 gfp+.
44.	Djurle, Annika, et al. (författare) Addressing biohazards to food security in primary production 2022 Ingår i: Food Security. - : Springer Science and Business Media LLC. - 1876-4517 .- 1876-4525. ; 14, s. 1475-1497 Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract This review addresses ways to prepare for and to mitigate effects of biohazards on primary production of crops and livestock. These biohazards can be natural or intentional introductions of pathogens, and they can cause major economic damage to farmers, the agricultural industry, society, and international trade. Agroterrorism is the intentional introduction of animal or plant pathogens into agricultural production systems with the intention to cause socioeconomic harm and generate public fear. Although few acts of agroterrorism are reported, the threat of agroterrorism in Europe is real. New concerns about threats arise from the rapid advancements in biotechnology and emerging technologies. FORSA, an analytical framework for risk and vulnerability analysis, was used to review how to prepare for and mitigate the possible effects of natural or intentional biohazards in agricultural production. Analyzing the effects of a biohazard event involves multiple scientific disciplines. A comprehensive analysis of biohazards therefore requires a systems approach. The preparedness and ability to manage events are strengthened by bolstered farm biosecurity, increased monitoring and laboratory capacity, improved inter-agency communication and resource allocation. The focus of this review is on Europe, but the insights gained have worldwide applications. The analytical framework used here is compared to other frameworks. With climate change, Covid-19 and the war in Ukraine, the supply chains are challenged, and we foresee increasing food prices associated with social tensions. Our food supply chain becomes more fragile with more unknowns, thereby increasing the needs for risk and vulnerability analyses, of which FORSA is one example.
45.	Eckersten, Henrik, et al. (författare) Framtida risker och hot mot svensk spannmåls- respektive mjölkproduktion : en analys av forskningsbehov för att bedöma risker 2015 Rapport (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)abstract Vad är syftet med denna Riskanalys? Svensk spannmåls- och mjölkproduktion beror på många faktorer av vilka flera är så kallade biofysiska, dvs i allt väsentligt är de av naturvetenskaplig karaktär (t ex väder, sjukdomar mm). En del förändringar i dessa förutsättningar utgör hot. Vår studie avser att identifiera några av dessa hot och utvärdera, utifrån vetenskapligt testade metodiker, sannolikheten för att de orsakar en skada på produktionen. Detta kräver dock ett mycket omfattande arbete och i denna studie har vi därför begränsat oss till att (i) strukturera hur en vetenskapligt baserad riskanalys bör gå till, och (ii) göra ett antal preliminära riskanalyser för att (iii) identifiera kunskapsluckor som behöver forskas på för att analysen ska kunna antas vila på en vetenskaplig grund. Vad menar vi med Risk? Vi har definierat risk som sannolikheten att ett hot orsakar en viss negativ konsekvens för den skyddsvärda tillgången. Av dessa termer är kanske den sistnämnda den mest centrala. Vad är det vi vill skydda? Vi har valt ut två tillgångar, Sveriges nationella spannmåls- respektive mjölkproduktion och avser då den produktion som lämnar gården, eller används inom gården, och att de skyddas så att de förblir ungefär av den omfattningen de har i dagsläget. Hoten mot denna produktion har valts utifrån förslag från tidigare studier, workshop, tillgången på experter och att hoten ska vara av biofysisk karaktär. Vilket hot som verkligen utgör en stor risk vet vi ju dock inte förrän efter riskanalysen är utförd och valen av hot bygger därför på en preliminär uppskattning. Biofysisk karaktär innebär att vi främst analyserat naturvetenskapliga hot. Hoten orsakar effekter på produktionen i mätbara termer som sedan översätts till en mer abstrakt skala från ingen till extremt negativ konsekvens. Beroende på olika osäkerhetsfaktorer erhåller vi flera konsekvensvärden för ett givet hot, och fördelningen av dessa på konsekvensskalan utgör ett mått på sannolikheten. Risken anges alltså som ett förhållande mellan konsekvens och sannolikhet. Varför har vi gjort denna systemavgränsning? Riskanalysen har två huvudaktörer; riskhanteraren som definierar vad som ska anlyseras och analysfunktionen som utför analysen. Riskhanteraren är i vårt fall styrgruppen för SLUs forskningsprogram Framtidens lantbruk (FA, 2015) som har definierat typen av hot och de skyddsvärda tillgångarna som ska analyseras. Vi som utfört denna studie är analysfunktionen, och har alltså dessa definitioner som en utgångspunkt. Om vi ändå tillåter oss att spekulera kring valet av spannmåls- respektive mjölkproduktionen så kan det motiveras av SLU's nationella ansvar vad avser den vetenskapliga kompetensen inom de areella näringarna. Ett fokus på biofysiska hot motiveras av att dessa är potentiellt stora och växande, såsom t ex är fallet vad avser klimatförändringar. Riskanalyser av denna typ bildar centrala underlag för att formulera olika strategier, t ex angående livsmedelsförsörjning. Hur har arbetet gått till? Riskanalyserna har utförts för ett antal "krisscenarier"; fyra avseende hot mot spannmålsproduktionen (Radioaktivt-nedfall, Virus-i-spannmål, Herbicidresistens och Extremt-sommarväder) och tre avseende mjölkproduktionen (Leptospiros-utbrott, Foderimport-stopp och Värmebölja). Analysen tar sin utgångspunkt i ett omvärldsscenario som definierar de yttre förutsättningarna för vad som antas inträffa. Detta ligger till grund för att identifiera troliga hot mot produktionen och vilka åtgärder som förväntas vidtas. Vi har sedan utgått från att dessa hot och åtgärder verkligen har hänt när vi mha våra förklaringsmodeller bestämt effekterna på produktionen i termer av mätbara enheter ("metrics"; t ex procentuell minskning av lokal eller regional veteproduktion). Dessa effekter tolkas/integreras sedan till en konsekvens för, helst den nationella, men i realiteten främst den regionala produktionen i fem nivåer (ingen, liten, måttlig, stor respektive extrem). Osäkerheter i bedömningarna innebär att flera alternativa konsekvenser erhålls, för ett givet hot, och som ligger till grund för en sannolikhetsbedömning. Analyserna har gjorts av experter inom respektive hots vetenskapliga område, men som haft begränsade förutsättningar (av tidsskäl) att göra tillräckligt många bedömningar för att erhålla ett tillförlitligt mått på sannolikhetsfördelningen (osäkerheten). Istället har vi, vilket också är ett huvudsyfte med studien, huvudsakligen försökt identifiera de kunskapsluckor i förklaringsmodellerna som begränsat våra möjligheter att kunna göra vetenskapligt baserade bedömningar av effekterna (se vidare Appendix 3). Vad är resultatet? Vi har gjort vissa grova skattningar av sannolikheten trots det bristfälliga antalet bedömningar av konsekvenser. Om ett radioaktivt nedfall sker i en region får det extrema konsekvenser för dess spannmålsproduktion på regional nivå. Ett omfattande angrepp av jordburna virus orsakar en måttlig eller stor konsekvens. En utvecklad herbicidresistens hos ogräsen orsakar i huvudsak en liten till måttlig konsekvens. En extremt torr sommar kan ett år orsaka en stor konsekvens och ett annat år ingen alls. Likaledes orsakar en Regnig-sensommar i ca hälften av fallen ingen konsekvens, men för de resterande åren kan alla grader av konsekvenser uppstå på spannmålsproduktionen. För mjölkproduktionen orsakar samtliga tre hot (Leptospiros-utbrott, Foderimport-stopp och Värmebölja) en liten till måttlig konsekvens. Vad avser ett importsopp för foder är detta under förutsättning att olika åtgärdsprogram kombineras. Om fokus läggs på endast ett åtgärdsprogram ökar risken väsentligt. Dessa skattningar ska alltså inte betraktas som en vetenskapligt baserad analys i nuläget, utan demonstrerar främst exempel på resultat från sådana analyser. Skattningarna har hjälpt oss att identifiera vilka kunskaper vi saknar för att analyserna ska kunna betraktas som vetenskapligt baserade (se vidare Tabell 4.3a; sammanfattningar av respektive scenario finns i Resultatdelen). Analyserna har ibland också lett till att vi identifierat följdhändelser som faller utanför systemavgränsningen för vår studie och som andra studier har till uppgift att utreda. Många av de hot vi analyserat kan leda till betydande ekonomiska konsekvenser för enskilda företag, vilket i sin tur utgör hot mot produktionen. För denna analys krävs dock socioekonomiska analyser. Vi ser här också kopplingar mellan krisscenarier som är av biofysisk karaktär, t ex kan foder kontaminerat med radioaktivt cesium utgöra ett hot mot mjölkproduktionen. Vår studie har dock bara analyserat ett krisscenarios inverkan på antigen spannmåls- eller mjölkproduktionen.Vilka är de viktigaste slutsatserna? En central fråga är: Hur trovärdiga/säkra är dessa förutsägelser? Risk avser en förutsägelse om något som ännu inte hänt. Det första som behövs är alltså någon form av modell. Dessa modeller kan vara av olika sort i termer av vilken empirisk kunskap de använder för extrapolering (t ex funktioner, behandlingseffekter, mm), om de är objektiva och om de är transparenta. Alla modeller är osäkra i någon mening. Dock saknas i alla de fall vi undersökt mått på modellernas förutsägelseförmåga (med något enstaka undantag). En allmän slutsats blir att forskningen behöver inriktas mot att testa modellernas förutsägelseförmåga mot observationer för att kunna bidra till en vetenskapligt baserad riskanalys av spannmåls- respektive mjölkproduktionen. Detta innebär att experiment- och försöksupplägg behöver göras utifrån hypoteser (modeller) om hur de dynamiska förloppen beror på varierande förutsättningar och omgivningsförhållanden. T ex behöver de statistiska relationerna för hur Extremt-sommarväder påverkar spannmålsproduktionen, som används i vår studie, kompletteras med tester av grödmodeller som kan beakta flera vädervariablers samtida variationer i både tid och rum. För kunskapsluckor som är specifika för respektive hot, se Tabell 4.4Sammanfattningsvis behövs (i) fler förutsägelser av respektive potentiellt hots konsekvenser på produktionen, med modeller som har någon form av graderad tillförlitlighet, för att erhålla mått på osäkerheter. Dessutom behövs det (ii) tester av hypoteser för uppskalningar från kontrollerade experiment och försök (på en liten skala i tid och rum) till regional och nationell skala över flera år, och (iii) utveckling av metodiker för hur sannolikheter för hot, åtgärder respektive konsekvenser kan kombineras till en sannolikhetsfördelning som inbegriper bedömningsosäkerheter för alla dessa faktorer. Troligtvis behövs också att fler potentiella biofysiska hot analyseras. Hur går vi vidare? En mer fullständig riskanalys som inkluderar alla potentiellt stora hot mot produktionen, och samtidigt är vetenskapligt baserad, kräver att potentiella hot utreds kontinuerligt inom respektive produktionsrelaterat ämnesområde vid SLU. Detta kräver troligen att verksamheter som testar hypoteser för att förutsäga effekter av hot knyts nära den experimentella forskningen och experter inom respektive ämnesområde. Det krävs troligen också att en syntesverksamhet etableras på en ämnesövergripande nivå där metodiker kan standardardiseras, och olika hot och dess konsekvenser kan jämföras och kombineras. En sådan fungerande verksamhet behöver utvidga systemgränserna jämfört med vår studie, genom att sannolikheter för att hot uppkommer och att åtgärder faktiskt vidtas, också bedöms. Dessa sannolikheter behöver sedan integreras med sannolikheterna för konsekvenserna på produktionen. Därefter kan riskanalysen utökas till att inbegripa en mer a
46.	Engvall Olsson, Eva, et al. (författare) Risk factors associated with the presence of Campylobacter-positive broiler flocks in Sweden 2010 Ingår i: Preventive Veterinary Medicine. - : Elsevier BV. - 0167-5877 .- 1873-1716. ; 96, s. 114-121 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Approximately 40% of Swedish broiler producers deliver Campylobacter-negative broilers in 90-100% of their flocks, showing that it is possible to produce Campylobacter-free broilers in Sweden. This study investigated risk factors associated with the presence of Campylobacter-positive flocks at Swedish broiler producers. A total of 37 producers, with 90 broiler houses including 144 compartments, participated in the study. An on-farm interview was performed to collect information on potential risk factors for Campylobacter infection in broilers, with questions about farmcharacteristics such as the environment around the farm and broiler houses, design of the broiler houses and on-farm management practices. Negative binomial regression models were used to assess the statistical significance of risk factors associated with the within-farm number of Campylobacter-positive flocks (the outcome).Campylobacter is transmitted in broiler flocks due to multiple factors and several potential sources, illustrating the complexity of Campylobacter epidemiology in broilers. Factors significantly associated with increased proportion of Campylobacter-positive flocks were the presence of other livestock on the farm, or the presence of cattle, swine, poultry or fur animals within 1 km of the farm. Poor or average general tidiness were associated with increased proportion of Campylobacter-positive flocks, but decreased if split slaughter was seldom or never applied or if farm workers changed footwear twice or three times instead of once before entering the broiler house. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
47.	Fernandez-Cassi, Xavier, et al. (författare) Novel foods: a risk profile for the house cricket (Acheta domesticus) 2018 Ingår i: EFSA Journal. - : Wiley. - 1831-4732. ; 16 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Novel foods could represent a sustainable alternative to traditional farming and conventional foodstuffs. Starting in 2018, Regulation (EU) 2283/2015 entered into force, laying down provisions for the approval of novel foods in Europe, including insects. This Approved Regulation establishes the requirements that enable Food Business Operators to bring new foods into the EU market, while ensuring high levels of food safety for European consumers. The present risk profile tackles the hazards for one of the most promising novel food insects, the house cricket (Achetadomesticus). The risk profile envisages a closed A.domesticus crickets rearing system, under Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) and good farming practices (GFP), in contrast with open cricket farms. The methodology used involves screening the literature and identifying possible hazards, followed by adding relevant inclusion criteria for the evidence obtained. These criteria include animal health and food safety aspects, for the entire lifespan of crickets, based on the farm to fork One Health principle. When data were scarce, comparative evidence from close relatives of the Orthoptera genus was used (e.g. grasshoppers, locusts and other cricket species). Nevertheless, significant data gaps in animal health and food safety are present. Even if HACCP-type systems are implemented, the risk profile identifies the following considerable concerns: (1) high total aerobic bacterial counts; (2) survival of spore-forming bacteria following thermal processing; (3) allergenicity of insects and insect-derived products; and (4) the bioaccumulation of heavy metals (e.g. cadmium). Other hazards like parasites, fungi, viruses, prions, antimicrobial resistance and toxins are ranked as low risk. For some hazards, a need for additional evidence is highlighted. (c) 2018 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.
48.	Gustafsson, Camilla, et al. (författare) "Meat Juice" Is Not a Homogeneous Serological Matrix 2015 Ingår i: Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. - : Mary Ann Liebert Inc. - 1535-3141 .- 1556-7125. ; 12, s. 280-288 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract Meat juice samples are used in serological assays to monitor infectious diseases within the food chain. However, evidence of inferior sensitivity, presumably due to low levels of antibodies in the meat juice compared to serum, has been presented, and it has been suggested that adjusting the dilution factor of meat juice in proportion to its blood content could improve sensitivity. In the present study, the agreement between Toxoplasma gondii-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels in meat juice and serum was evaluated, and whether the level of immunoglobulins in meat juice was dependent on its blood content. Serum and meat juice from diaphragm, heart, tongue, Musculus triceps brachii and M. semitendinosus were collected from 20 pigs experimentally infected with T. gondii. Analysis of total IgG, heme-containing proteins (hematin), and hemoglobin (Hb) revealed significant differences between samples from different muscles, with the highest levels in samples from heart and tongue, and the lowest in samples from leg muscles. Comparison of T. gondii-specific antibody titers in meat juice and serum revealed a strong positive correlation for meat juice from heart (r(s)=0.87; p<0.001), while it was lower for M. semitendinosus (r(s)=0.71; p<0.001) and diaphragm (r(s)=0.54; p=0.02). Meanwhile, the correlation between total IgG and T. gondii titer ratio (meat juice/serum) was highest in diaphragm (r(s)=0.77; p<0.001) followed by M. semitendinosus (r(s)=0.64; p=0.005) and heart (r(s)=0.50; p=0.051). The correlation between Hb and T. gondii titer ratio was only significant for diaphragm (r(s)=0.65; p=0.008), and for hematin no significant correlation was recorded. In conclusion, the specific IgG titers in meat juice appeared to depend on the total IgG level, but the correlation to blood (Hb or hematin) was poor. Importantly, large significant differences in total IgG levels as well as in specific antibody titers were recorded, depending on the muscle the meat juice had been extracted from.
49.	Gustafsson, Camilla, et al. (författare) Pasture is a risk factor for Toxoplasma gondii infection in fattening pigs 2016 Ingår i: Veterinary Parasitology. - : Elsevier BV. - 0304-4017 .- 1873-2550. ; 224, s. 27-32 Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract As consumer awareness of animal welfare increases throughout Europe, housing of pigs in more animal-friendly systems is becoming more common. There is concern that these free-range and organic management systems increase the prevalence of zoonotic meat-borne pathogens, such as Toxoplasma gondii. In this study we compared the seroprevalence of T. gondii between commercial fattening pigs raised on conventional and on organic farms in Sweden. Furthermore, potential associations between presence of T. gondii antibodies and type of production, access to pasture, and geographical region were analysed. A significant difference in T. gondii seroprevalence was found between conventional (1%) and organic pigs (8%). The higher odds of seropositivity in organic production was attributed to pasture access specifically (OR=1.8 for a one-month increase in length of pasture exposure). This study shows that the prevalence of T. gondii in Swedish conventional pigs is low. However, as pigs with access to pasture are at higher risk of infection and because the demand for animal-friendly production systems is increasing, there is an obvious need to practically manage the higher T. gondii presence in products from pigs raised in organic systems with outdoor access.
50.	Gustafsson, Camilla, et al. (författare) Toxoplasma gondii infection in Swedish wild boars 2012 Konferensbidrag (övrigt vetenskapligt/konstnärligt)

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