| 1. |
- Abreha, Kibrom Berhe, et al.
(författare)
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Late Blight Resistance Screening of Major Wild Swedish Solanum Species: S. dulcamara, S. nigrum, and S. physalifolium
- 2018
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Ingår i: Phytopathology. - 0031-949X .- 1943-7684. ; 108, s. 847-857
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- To understand the contribution of wild Solanum species to the epidemiology of potato late blight in Sweden, we characterized the resistance of the three putative alternative hosts: S. physalifolium, S. nigrum, and S. dulcamara to Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight. The pathogen sporulated in all 10 investigated S. physalifolium genotypes, suggesting susceptibility (S phenotype). Field-grown S. physalifolium was naturally infected but could regrow, though highly infected genotypes were smaller at the end of the season. In 75 S. nigrum genotypes, there were no symptoms (R phenotype) or a lesion restricted to the point of inoculation (RN phenotype), indicating resistance. In 164 S. dulcamara genotypes, most resistance variability was found within sibling groups. In addition to the three resistance phenotypes (R, RN, and S), in S. dulcamara a fourth new resistance phenotype (SL) was identified with lesions larger than the point of inoculation but without visible sporulation of the pathogen. Quantitative PCR confirmed P. infestans growth difference in RN, SL, and S phenotypes. Thus, in Sweden S. physalifolium is susceptible and could be a player in epidemiology. A limited role of S. dulcamara leaves in the epidemiology of late blight was suggested, since no major symptoms have been found in the field.
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| 2. |
- Boddum, Tina, et al.
(författare)
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Host Attraction and Selection in the Swede Midge (Contarinia nasturtii)
- 2018
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Ingår i: Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. - : Frontiers Media SA. - 2296-701X. ; 6
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) are a speciose family that, as adults, are short lived (lasting only a few days), they use olfactory cues for host and mate localization, and their host plant specificity is a key characteristic of the family. These traits make them good models with which to study the role of olfaction in speciation. The overall objective of this study was to analyze the host selection behavior of the gall midge, Contarinia nasturtii, a crucifer specialist that also is a crucifer pest. Here, we demonstrate that the host specificity of gravid C. nasturtii females was initiated by the olfactory-driven host plant choice during oviposition. Olfactory preference of the female, while narrow, encompassed more plants than were accepted for egg-laying, indicating that other factors following the initial olfactory attraction are involved in ultimate host choice. Similarly, C. nasturtii showed flexibility in host plant choice depending on which plants were available for oviposition. Larvae developed on host plants selected by females for oviposition. This slightly broader range of olfactory preference over acceptance, and the flexibility in host choice, might be the basis for the rapid speciation reported in the gall midge family. Furthermore, we assessed whether ubiquitous and/or family-specific plant odors are involved in the attraction of gravid C. nasturtii to their hosts. For that, we used the crucifer Arabidopsis thaliana, which has a broad range of defined ecotypes and large number of mutants. The attraction of C. nasturtii to two A. thaliana-types were tested; one that does not produce the ubiquitous green leaf volatiles (Columbia, Col-0), and a knock-out mutant which does not produce the crucifer-specific glucosinolates. Surprisingly, C. nasturtii was attracted to both types, indicating that neither of these compounds, nor their breakdown products (e.g., isothiocyanates), are essential for C. nasturtii host attraction.
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| 3. |
- Lankinen, Åsa, et al.
(författare)
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Plant immunity in natural populations and agricultural fields: Low presence of pathogenesis-related proteins in Solanum leaves
- 2018
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Ingår i: PLoS ONE. - : Public Library of Science (PLoS). - 1932-6203. ; 13
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Tidskriftsartikel (refereegranskat)abstract
- Plant immunity has mainly been studied under controlled conditions, limiting our knowledge regarding the regulation of immunity under natural conditions where plants grow in association with multiple microorganisms. Plant pathology theory, based on laboratory data, predicts complex biochemical plant-pathogen interactions leading to coevolution of pathogen infectivity vs. plant recognition of microbes in multiple layers over time. However, plant immunity is currently not evaluated in relation to ecological time-scales and field conditions. Here we report status of immunity in plants without visible disease symptoms in wild populations of nightshades, Solanum dulcamara and Solanum nigrum, and in agricultural fields of potato, Solanum tuberosum. We analysed presence of pathogenesis-related proteins in over 500 asymptomatic leaf samples collected in the field in June, July and August over three years. Pathogenesis-related proteins were present in only one-third of the collected samples, suggesting low activity of the immune system. We could also detect an increase in pathogenesis-related proteins later in the growing season, particularly in S. tuberosum. Our findings, based on pathogenesis-related protein markers, indicate major gaps in our knowledge regarding the status and regulation of plant immunity under field conditions.
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