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- Schobel, Markus, et al.
(författare)
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Human and organizational factors in European nuclear safety : A fifty-year perspective on insights, implementations, and ways forward
- 2022
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Ingår i: Energy Research & Social Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 2214-6296 .- 2214-6326. ; 85, s. 102378-
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Forskningsöversikt (refereegranskat)abstract
- In this essay we investigate the "lessons learned" within the domain of human and organizational factors (HOF) from operating European nuclear power plants (NPPs) in a fifty-year perspective. Specifically, we consider learning processes at an industry level that aim at promoting human contributions to nuclear safety. This is done by bringing together two main perspectives: (1) a historical perspective on HOF-related institutional and research initiatives is presented by outlining the history of nuclear safety according to three major nuclear accidents, (2) an applied perspective is provided on how HOF are managed in the field. This latter perspective rests on the results of the EU Project LearnSafe, conducted in the European nuclear industry between 2001 and 2004, and its re-evaluation 15 years later by means of an interview study carried out with 21 European managers from the nuclear industry. Our results reveal that the European nuclear industry has to some extent encoded the HOF lessons learned into routines, tools and systems. The three accidents have promoted a broadening of knowledge, ranging from simple ergonomics to crucial issues of interactions between major stakeholders in the nuclear domain. As a conclusion to our study, we suggest that academia and industry should search for improved collaboration, especially in terms of including HOF into safety activities and linking HOF issues to technical design factors and associated hazard potentials. Moreover, we conclude that avoiding major nuclear accidents requires a continuous re-invention of HOF, which should aim to involve and harmonize divergent interests of several stakeholders, demanding further research and efforts to translate insights into practice.
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- Wahlstrom, Bjorn, et al.
(författare)
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Safety management : A multi-level control problem
- 2014
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Ingår i: Safety Science. - : Elsevier BV. - 0925-7535 .- 1879-1042. ; 69, s. 3-17
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Activities in safety management build on a control metaphor by which control loops are built into the man, technology, organisational and information (MTOI) systems to ensure a continued safety of the operated systems. In this paper we take a closer look on concepts of control theory to investigate their relationships with safety management. We argue that successful control relies on four necessary conditions, i.e. a system model, observability, controllability and a preference function. The control metaphor suggests a division of the state space of the modelled system into regions of safe and unsafe states. Models created for selected subsystems of the MTOI-system provide a focus for control design and safety assessments. Limitations in predicting system response place impediments to risk assessments, which suggest that new complementary approaches would be needed. We propose that polycentric control may provide a concept to consider in a search for a path forward. We investigate approaches for modelling management systems and safety management. In spite of promises in the use of a control metaphor for safety management there are still dilemmas that have to be solved case by case. As a conclusion we argue that the control metaphor provides useful insights in suggesting requirements on and designs of safety management systems. The paper draws on experience from the Vattenfall Safety Management Institute (SMI), which started its operation in 2006.
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