| 1. |
- Ask, Karl, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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Intending or pretending? Automatic evaluations of goal cues discriminate true and false intentions
- 2013
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 27:2, s. 173-177
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- This research presents a novel approach to discriminating between true and deceptive statements about intended future behavior. Arguing that true intentions are goal-directed, we predict that people who genuinely intend to pursue a reported goal will implicitly evaluate goal-relevant cues positively, whereas people who do not intend to pursue the goal will not. Participants in an experiment were instructed to tell the truth about a planned future behavior (true intention) or to falsely report that same behavior to mask their actual mock-criminal intention (false intention). As predicted, an evaluative priming task showed that participants with true intention exhibited implicit positive evaluations of cues relevant to the reported goal, whereas participants with false intention did not. Subsequent analyses showed that implicit positivity significantly discriminated between true and false intentions. The findings are discussed in terms of theoretical contributions and implications for the development of future detection tools.
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| 2. |
- Ask, Karl, 1978, et al.
(författare)
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On the Ease of (Dis)believing: The Role of Accessibility Experiences in Credibility Judgments
- 2012
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 1099-0720 .- 0888-4080. ; 26:5, s. 779-784
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Credibility judgments are common and consequential in many applied settings. Although much research has addressed human observers’ ability to discriminate true and deceptive statements, less is known about the psychological processes involved in such judgments. Here, it is proposed that the process of mustering evidence for or against credibility is reflected in a feeling-based form (ease-of-retrieval) and that such feelings can be used as a basis for credibility judgments. The results of an experiment show, as predicted, that the perceived ease with which participants could identify clues strongly influenced credibility judgments. Ironically, mustering more clues in support of a truthful account lowered credibility judgments; in contrast, mustering more clues in support of a deceptive account increased credibility judgments. Mediation analyses suggest that this is because participants relied on a feeling-based as opposed to content-based judgment strategy. Practical implications are discussed, and theoretical issues regarding the process of credibility judgment are raised.
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| 3. |
- Blackwell, Simon E., et al.
(författare)
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Modifying Interpretation and Imagination in Clinical Depression : A Single Case Series Using Cognitive Bias Modification
- 2010
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : WILEY. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 24:3, s. 338-350
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- The current cognitive bias modification (CBM) paradigm targets interpretation bias (CBM-I) in depression via promoting positive imagery. We investigated the impact of repeated sessions of this CBM-I on interpretation bias, mood and mental health in participants currently experiencing a major depressive episode. Seven participants completed daily sessions of CBM-I at home for one week in a single case series. Outcome measures were completed pre and post a one-week baseline period, and after the week of daily CBM-I. Depressive symptoms were also assessed at a 2-week follow-up. Four of seven participants demonstrated improvements in mood, bias and/or mental health after one week of CBM-I, with improvements in depressive symptoms maintained at follow-up. Discussion of the remaining three highlights difficulties involved in translating CBM-I interventions from the laboratory to the clinic. To bridge this gap, we suggest that it is critical to examine the failures as well as the successes. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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| 4. |
- Friedman, William J, et al.
(författare)
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Childrens Memory for the Duration of a Paediatric Consultation
- 2010
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Ingår i: APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY. - : John Wiley and Sons, Ltd. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 24:4, s. 545-556
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To learn about childrens ability to estimate the duration of an event many days after it occurred, 6-12-year-old children were asked to judge the amount of time (range 5-45 minutes) they spent in the treatment room as part of a paediatric visit. Judgements were made 1 week or 1 month after the visit occurred. Children showed an average error of about 13 minutes. Retention interval did not significantly affect estimates. Other judgements of the length of the interview itself (mean length 8 minutes) provided what may be the first data on childrens ability to make immediate retrospective duration estimates. The results also include information about childrens capacity to judge how long ago they visited the clinic.
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| 5. |
- K Ljungberg, Jessica, et al.
(författare)
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Listen out! : Behavioural and subjective responses to verbal warnings
- 2012
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : John Wiley & Sons. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 26:3, s. 451-461
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Both the behavioural and subjective impacts of single-word spoken warnings were examined. Behaviourally, the effect of infrequently occurring warnings was studied through their disruptive impact on a visually presented serial recall task. In separate experiments, ratings of the same words were elicited. Experiment 1 showed a localized effect of the warnings (on the item immediately following the warning), with the urgently intoned warning having a greater disruptive effect than its valence (emotional content). Valence and intonation (urgency) did not interact. The performance changes were mirrored in the ratings of the words. Experiment 2 showed no systematic effect on performance of either the action-relatedness of the word or its lexicality. There was, however, a systematic effect of lexicality but not action-relatedness on ratings. The study demonstrates the feasibility of using objective performance methods to establish the likely effects of verbal warnings and the utility of using such methods for the design of alarm systems.
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| 6. |
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| 7. |
- Luke, T, et al.
(författare)
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How Awareness of Possible Evidence Induces Forthcoming Counter-Interrogation
- 2014
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 28:6, s. 876-882
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We propose that suspects’ counter-interrogation strategies vary as a function of their perception of the interrogator’s knowledge about the events in question. The present study investigates the verbal behavior of guilty and innocent suspects when they are aware that there may be incriminating evidence against them. Participants (N = 143) took part in either a simulated act of terrorism or a benign task. They were then interviewed about their activities. Participants were randomly assigned to receive no additional information or to be informed that an investigative team may have collected evidence from surveillance cameras. Results suggest that when alerted to possible evidence against them, guilty suspects adopt either extremely withholding or extremely forthcoming verbal strategies. Theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
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| 8. |
- Oleszkiewicz, Simon, 1982, et al.
(författare)
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On eliciting intelligence from human sources: Contextualizing the Scharff-Technique
- 2014
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 28:6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Three techniques for eliciting intelligence from human sources were examined. Two versions of the Scharff-technique (conceptualized as four tactics) were compared against the Direct Approach (open and direct questions). The Scharff confirmation technique used correct claims to elicit information, and the Scharff disconfirmation/confirmation technique used a mix of correct and incorrect claims. The participants (N= 119) took the role of ‘sources’ holding information about a terrorist attack and tried not to reveal too much or too little information during an interview. The Scharff confirmation resulted in more new information than the Scharff disconfirmation/confirmation and the Direct Approach. The sources in the Scharff conditions had a more difficult time reading the interviewer’s information objectives. The sources in the Scharff conditions underestimated, whereas sources in the Direct Approach overestimated, how much new information they revealed. The study advances previous work and shows that the Scharff-technique is a promising intelligence gathering technique.
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| 9. |
- Sarwar, Farhan, et al.
(författare)
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Effects of communication with non-witnesses on eyewitnesses' recall correctness and meta-cognitive realism
- 2011
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - Chichester : John Wiley & Sons. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 25:5, s. 782-791
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- In forensic contexts it is common that witnesses retell and discuss the experienced event many times. It is of forensic importance to understand how this influences memory and meta-memory. Eighty-nine participants viewed a short film and were assigned to one of four conditions: (1) Laboratory discussion (five discussions of the event with a confederate), (2) Family discussion (five discussions of the event with a family member), (3) Retell (five retellings of the event) and (4) Control. Three weeks later participants gave an open free recall, and then 3 days later confidence judged the recalled information. The results showed significant differences between the four conditions on number of correct items, incorrect items, accuracy, confidence and calibration. The results suggest that discussion of an experienced event may reduce some of the beneficial memory and meta-memory effects caused by mere retelling, but may have no great negative effects compared to a control condition.
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| 10. |
- Shaw, D. J., et al.
(författare)
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Expect the Unexpected? Variations in Question Type Elicit Cues to Deception in Joint Interviewer Contexts
- 2013
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Ingår i: Applied Cognitive Psychology. - : Wiley. - 0888-4080 .- 1099-0720. ; 27:3, s. 336-343
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- We examined the effect of (i) a second interviewer's demeanour and (ii) asking expected and unexpected questions on cues to deception. We predicted that liars compared with truth tellers would provide more detail to expected questions and less detail to unexpected questions, particularly when the second interviewer is supportive. Liars prepare answers for expected questions, and a supportive interviewer will encourage them to provide more detail. By definition, liars have not prepared answers for unexpected questions, and their answers to such questions will be less detailed. Participants (N=168) appeared before two interviewers: The first asked all the questions, and the second remained silent. The second interviewer exhibited either a supportive or a neutral demeanour. As predicted, liars provided more detail to expected questions and less detail to unexpected questions, particularly when the second interviewer was supportive. In conclusion, a supportive second interviewer elicits cues to deceit. Copyright (c) 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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