| 1. |
- Josefsson, Torbjörn, et al.
(författare)
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Quantifying Sami Settlement and Movement Patterns in Northern Sweden 1700-1900
- 2010
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Ingår i: Arctic. - : The Arctic Institute of North America. - 0004-0843 .- 1923-1245. ; 63, s. 141-154
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The indigenous Sami people of northernmost Europe have developed unique adaptations that enable them to cope with harsh climate and subsist in low-productivity ecosystems. These adaptations have been shaped by both internal factors, such as demographic and traditional land-use systems, and external factors, such as colonization and national legislation. In this paper we interpret the quantitative impacts of land use by reindeer herders in a subarctic forest landscape in northern Sweden during the 18th and 19th centuries. We used archival sources (cameral and judicial documents and church records) together with environmental data to reconstruct past changes in population size and the spatial configuration of traditional Sami lands, which the Swedish state accepted and recognized as taxation units for several centuries up to the 19th century. The taxation lands encompassed several hundred square kilometres and featured distinct proportions of different vegetation types. We propose that these taxation lands were originally established so that each provided sufficient resources to support the subsistence of a Sami family, incorporating pastures for small-scale reindeer herding and opportunities for hunting and fishing within its borders. However, there were substantial differences in the resources they provided. Estimates of population density indicate that they may have been able to support 0.04-0.06 persons per km(2). Unlike many other indigenous groups around the globe, the Sami interacted with the state and claimed their rights in court proceedings and were thus able to maintain strong recognition of their land tenure by the Swedish state until the late 19th century.
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| 2. |
- Keskitalo, E Carina H, et al.
(författare)
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Contrasting arctic and mainstream Swedish descriptions of Northern Sweden : the view from established domestic research
- 2013
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Ingår i: Arctic. - : Arctic Institute of North America. - 0004-0843 .- 1923-1245. ; 66:3, s. 351-365
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In 2011, Sweden released its first-ever Arctic strategy, in preparation for taking over the chairmanship of the Arctic Council, an eight-state cooperation organization. The recent political development that will include Sweden more extensively in Arctic regional cooperation makes it relevant to review and comment on the image of the areas involved from a Swedish viewpoint and to improve the often very brief descriptions of northernmost Sweden in Arctic literature. In this paper, we contrast descriptions of the Arctic in the Arctic Human Development Report (AHDR) with descriptions of northern Sweden in established domestic demographic and regional development research. The study shows that many of the assumptions in the first AHDR to the effect that the eight "Arctic" regions are rather directly comparable in fact reveal substantial differences between areas, with northern Sweden standing in sharp contrast to many of the descriptions. Instead of having a population that is very small, young, and rapidly growing because of a high birth rate, northern Sweden is characterized by relatively dense habitation with a stable and aging population of long-term residents. Moreover, it has a very small and relatively integrated indigenous population with largely the same health situation as in Sweden overall. While depopulation and urbanization are evident in its less populated areas, migration from the region is partly directed at the larger regional centres in the area, following a pattern seen in the Western world at large.
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| 3. |
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| 4. |
- Norstedt, Gudrun, 1965-, et al.
(författare)
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Exploring Pre-Colonial Resource Control of Individual Sami Households
- 2014
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Ingår i: Arctic. - : Arctic Institute of Northern America. - 0004-0843 .- 1923-1245. ; 67:2, s. 223-237
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In order to understand the use and control of resources by indigenous households and bands, information on territorial division is crucial. However, although indigenous resource use has been quantified in several studies, such information has usually been lacking. A unique map provides this kind of information for the Swedish Sami. Drawn by Jonas Persson Gedda in 1671, before the Swedish state started to interfere with Sami territorial division, it shows the borders of 37 household territories. We have combined the geographical information from Gedda's map with historical sources and modern land survey data to quantify the resources controlled by each household and relate them to taxation. Three crucial resources are identified: alpine heath together with subalpine birch forest, pine-dominated forests, and fishing waters. Only the fishing resource showed any correlation to taxation, which underlines its importance as the main subsistence mode, at least for the forest Sami. Mountain Sami, who lived primarily on reindeer husbandry, controlled abundant alpine heath and subalpine birch forests that were used as summer pastures, but virtually no pine-dominated forests with winter pastures. The necessary winter pastures were located in the territories of the forest Sami, who controlled extensive pine-dominated forests and who were able to combine reindeer herding and wild reindeer hunting.
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| 5. |
- Oberg, Lisa, et al.
(författare)
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Ancient Subalpine Clonal Spruces (Picea abies) : Sources of Postglacial Vegetation History in the Swedish Scandes
- 2011
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Ingår i: Arctic. - 0004-0843 .- 1923-1245. ; 64:2, s. 183-196
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study addresses the long-standing issue of postglacial immigration of Picea abies (Norway spruce) into Scandinavia. The main methodological focus is on using megafossil tree remains (wood and cones) of spruce and other species retrieved from the treeline ecotone of the Swedish Scandes as a tool for vegetation reconstruction. The core data come from radiocarbon dating of megafossils preserved in the soil underneath clonal groups of Picea abies, formed by rooting of branches that over time give rise to new upright sterns. At high elevations, we found living spruce clones, which in some cases may be part of a continuous clonal series dating back to-the early Holocene (9500 cal. yr BP). The presence of:Picea in the Swedish Scandes at this early stage concurs with previous megafossil inferences. This date, which places the arrival of Picea very soon after regional deglaciation, is several millennia earlier than the arrival date inferred from pollen data. The persistence of some individual Picea clones from the early Holocene thermal optimum to the present implies that permanently open or semi-open spots existed in the high-mountain landscape even during periods when treelines in general were much higher than at present. Initially, Picea clones appear to have existed in a regional no-analogue vegetation matrix of widely scattered pine (Pinus sylvestris), mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii), Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) and thermophilic broadleaved deciduous species. In response to subsequent neoglacial cooling, the alpine character of the landscape has been enhanced through a lowered pine treeline and the disappearance of larch and thermophiles. The endurance of spruces, which escaped fire and other calamities, is due to their inherent phenotypic plasticity. Increasing climatic harshness throughout the Holocene conserved them as crippled krummholz, protected from winter stress by almost complete snow coverage. The appearance of Picea abies exclusively in western Scandinavia shortly after the deglaciation could suggest that the species immigrated from "cryptic" ice age refugia much closer to Scandinavia than conventionally thought.
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| 6. |
- Rosing-Asvid, Aqqalu, et al.
(författare)
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First Confirmed Record of Grey Seals in Greenland
- 2010
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Ingår i: Arctic. - 0004-0843 .- 1923-1245. ; 63:4, s. 471-473
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The presence of grey seals has never before been confirmed in Greenland, but on 30 August 2009 a grey seal was photographed near shore in Southeast Greenland (59 53' N, 43 28' W) The seal was observed within a small group of islands that hosts a harbour seal colony The following day, a seal that might be a young grey seal was photographed at the same location Information from Inuit hunters suggests that grey seals periodically visit Greenland, but the pictures taken in summer 2009 are the first solid proof of this seal species in Greenland
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| 7. |
- Zdanowicz, Christian, 1966-, et al.
(författare)
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Ice cores from the St-Elias Mountains, Yukon Territory, Canada : Their significance for the Holocene climate history, volcanism and air pollution trends in the Northwest Pacific region
- 2014
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Ingår i: Arctic. - : The Arctic Institute of North America. - 0004-0843 .- 1923-1245. ; 67:S1, s. 35-57
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- A major achievement in research supported by the Kluane Lake Research Station was the recovery, in 2001–02, of a suite of cores from the icefields of the central St. Elias Mountains, Yukon, by teams of researchers from Canada, the United States, and Japan. This project led to the development of parallel, long (10^3 – 10^4 year) ice-core records of climate and atmospheric change over an altitudinal range of more than 2 km, from the Eclipse Icefield (3017 m) to the ice-covered plateau of Mt. Logan (5340 m). These efforts built on earlier work recovering single ice cores in this region. Comparison of these records has allowed for variations in climate and atmospheric composition to be linked with changes in the vertical structure and dynamics of the North Pacific atmosphere, providing a unique perspective on these changes over the Holocene. Owing to their privileged location, cores from the St. Elias Icefields also contain a remarkably detailed record of aerosols from various sources around or across the North Pacific. In this paper we review major scientific findings from the study of St. Elias Mountain ice cores, focusing on five main themes: (1) The record of stable water isotopes (δ18O, δD), which has unique characteristics that differ from those of Greenland, other Arctic ice cores, and even among sites in the St. Elias; (2) the snow accumulation history; (3) the record of pollen, biomass burning aerosol, and desert dust deposition; (4) the record of long-range air pollutant deposition (sulphate and lead); and (5) the record of paleo-volcanism. Our discussion draws on studies published since 2000, but based on older ice cores from the St. Elias Mountains obtained in 1980 and 1996.
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| 8. |
- Öberg, Lisa, 1958-, et al.
(författare)
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Ancient subalpine clonal spruces (Picea abies) – sources of postglacial vegetation history in the Swedish Scandes
- 2011
-
Ingår i: Arctic. - 0004-0843 .- 1923-1245. ; 64:2, s. 183-196
-
Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This study addresses the long-standing issue of postglacial immigration of Picea abies (Norway spruce) into Scandinavia. Methodologically, the main focus is on megafossil tree remains (wood and cones) of spruce and other species, retrieved from the treeline ecotone (Swedish Scandes), as a tool for vegetation reconstruction. Radiocarbon dating of megafossils, preserved in the soil underneath layering clonal groups of Picea abies, provide the core data. Living spruce clones, with in some cases likely continuity back to the early Holocene (9500 cal. yr BP onwards), were found at high-elevations. First postglacial arrival to the Swedish Scandes at this stage concurs with previous megafossil inferences. This is several millennia earlier than inferred from pollen data and very soon after regional deglaciation. Persistence of some individual Picea clones since the early Holocene thermal optimum and up to the present is indicative of permanently open or semi-open spots in the high-mountain landscape, also at times when treelines in general were much higher than present. Initially, Picea clones appear to have existed in a regional no-analogue vegetation matrix of widely scattered pine (Pinus sylvestris), mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii), Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) and thermophilic broadleaved deciduous species. In response to subsequent neoglacial cooling, the alpine character of the landscape has been enhanced through a lowered pine treeline and disappearance of larch and thermophiles. Spruces, which escaped fire and other calamities, endured due to their inherent phenotypic plasticity. Increasing climatic harshness throughout the Holocene conserved them as crippled krummholz, protected from winter stress by almost complete snow coverage. Appearance of Picea abies exclusively in the west, shortly after the deglaciation, could suggest that it has immigrated from “cryptic” ice age refugia much closer to Scandinavia than conventionally thought.
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| 9. |
- Erlinge, Sam, et al.
(författare)
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Lemming-Food Plant Interactions, Density Effects, and Cyclic Dynamics on the Siberian Tundra
- 2011
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Ingår i: Arctic. - 0004-0843. ; 64:4, s. 421-428
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Theory predicts that trophic interactions can produce cyclic dynamics of microtine rodents, but that in addition, social interactions are necessary to create the cyclicity. We tested the induced defence hypothesis as a component driving multiannual cycles by analyzing data on Siberian lemming (Lemmus sibiricus Kerr) populations and the levels of trypsin inhibitors (TI) and free proteins (SPP) in their food plants. We collected data at 12 sites along the Palaearctic tundra coast in 1994 and correlated these measures with lemming density and cycle phase. A negative correlation between lemming density and TI/SPP in Carex was found at the 12 sites. Cycle phase tended to correlate significantly with TI/SPP, and plants being grazed by lemmings respond with some delay. Mass of pancreas, the organ producing proteolytic enzymes, co-varied negatively with TI/SPP. These findings are in accord with predictions from the induced defence hypothesis. En contrast, reproductive effort did not conform to the predictions but co-varied strongly with density. Data are in accord with theory predicting that, in addition to trophic interactions, some self-regulation is necessary to create cyclic dynamics. Our data show that the plant defence hypothesis alone is not a sufficient explanation for the cyclicity. Several factors interact, including predation, food quality (including induced defence chemicals), and intra-specific competition.
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